19th Battalion (New Zealand)

WW2 New Zealand Army unit September 2026 June 2017 19th Battalion(19th Armoured Regiment) 19 Battalion infantry.jpg 300 Infantry of 19th Battalion linking up with the Tobruk garrison, 27 November 1941 1939–1945 New Zealand 25px New Zealand Military Forces Infantry (1939 to 1942)Armoured (1943 to 1945) ~760 personnel 4th Brigade, 2nd Division Second World War Battle of Greece Battle of Crete North African campaign Operation Crusader First Battle of El Alamein Italian campaign Battle of Monte Cassino 18 December 1945 The 19th Battalion was a formation of the New Zealand Military Forces which served, initially as an infantry battalion and then as an armoured regiment, during the Second World War as part of the 2nd New Zealand Division. The 19th Battalion was formed in New Zealand in 1939 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel J. S. Varnham. After a period of training it embarked for the Middle East and then onto Greece in 1941 as part of the 2nd New Zealand Division. It participated in the Battles of Greece and later in Crete. Evacuated from Crete, it then fought in the North African Campaign and suffered heavy losses during Operation Crusader. Brought back up to strength, the battalion participated in the breakout of the 2nd New Zealand Division from Minqar Qaim in June 1942, where it had been encircled by the 21st Panzer Division. The following month, the battalion suffered heavy casualties during the First Battle of El Alamein. In October 1942, the battalion was converted to an armoured unit and designated 19th Armoured Regiment. To replace men lost at El Alamein, personnel were drawn from a tank brigade being formed in New Zealand. The regiment spent a year in Egypt training with Sherman tanks, before embarking for Italy in October 1943 to join the Eighth Army. It participated in the Italian Campaign, fighting in actions at Orsogna and later at Cassino. The regiment finished the war in Trieste and remained there for several weeks until the large numbers of Yugoslav partisans also present in the city withdrew. Not required for service in the Pacific theatre of operations, the regiment was disestablished in late 1945. Formation The 19th Battalion was formed in New Zealand in 1939 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Varnham, a veteran soldier who had commanded an infantry company during the First World War, and was the second of three infantry battalions making up the 4th Infantry Brigade.The other two infantry battalions were the 18th and 20th.Sinclair 1954 16 Note Its personnel were drawn from the lower half of the North Island of New Zealand and formed into Wellington, Wellington/West Coast, Hawke's Bay and Taranaki companies. Most of the battalion's personnel entered Trentham Camp on 3 October, with officers and non-commissioned officers having commenced their training the previous week.Sinclair 1954 2Pugsley 2014 33–34 After completing their initial training, the battalion's 760-odd personnel departed on the liner RMS Strathaird for the Middle East on 5 January 1940 as part of the first echelon of the 2nd New Zealand Division, commanded by Major General Bernard Freyberg;Sinclair 1954 8 the 4th Brigade was one of the division's three infantry brigades.Sinclair 1954 3–4 The battalion arrived at its base in Maadi, Egypt on 14 February,Sinclair 1954 14–15 and was involved in training and garrison duty at the Baggush Box, a defensive position in the Western Desert, for most of the next 12 months.McGibbon 2000 263–265 Work improving the fortifications escalated in September, when the Italian Army crossed the Egyptian border and Baggush was bombed.Sinclair 1954 37 The battalion was reinforced in December with personnel from the third echelon of the 2nd New Zealand Division, which had just arrived in Egypt having spent several months in the south of England. It was then tasked with the defence of the Royal Air Force's aerodromes in the Western Desert, which called for the wide distribution of the battalion's companies.Sinclair 1954 47 Greece The British Government anticipated an invasion of Greece by the Germans in 1941 and decided to send troops to support the Greeks, who were already engaged against the Italians in Albania. The 2nd New Zealand Division was one of a number of Allied units dispatched to Greece in early March.McClymont 1959 103 The 4th Brigade was tasked with the defence of the Aliakmon Line in northern Greece with the 2nd New Zealand Division positioned on the northern side of Mount Olympus. The 19th Battalion was the reserve for 4th Brigade and spent most of its time from late March to early April preparing roading and defensive positions.Sinclair 1954 64–65 On 6 April, the Germans invaded Greece and advanced so rapidly that their forces quickly threatened the Florina Gap. The brigade was withdrawn to the Servia Pass.Sinclair 1954 68–69 The 19th Battalion was tasked with holding the mouth of the pass and spent the next few days digging in.Sinclair 1954 70–71 On 13 April, German Stukas bombed the battalion causing its first casualties of the war. The following day, German armour reached the Servia Pass.Sinclair 1954 75–76 The positions of the battalion's Wellington and Hawkes' Bay companies were the subject of an attack on the night of 14–15 April. The Germans were resolutely defeated and at dawn, 120 of them were prisoners of war and another 150 or so were killed, while the battalion's own casualties amounted to two dead.Sinclair 