1867 Keelung earthquake

Earthquake and tsunami affecting the northern coast of Taiwan 1867 Keelung earthquake and tsunami Taiwan yes yes 1867 12 18 morning 6.8 l7.0–7.24 w y 10 km on 25.34 N 121.91 E region:TW_type:event inline,title Taiwan 7 15 m 580 dead; 100+ injured The 1867 Keelung earthquake occurred off the northern coast of Taiwan on the morning of December 18 with a magnitude of 7.0. It produced strong shaking that seriously damaged the cities of Keelung and Taipei. A tsunami drowned hundreds and had a run-up exceeding 15 m, possibly the only confirmed widely destructive and deadly tsunami in Taiwan's history.How have tsunamis jeopardized Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu? https://scweb.cwa.gov.tw/en-US/Guidance/FAQdetail/201 Central Weather Administration Seismological Center Central Weather Administration, Republic of China (Taiwan) 13 June 2026Has Taiwan had any disasters caused by "tsunami" in the past? https://scweb.cwa.gov.tw/en-US/Guidance/FAQdetail/199 Central Weather Administration Seismological Center Central Weather Administration, Republic of China (Taiwan) 13 June 2026 The total death toll was estimated to be 580 while more than 100 were injured. It was followed by aftershocks that were felt on average ten times a day. 300px|thumb|right|Keelung and the harbor was seriously affected by the earthquake. It sustained minor damage from the tsunami. Photographed sometime between 1860 and 1890. Tectonic setting Taiwan is situated on a complex convergent boundary between the Eurasian plate and the Philippine Sea plate.Sun Yujun Liu Mian Dong Shuwen Zhang Huai Shi Yaolin Active tectonics in Taiwan: insights from a 3-D viscous finite element model Earthquake Science 2015 28 5–6 353–363 10.1007/s11589-015-0137-9 2015EaSci..28..353S 18681733 free Off the northeastern coast of the island, the Philippine Sea plate subducts northwards beneath the Ryukyu Islands (on the overriding Eurasian plate) along the Ryukyu Trench. To the south of the island, oceanic crust of the Eurasian plate subducts beneath eastwards the Philippine Sea plate along the Manila Trench. Taiwan lies at the junction of the two subduction zones, on the edge of the Asian continental margin (Eurasian plate), where the northwest–southeast convergence rate is estimated to be 7 cm/year. Continental collision occurs due to convergence of the Asian continental crust with continental crust of the Philippine Sea plate on the island. Continental crust of the Eurasian plate is being subducted beneath the island, forming east-dipping thrust faults.J.G. Liou L.Y. Hsiao Report #4 on the Chi-Chi (Taiwan) Earthquake: Tectonic Setting and Regional Geology of Taiwan http://www.iris.washington.edu/news/events/taiwan/taiwan99reports/chi-chi4.html https://web.archive.org/web/20200204022118/http://www.iris.washington.edu/news/events/taiwan/taiwan99reports/chi-chi4.html 4 February 2020 United States Geological Survey 10 June 2022 1 October 1999 Geology Multiple studies have been conducted to identify the source of the earthquake and subsequent tsunami. The moment (w) and local (l) magnitudes have been estimated to be 7.0 and 6.8, respectively. Due to the unusually large tsunami, several studies have suggested a submarine landslide or an eruption of the nearby Tatun Volcanic Group was the source of the tsunami.Sugawara D. Yu N. T. Yen J. Y. Estimating a Tsunami Source by Sediment Transport Modeling: A Primary Attempt on a Historical/1867 Normal-Faulting Tsunami in Northern Taiwan Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 2019 124 7 1675–1700 10.1029/2018JF004831 https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018JF004831 American Geophysical Union 2019JGRF..124.1675S 197554538 subscription The lack of historical documentation of the tsunami effects made identifying the fault difficult. Academics have associated the earthquake with a rupture along the Shanchiao Fault, a northeast–southwest trending normal fault. The fault runs onshore from the Taipei area to Jinshan for a length of 40 km, and further extends offshore for another 50 km. The fault dips towards the southeast at varying angles of 80° onshore to 62° offshore. It was also associated with an earthquake and tsunami in 1694. The Jinshan area formed due to rifting during the Quaternary. In a 2017 study by Sugawara and others, modelling of the earthquake suggest a 7.24 w event with coseismic slip of 6 meters was required to reproduce the tsunami heights reported. The modelled earthquake involved a rupture on the onshore and offshore segments. An earlier study (2016) by Cheng and others estimated a 40 km rupture offshore at a depth of 10 km was consistent with the seismic intensity and tsunami reports. The modelled earthquake had a w of 7.0 and an epicenter located at 25.34 N 121.91 E region:TW_type:event.Cheng Shih-Nan Shaw Chen-Fang Yeh Yeong Tein Reconstructing the 1867 Keelung Earthquake and Tsunami Based on Historical Documents Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 2016 27 3 431 10.3319/TAO.2016.03.18.01(TEM) 2016TAOS...27..431C https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305741212 free Earthquake The earthquake occurred at 09:00 or 10:00 local time and produced shaking that lasted 15–30 seconds. In Taipei's Shilin District, many streets were damaged. Buildings collapsed in the city, killing hundreds. Major landslides occurred between Taipei and Keelung, demolishing villages. A large landslide measuring 600–700 m in length was reported at Huangzuishan. The landslide carved a gorge and hot sulfur-laced water flowed. Fissures formed and closed in the ground.https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/2123 Significant Earthquake Information National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information 1972 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information 10.7289/V5TD9V7K 10 June 2022 Data Set More than half the number of homes in Jinshan collapsed. At a beach in Huanggang, hot springs erupted to a height of 9 m. One person was killed and many were injured in Huangku when a hot spring erupted from a field. Water from the spring formed a large pond that still exists. Heavy damage was reported at Keelung where collapses buried several hundred residents. In Tamsui, homes collapsed, killing 30,Global Historical Tsunami Database National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/event-more-info/967 10.7289/V5PN93H7 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Data Set 10 June 2022 and a British merchant warehouse was extensively damaged. At a nearby town, not far from Tamsui, 150 deaths occurred. An estimated 400 people were killed near the coast. The earthquake also killed more than 300 buffaloes and pigs due to collapses. Land subsidence by between 3 m and 7 m was estimated. Tsunami 250px|thumb|The coast of Huanggang was inundated by a tsunami up to 7 meters high. The trace of the Shanchiao Fault is located at the base of the hills. Seawater receded approximately five minutes after the earthquake and 25 minutes later, exposed the seafloor by 500 m. The tsunami struck at