1954 81–82 During the action, the battalion's commander, Varnham, was wounded and evacuated with its second-in-command, Major Blackburn, taking over for the next two months.Sinclair 1954 85 Despite artillery fire and bombing, the battalion continued to hold up the Germans for three days before being withdrawn.Sinclair 1954 87–88 Its new position was at Molos, near Thermopylae, which was reached after a bombing raid killed more personnel.Sinclair 1954 89–90 The battalion was charged with monitoring the coast for the next few days although one company was detached during this time and sent to Thermopylae to man defensive positions there.Sinclair 1954 91 On 24 April, the 4th Brigade was moved to Kriekouki Pass through which the entire 2nd New Zealand Division was to withdraw. The 19th Battalion was in reserve. Again a company was detached for defensive duties, this time at Corinth Canal.Sinclair 1954 93 In the early hours of 27 April, after contact with a German convoy of 100 vehicles, the brigade withdrew again,Sinclair 1954 94–95 this time through Athens to Porto Rafti, from where it was to be evacuated. Once in position, the 19th Battalion was held in reserve on the road, just a mile from the beach.McClymont 1959 337–338 In the meantime, the company at the Corinth Canal was caught in a German attack and cut off; most became prisoners of war.McClymont 1959 419 On the night of 29 April, and into the early hours of the following morning, the brigade was evacuated with the battalion being the last unit to embark from Porto Rafti.Sinclair 1954 100–101 The campaign in Greece resulted in 24 men of the battalion being killed, with 20 wounded. Nearly 150 were made prisoners of war.McClymont 1959 487 Crete From Greece, the 19th Battalion was shipped to the island of Crete where it arrived on 28 April with 475 personnel.Sinclair 1954 111–112 Designated as the reserve battalion for 4th Brigade, it was stationed just to the east of Galatas.Sinclair 1954 113Pugsley 2014 140–141 By mid-May it was increasingly apparent that the Germans would mount an invasion of Crete.Sinclair 1954 126 The airborne invasion by the Germans commenced in the morning of 20 May, while many of the battalion's soldiers were eating breakfast. Most of the descending paratroopers over the area were shot as they parachuted down and their equipment integrated into the defences.Sinclair 1954 130–132 A field hospital in the 18th Battalion's sector was captured by paratroopers and about 500 wounded soldiers and medical staff were made prisoners of war. When the Germans left the area, they took their prisoners. Elements of 19th Battalion came across them and after a short engagement killed the guards and freed their captives although some had inadvertently received friendly fire.Palenski 2013 84Filer 2010 66–67 By the afternoon, it, like the neighbouring 18th Battalion, was in control of its area of responsibility and had killed or captured around 150 paratroopers.Sinclair 1954 130–132Filer 2010 66 However, a prison to the southwest was in the hands of the Germans. That evening, two companies of the battalion mounted a counterattack after a report that the paratroopers at the prison were clearing an airfield. Although supported by some light tanks, the New Zealanders became lost and the next morning were ordered to return to their defensive positions.Pugsley 2014 145 The battalion was then engaged in fighting over a hillPugsley 2014 158 that overlooked the road to Chania, key to preventing the Germans from advancing to the town.Pugsley 2014 141 In the afternoon of 25 May, the Germans attacked along the road from the prison, towards Galatas. After defending for two hours,Pugsley 2014 167 the 4th Brigade withdrew, with 19th Battalion temporarily being attached to the 5th Infantry Brigade, positioned to the west of Chania.Pugsley 2014 169 Two day later, while manning a rearguard defensive line at Chania, it supported a counterattack mounted by Australian and New Zealand forces in an action later known as the Battle of 42nd Street, following an advance by the 141st Mountain Regiment. The Germans were routed but the Allied forces withdrew that evening as the Germans began reinforcing their lines.Palenski 2013 123–125Pugsley 2014 171–172 The withdrawal was at a forced march up and over the mountains to the port town of Sphakia. The 5th Brigade was part of the rearguard, fighting delaying actions to prevent chasing Germans of the 85th Mountain Regiment from cutting the road to Sphakia.Pugsley 2014 172–174 The evacuation commenced on the nights of 28 and 29 May, with 19th Battalion departing on the latter date aboard Australian destroyers.Pugsley 2014 176–177 Its casualties during the fighting on Crete amounted to just over 60 dead, around 70 wounded and 80 made prisoners of war.Sinclair 1954 548 North Africa Once back in Egypt, the 19th Battalion began to receive reinforcements to bring it back up to strength and Varnham, recovered from the wounds received in Greece, resumed command.Sinclair 1954 176 By 24 June it was at its full complement although still short on equipment. Training was initially limited to route marches and lectures on the learnings of the campaigns in Greece and CreteSinclair 1954 177 but by August it was getting re-equipped and battlefield training was underway.Sinclair 1954 181 The 2nd New Zealand Division was now preparing for a role in the upcoming Libyan offensive, and several divisional and brigade level exercises were carried out. By September, the battalion was based at the Baggush Box, building up the defences there with the rest of the 4th Brigade alongside the 6th Infantry Brigade, while also doing intensive training in open desert warfare.Pugsley 2014 197Sinclair 1954 186–187 During this time, Varnham was sent back to New Zealand to perform special duties. His replacement as commander of the battalion was Major S. F. Hartnell, who had been one of its company commanders.Sinclair 1954 190 The battalion's training was in preparation for the 2nd New Zealand Division's role in the upcoming Operation Crusader, which was planned to lift the siege of Tobruk.Pugsley 2014 192–193 The New Zealanders were part of the 8th Army's XIII Corps, which was tasked with isolating and capturing the frontier posts held by the enemy while XXX Corps moved to the south to defeat the armour of GeneralleutnantThe rank of generalleutnant is equivalent to that of major general in the United States Army.Mitcham 2007 197 Note Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps.Pugsley 2014 205Sinclair 1954 195–196 At the same time, the Tobruk garrison was to attempt a breakout.McGibbon 2000 389 Operation Crusader thumb|right|Areas of interest during Operation Crusader, November 1941 The 19th Battalion began moving forward to the starting positions for Operation Crusader on 12 November, leaving just over 60 men behind around which a new battalion could be formed in the event of heavy losses.Sinclair 1954 192–193 The operation commenced on the night of 18 November, with the division moving forward across the Libyan border.Pugsley 2014 207–208 The 4th Brigade, with 19th Battalion as its reserve, cut off the road between Bardia and Tobruk on 22 November, and rounded up Italian prisoners of war. The New Zealanders were then ordered to support British armoured units of XXX Corps at Sidi Rezegh, which had suffered heavy losses from Rommel's armour. Meanwhile the outbreak from Tobruk was progressing slowly, having met with an unexpected German division.Pugsley 2014 207–210Sinclair 1954 197–199 The 4th Brigade was tasked with advancing to Tobruk, via an escarpment linking Zaafram and Belhamed and onto Ed Duda; the 6th Brigade was to advance to Sidi Rezegh along an escarpment to the south.Pugsley 2014 214 The 19th Battalion led the brigade for part of this advance before providing flank protection during its attack on an airfield at Gambut.Sinclair 1954 199–200 It then was involved in the brigade's nighttime attack on 24 November which captured Zaafran.Pugsley 2014 223 The 6th Brigade in the meantime had secured Sidi Rezegh although unexpectedly strong resistance that there were many casualties.Cox 2015 100–102 In order to break through to Tobruk, an attack on Ed Duda was mounted by 6th Brigade on the night of 25 November. This failed with heavy losses.Pugsley 2014 225–226 A corresponding attack on Belhamed, mounted by the 18th and 20th Battalions, was more successful although the New Zealanders were left on a ridge and exposed to heavy artillery fire.Pugsley 2014 227–229 The 19th Battalion had been held in reserve at Zaafran for the Belhamed attack. By this stage, it was the only full strength infantry unit left in the 4th and 6th Brigades. It was ordered to link up with the Tobruk garrison, elements of which had moved forward to take Ed Duda in light of 6th Brigade's failure to do so.Sinclair 1954 206–207 The plan called for the battalion to advance behind Matilda II tanks from a British armoured regiment. The attack, one of the British Army's first nighttime attacks involving both infantry and armour, was a success. The tanks scattered the enemy, and any pockets of resistant were dealt with by the following infantry. The attack was completed without any casualties among the battalion and over 500 enemy were made prisoners of war. The efforts secured a corridor through to Tobruk.Pugsley 2014 230–231Cox 2015 98–100 thumb|right|Lieutenant Colonel Hartnell, left, greets a British tank officer of the Tobruk garrison, 27 November 1941 The battalion established a defensive position in a wadi to the east of Ed Duda.Cox 2015 98–100 There they collected stray enemy soldiers as prisoners of war and were also subject to shelling.Cox 2015 112–113 The next day, the battalion was divided into two; a portion returned to Zaafran while the other remained at Ed Duda. In the meantime, pressure was building on 6th Brigade, which was now surrounded and subject to heavy artillery fire.Cox 2015 115 German tanks of the 15th Panzer Division overran the brigade on the afternoon of 30 November.Pugsley 2014 244–245 The following day, the 18th and 20th Battalions were pushed off Belhamed.Pugsley 2014 246 After the withdrawal of 4th and 6th Brigades from Belhamed and Sidi Rezegh respectively, two companies of the 19th Battalion remained at Ed Duda, becoming part of the Tobruk defensive perimeter.Cox 2015 137 They remained as part of the Tobruk garrison until 11 December, when they were transported via Tobruk back to Baggush.Cox 2015 151 The other two companies had already returned to Baggush with the remnants of the 4th and 6th Brigades. Although the 19th Battalion was relatively intact, most of the remaining infantry battalions had suffered heavy losses. The entire division would spend the next few months in a rebuilding phase.Pugsley 2014 252–253 Rebuilding In early March 1942, the 19th Battalion moved, with the rest of the 2nd New Zealand Division, to Syria to defend against a possible attack through Turkey on the Middle East oilfields by the Germans.Pugsley 2014 260Sinclair 1954 236 Based at Zabboud, the battalion was set to work on preparing defences covering routes to the south.Sinclair 1954 240 By June, the defensive positions were largely complete and many of the battalion's soldiers were granted leave for sightseeing.Sinclair 1954 249–250 Then, following the attack on the Eighth Army's Gazala Line by Panzer Army Africa, the 2nd New Zealand Division was recalled to Libya. It commenced its journey from Syria on 17 June.Pugsley 2014 263–264 The New Zealanders made their way to a neglected fortified position to the west of Mersa Matruh, surrounded by minefields,Scoullar 1955 52–54 reaching it on the night of 21 June; the battalion had travelled 900 km mi in five days. It spent four days at Matruh, where it formed an anti-tank platoon equipped with a complement of 2-pounder anti-tank guns. These had been taken over from the 2nd New Zealand Division's No. 7 Anti-Tank Regiment which had just received 6-pounder guns.Pugsley 2014 266–267Sinclair 1954 254 Freyberg, the divisional commander, disliked the plan for his command to be based at Matruh, regarding it as a trap.Scoullar 1955 55–56 After the fall of Tobruk to Rommel's forces, the division was ordered on 25 June to establish defensive positions at Minqar Qaim.Pugsley 2014 266–267 It was to hold and delay the advance of the Panzer Army Africa for as long as it could while remaining intact.Pugsley 2014 269 The 19th Battalion arrived at Minqar Qaim in the late afternoon of the following day, where it was positioned on the south of the division's perimeter. On the way, it was attacked by German bombers although there was only one casualty.Sinclair 1954 256 By the middle of the afternoon of 27 June, the division had been encircled by the 21st Panzer Division. German tanks and infantry approached the 2nd New Zealand Division's positions and were successfully beaten off.Pugsley 2014 270–271 Later in the day, Freyberg was wounded and the commander of 4th Brigade, Brigadier Lindsay Inglis, took over command of the division.Cameron 2006 80 Prior to his wounding, Freyberg had decided that the New Zealanders were to attempt a breakout from their encirclement that night.Cameron 2006 133 On the south side of the New Zealand perimeter, the 19th Battalion was closest to the designated area for the breakout. Under a bright moon, the infantry marched with bayonets fixed, beginning in the early hours of 28 June before machine gun fire broke out. Many Germans were caught in a state of undress and were swiftly dealt with. Having achieved the breakthrough, transport was quickly brought up and the battalion were loaded up for the trip to the El Alamein line. Its casualties were light; 21 men were killed or died of their wounds.Cameron 2006 137–140 El Alamein Despite the events of Minqar Qaim, the 2nd New Zealand Division was one of the most complete divisions of the Eighth Army still able to be employed along the El Alamein line.Pugsley 2014 282 The area was subject to further offensives by Panzer Army Afrika and on 14 and 15 July 1942, during the First Battle of El Alamein, the battalion was involved in an effort to assist 30 Corps, by being part in what would be known as the Battle of Ruweisat Ridge.Pugsley 2014 293–294 The Italian Brescia and Pavia divisions, along with elements of the 15th Panzer Division, held Ruweisat Ridge, which was in the centre of the El Alamein line, and dominated the surrounding area. The 4th Brigade was to take the western end of the ridge, with Brigadier Howard Kippenberger's 5th Brigade tasked with the capture of the centre of the ridge. The 5th Indian Brigade was allocated to deal with the eastern end. British tanks, in the form of two armoured brigades, were to protect the flanks and be in support to deal with the expected counterattack.Pugsley 2014 293–294 After a night-time advance of over 6 miles,Pugsley 2014 293–294 the 19th Battalion was positioned on the ridge. Its ranks had increased with the presence of 60 soldiers from 18th Battalion who had become separated from their unit during the advance.Sinclair 1954 286 The brigade's move forward had routed much of the Italian defences although, on daybreak, it was discovered that numerous strong points had been bypassed, leaving the German line in front of the ridge largely intact.Pugsley 2014 296–299 The 5th Brigade was also on the ridge but was widely dispersed. Its advance had skirted a regiment of panzers, which in the early hours of the morning of 15 July routed the flanking battalion of the 5th Brigade. This left the battalions of the 4th Brigade even more exposed and receiving fire from the enemy.Scoullar 1955 269–270Pugsley 2014 300 The Indians were likewise in position having secured their objective.Pugsley 2014 302 The battalion's infantry struggled to dig good defensive positions, with rock encountered just beneath the surface. A counterattack by elements of the 15th and 21st Panzer Divisions was launched in the afternoon of 15 July. The limited number of anti-tank guns present were exposed and quickly became immobilised or had to withdraw. This left the infantry of the 4th Brigade to be surrounded and large numbers were forced to surrender. The 20th Battalion was overrun first, with some of its personnel making it to the positions of 19th Battalion. It too became surrounded. By nightfall, the brigade had been overrun and 1,100 soldiers, many from 19th Battalion, were taken prisoner. Among them was Hartnell, although he was able to escape when night fell and make his way back to the Allied lines. The British tanks belatedly moved forward and although this drove off the German armour, the other infantry brigades withdrew from Ruweisat Ridge later in the evening.Scoullar 1955 288–290Pugsley 2014 305–308Sinclair 1954 292–293 Of the battalions of 4th Brigade, only 18th Battalion had sufficient strength to remain in the field.Scoullar 1955 310–311 Its commander had received fatal wounds at Ruweisat Ridge and an officer of 19th Battalion, Major Clive Pleasants, took over.Pugsley 2014 317 The losses suffered by the 19th and 20th Battalions saw them withdrawn to Maadi to recover and reequip.Scoullar 1955 310–311 Conversion to armour thumb|right|Lieutenant Colonel R. McGaffin, front left, accompanying Brigadier Leslie Inglis, the commander of 4th Armoured Brigade, on an inspection of the personnel of 19th Armoured Regiment in September 1943 It had previously been decided to form an armoured brigade to provide tank support to the 2nd New Zealand Division and as a result, the 1st New Zealand Army Tank Brigade was formed in July 1941. This brigade was still undergoing training in New Zealand in September 1942 when it was decided to convert the 4th Brigade, still refitting at Maadi, while the 5th and 6th Brigades continued to campaign in Egypt. The brigade still in New Zealand was broken up to provide reinforcements for the division.Sinclair 1954 303–304McGibbon 2000 37 At the time, the 19th Battalion had 600 personnel but later in the month nearly 200 were transferred to infantry battalions and the remainder informed of the pending conversion to armour. On 5 October 1942, the battalion was officially designated 19th Armoured RegimentSinclair 1954 304–305 and the following month, its ranks were increased with personnel from the 3rd Army Tank Battalion, newly arrived from New Zealand.Sinclair 1954 311–312 In December, a pair of Covenanters and a Crusader tank was provided to the regiment for trainingSinclair 1954 305 but one of these was soon lost in a live firing exercise.Sinclair 1954 310 The two remaining tanks were rostered to the squadrons for practical training for two day periods until April 1943, when the regiment began receiving the M4 Sherman tanks that were to be its operational complement. At about the same time, its commander, Hartnell, was promoted to brigadier and appointed second in command of the 4th Armoured Brigade and was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel R. McGaffin. The new commander had experience with armour, having commanded the 3rd Army Tank Battalion when it was formed in New Zealand.Sinclair 1954 311–313 The war in North Africa had concluded in May with the defeat of Axis forces in Tunisia, so a new operational role for the 2nd New Zealand Division was required. Consideration was given to transferring it to the Pacific but once the New Zealand Government decided that the division would stay in Europe, it joined the Eighth Army, which was now engaged in the Italian campaign.McGibbon 2000 248 The regiment embarked for Italy in early October,Sinclair 1954 304–305 having only reached full strength the previous month.Plowman 2010 15 Italy The regiment disembarked at Taranto on 22 OctoberSinclair 1954 321–322 and early the following month were reunited with its tanks, these having been transported separately.Sinclair 1954 3326 As the New Zealanders advanced towards the Sangro, the 19th Regiment, in the lead, was detached to support the 19th Indian Brigade in an operation at Perano, on 18 November 1943. The town was believed to be lightly held but the operation was compromised by orders to not use wireless for communication. This was to avoid the Germans detecting the presence of the 2nd New Zealand Division in Italy.Plowman 2010 27–28 Instead of the light opposition that was expected, A Squadron, which was composed of 14 Sherman tanks, encountered elements of the 16th Panzer Division. The Indians secured their objective but the clash with the Germans resulted in four Shermans being destroyed and seven of the squadron's personnel killed. Before the Germans withdrew, they had scavenged papers from one of the destroyed tanks which alerted them to the fact that the New Zealanders were now in Italy.Pugsley 2014 402Plowman 2010 34 Orsogna Later in the month, the division crossed the Sangro with a view to taking the high ground beyond, a series of ridges culminating in one peaked by the town of Orsogna.Pugsley 2014 403 Initial attacks on Orsogna in the first week of December involved infantry, and then the tanks of 18th Regiment; these failed as did subsequent attempts mounted later in the month.Pugsley 2014 412–415 As a stalemate settled, the infantry of the 2nd New Zealand Division remained active around Orsogna with the 19th Regiment being based at Sfasciata Ridge and providing support as mobile artillery. It would spend the winter months in this role, with one squadron at a time rotated out as a reserve every eight days.Sinclair 1954 358–359Pugsley 2014 417–421 There was still the occasional need for a foray to be made by the regiment's tanks. Over the first two weeks of January 1944, C Squadron was operating in assistance of a flanking battalion of paratroopers at Poggiofiorito while B Squadron was making long range shoots in aid of the 28th Battalion.Sinclair 1954 360–361 On 15 January, the regiment, along with the rest of the division, began to withdraw from the Orsogna sector. It rested for two weeks at Piedimonte on the western side of the Apennines in preparation to join the fighting in the sector of the 5th Army.Pugsley 2014 417–421Sinclair 1954 362–363 Cassino thumb|A Sherman tank of the 19th Armoured Regiment supporting infantry of 6th NZ Infantry Brigade during a reconstruction of the action at Cassino, Italy, 8 April 1944 In February, the 2nd New Zealand Division was transferred to the 5th Army and, as part of the newly formed New Zealand Corps to be commanded by Freyberg, took responsibility from the United States II Corps for the Cassino section of the Gustav Line. For the previous few weeks, the strategically important town of Cassino, controlling the entrance to the Liri Valley and overlooked by the mountain of Monte Cassino, had been under attack by the American forces but remained in the hands of the Germans.Sinclair 1954 367–368Pugsley 2014 424 The New Zealand Corps took responsibility for the sector on 12 February.Pugsley 2014 427 The 19th Regiment was involved in the first attack mounted by the New Zealand forces on the town, on 17 February, following the 28th Battalion which had secured a bridgehead across the Rapido River. However, the tanks never got started. Engineering work had not been completed in time on a railway embankment that led into the town and the tanks were unable to move in. Shelled while waiting, they suffered 12 casualties before withdrawing back to Mignano, from where they had started their advance.Sinclair 1954 370Pugsley 2014 434 The regiment was tasked with supporting a further attempt on the town, this time involving the 6th Brigade, the objective being to secure a bridgehead to be exploited by the other regiments of the 4th Armoured Brigade. Poor weather delayed the start of the attack by three weeks.Sinclair 1954 371–372Pugsley 2014 442 On 15 March, Cassino was bombed, followed by an artillery bombardment after which B Squadron moved into the town behind the infantry of 25th Battalion. However, the tanks were unable to keep up with the soldiers as they moved forward and this affected their ability to provide the desired support. The Germans defended strongly, assisted by the rubble that hampered the easy movement of the tanks. This dashed hopes of a quick break through.Sinclair 1954 374Pugsley 2014 449–450 Instead the tank crews disembarked and using tools, cleared spaces for their Shermans to be well positioned for providing cover for the infantry.Sinclair 1954 376 In the evening, A Squadron and a troop from C Squadron moved in to support the 26th Battalion, which reinforced the 25th Battalion.Sinclair 1954 377Pugsley 2014 454 Little progress was made over the coming days, and several tanks became disabled and lost in the rubble in their efforts supporting the attacks made by the New Zealand infantry.Pugsley 2014 458–459 The two infantry brigades of the 2nd New Zealand Division were withdrawn from Cassino in early April and sent to the Apennines but the 4th Armoured Brigade remained in place, under the command of the 6th British Armoured Division which now had responsibility for the sector. The New Zealand regiments provided indirect artillery support during this time.Kay 1967 11–13 The Allied forces began preparing for a major offensive against the Gustav Line. This commenced on 11 May,Pugsley 2014 469–470 and then, on short notice, the 19th Regiment was attached to the British 4th Infantry Division. It was to support that division's operations against Cassino. The regiment moved up on the night of 13 May and went into action the next day.Kay 1967 27 Further engagements followed over the next few days, during which two tanks of B Squadron were lost, before Cassino was captured on 18 May. The regiment then returned to the control of the 2nd New Zealand Division.Kay 1967 32–34 Advance to Florence and beyond The 2nd New Zealand Division was withdrawn from action in mid-June and remained in reserve, recuperating after the efforts of the previous few months, until 9 July, when it was attached to XIII Corps.Pugsley 2014 471–475McGibbon 2000 251 They were to lead the advance to Florence.Pugsley 2014 479 In the approach to the Paula Line, less than 10 km mi from Florence, there were a series of small-scale actions, with the tanks of the 4th Armoured Brigade supporting the attacking infantry, as the German defenders fought a delaying withdrawal on the approach to the town.Pugsley 2014 482–483 In one such engagement, on 29 July, one of the regiment's tank troops supported 24th Battalion in its attack on San Michele, in the Tuscan hills.Pugsley 2014 484–485 After hectic fighting as a result of a German counterattack, the Shermans, of which only two were still mobile, had to withdraw in order to fix faults that had developed with their guns.Pugsley 2014 487 The Paula Line was breached on 4 August and Florence captured the same day.Pugsley 2014 495 In August, Lieutenant Colonel A. Everist took command of the regiment after McGaffin was appointed second-in-command of 4th Armoured Brigade.Sinclair 1954 439 Everist had been a company commander with the unit prior to the regiment's conversion to armour.Sinclair 1954 199 The division was tasked with participating in the Adriatic offensive, which aimed to break the Gothic Line.Sinclair 1954 442 In preparation for the forthcoming action, the regiment's tanks were overhauled at its temporary base of operations at Iesi.Sinclair 1954 444–445 The offensive commenced on 12 September, with the 2nd New Zealand Division attacking the Coriano Ridge.Sinclair 1954 447 The regiment's involvement began with C Squadron assisting in an engagement mounted by a Greek brigade at Rimini Airfield.Sinclair 1954 448–449 It then pushed on, accompanied by 22nd Battalion, fording the Marecchia River on 22 September.Kay 1967 231–235 Progress was slow thereafter as it advanced into the Po valley.Kay 1967 279 On 19 and 20 October, the 4th Armoured Brigade was involved in its first and only action as a brigade in an attack towards the Savio River. This was primarily a tank action, in contrast to previous battles in which the armour supported the infantry. The attack, which saw two of the regiment's squadrons being covered by 24th and 25th Battalions while the third, C Squadron, was part of an artillery shoot covering a crossing by Canadian units, was a success and pushed the Germans across the Savio. However, progress had been slower than expected due to poor weather and muddy conditions.Pugsley 2014 505Sinclair 1954 471–473 Winter months The 2nd New Zealand Division was then sent into reserve on 22 October for a rest.Kay 1967 279 In the first week of November, Everist left the 19th Regiment to return to New Zealand on furlough. His replacement as commander was Lieutenant Colonel H. H. Parata,Sinclair 1954 475 who had previously served with the regiment for a twelve-month period from July 1943.Sinclair 1954 341 The regiment returned to the front, based at Faenza to support the crossing of the Senio River.Sinclair 1954 478 It began providing artillery support on 20 December, with B Squadron forming a gunline along the Senio and engaging spotted targets; it would expend over 12,000 rounds in this duty, which it performed until 6 January 1945.Sinclair 1954 478 The regiment remained at Faenza for several weeks, with one squadron forward on the Senio, providing targeted shoot in response to infantry requests, and another guarding the road behind the crossing.Sinclair 1954 482–483 The squadrons rotated out on a regular basis back to Faenza.Sinclair 1954 484–486 By February 1945, the infantry picked up the intensity of their patrolling and the regiment's squadrons were more frequently called up to lay down fire on targets identified as being of interest.Sinclair 1954 484–486 They also began to receive the Sherman Firefly, which mounted a 17-pounder anti-tank gun, each troop allocated one of these tanks.Sinclair 1954 487 In early March, the division was withdrawn from the Senio front for a rest on the Adriatic coast, with the 19th Regiment settling in at Cesenatico.Sinclair 1954 488 Resuming the advance After its rest, the 19th Regiment returned to the front lines in early April with Everist was back in command, having returned from his furlough to New Zealand.Sinclair 1954 489–491 At this time, the 2nd New Zealand Division was part of the Eighth Army's V Corps, which was mounting a renewed offensive.Kay 1967 396 Along with the 20th Regiment, on the night of 10 April, it supported the New Zealand infantry's crossing of the Santerno River.Pugsley 2014 527 This was followed by the crossing of the Scolo Correcchio a few days later. One troop encountered a Panther tank, which knocked out the commander's Sherman. In turn the Panther was destroyed by the troop's Firefly.Sinclair 1954 495–496 The Sillaro River was crossed on 14 April, with all three squadrons heavily engaged in the support of the 9th Infantry Brigade. Two tanks were lost. By this time, the 2nd New Zealand Division was at the vanguard of the Eighth Army's advance and it was transferred from V Corps back to XIII Corps, which was thrusting to the northwest of the country.Pugsley 2014 529Sinclair 1954 498–499 From 18 to 19 April, the Gaiana River, defended by the 4th Parachute Division, was the regiment's focus.Sinclair 1954 499–500 Once the defence was overcome, the regiment resumed its advance but was then subject to a friendly fire incident, when the leading troop was bombed by Supermarine Spitfires. A two-day rest followed before it rejoined the advance.Sinclair 1954 508–509 The Po was crossed by the infantry without incident on 24 April, although congestion with other traffic of V Corps meant it was a few days before the 19th Regiment was able to traverse the river.Sinclair 1954 511–512 The regiment's headquarters section crossed first with C Squadron on 29 April and proceed to cross the Adige as well. The other squadrons went over the Po the next day.Sinclair 1954 513–516 Trieste By 1 May German resistance was fading and only isolated pockets provided resistance as the New Zealanders moved towards Venice. The headquarters section and C Squadron, still separate from the rest of the regiment, gained the town of Sistiana on 2 May and were then ordered to advance to Trieste, where Yugoslav Partisans had partial control of the city. On the approach and in sections of Trieste, the New Zealanders had to deal with diehard enemy elements which refused to surrender.Sinclair 1954 513–516 One such group was holed up in the city's courthouse and C Squadron's tanks put several cannon shots into the building allowing the partisans entry to destroy the German garrison.Pugsley 2014 539 The war ended shortly afterwards but the 2nd New Zealand Division remained in Trieste for several weeks until the large numbers of Yugoslav partisans also present in the city withdrew.Sinclair 1954 517–520 With the war over, long serving personnel left for New Zealand while the regiment moved to Florence to winter.Sinclair 1954 524–525 A group of personnel remained near Trieste to help with the transport of its Shermans to Bologna before rejoining the rest of the regiment in September.Kay 1967 571–572 Not required for service in the Pacific theatre of operations, the regiment was disestablished in November 1945. By then most its personnel had already departed. Some went on to join J Force, the New Zealand contingent to serve in Japan on occupation duties, while the rest returned to New Zealand.Sinclair 1954 526–527 During the war, the 19th Battalion and its successor, the 19th Armoured Regiment, lost nearly 230 officers and men either killed in action or who later died of their wounds, including 34 men who died as prisoners of war. Nearly 490 personnel were made prisoners of war.Sinclair 1954 548 Honours Four members of the battalion, including three of its commanders,Hartnell, Everist, and McGaffin.Sinclair 1954 549 Note were awarded the Distinguished Service Order while a member of the YMCA who was attached to the battalion for a portion of its service overseas was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire. Twelve officers were awarded the Military Cross while two others received the United States Bronze Star and the Greek Military Cross respectively. One soldier received the Distinguished Conduct Medal and 20 others the Military Medal. Numerous men, including the founding commander of the battalion, were mentioned in dispatches.Sinclair 1954 549 The 19th Battalion and its successor, the 19th Armoured Regiment, was awarded the following battle honours: Mount Olympus, Servia Pass, Olympus Pass, Elasson, Molos, Greece 1941, Crete, Maleme, Galatas, Canea, 42nd Street, Withdrawal to Sphakia, Middle East 1941–44, Tobruk 1941, Sidi Rezegh 1941, Sidi Azeiz, Belhamed, Zemla, Alam Hamza, Mersa Matruh, Minqar Qaim, Defence of Alamein Line, Ruweisat Ridge, El Mreir, Alam el Halfa, North Africa 1940–42, Perano, The Sangro, Castel Frentano, Orsogna, Cassino I, Cassino II, Gustav Line, Advance to Florence, Cerbaia, San Michele, Paula Line, St. Angelo in Salute, Pisciatello, Bologna, Sillaro Crossing, Gaiana Crossing, Italy 1943–45.19th Armoured Regiment, 2NZEF https://web.archive.org/web/20070715140005/http://regiments.org/regiments/newzealand/warformed/inf-nzef/19armour.htm http://regiments.org/regiments/newzealand/warformed/inf-nzef/19armour.htm www.regiments.org Mills, T.F. 15 July 2007 23 April 2021The battle honours awarded for its work as an infantry battalion were entrusted to the Wellington Regiment, The Wellington West Coast and Taranaki Regiment, and The Hawke's Bay Regiment. Those awarded to the 19th Armoured Regiment are entrusted to Queen Alexandra's Regiment. Note Commanding officers The following officers served as commanding officer of the 19th Battalion:Sinclair 1954 551 Lieutenant Colonel F. S. Varnham (October 1939–April 1941; June–October 1941);Varnham later achieved the rank of brigadier.Sinclair 1954 2 Note Major C. A. D'A. Blackburn (April–June 1941); Lieutenant Colonel S. F. Hartnell (October 1941–April 1943);Hartnell later achieved the rank of brigadier.Sinclair 1954 54 Note Lieutenant Colonel R. L. McGaffin (April 1943–August 1944); Lieutenant Colonel A. M. Everist (August–November 1944; March–December 1945); Lieutenant Colonel H. H. Parata (November 1944–March 1945). Notes Footnotes Note Citations 18em References Cameron Colin 2006 Breakout Minqar Qaim, North Africa 1942 Willson Scott Publishing Christchurch 0-9582631-3-2 Cox Peter Desert War: The Battle of Sidi Rezegh 2015 Exisle Publishing Auckland 978-1-921966-70-5 Filer David Crete: Death From the Skies 2010 David Bateman Auckland 978-1-86953-782-1 Kay Robin Italy, Volume II: From Cassino to Trieste http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-2Ita.html Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 1967 Historical Publications Branch Wellington 173284646 McClymont W. G. To Greece http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Gree.html Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 1959 War History Branch Wellington 4373298 McGibbon Ian Ian McGibbon The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History 2000 Oxford University Press Auckland 0-19-558376-0 Mitcham Samuel W. Samuel W. Mitcham German Order of Battle, Volume Three: Panzer, Panzer Grenadier, and Waffen SS Divisions in WWII 2007 Mechanicsburg, PA Stackpole Books 978-0-8117-3438-7 Palenski Ron Men of Valour: New Zealand and the Battle for Crete 2013 Hodder Moa Auckland 978-1-86971-305-8 Plowman Jeffrey 2010 Orsogna: New Zealand's First Italian Battle Willson Scott Publishing Christchurch 978-1877-42-7-329 Pugsley Christopher Christopher Pugsley A Bloody Road Home: World War Two and New Zealand's Heroic Second Division 2014 Penguin Books Auckland 978-0-143-57189-6 Scoullar J. L. Battle for Egypt: The Summer of 1942 http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Egyp.html Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 1955 War History Branch Wellington 2999615 Sinclair D. W. 19 Battalion and Armoured Regiment http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-19Ba.html Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 1954 War History Branch Wellington 173284782 expanded Category:Infantry battalions of New Zealand in World War II Category:Military units and formations established in 1939 Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945 Category:Armoured regiments of New Zealand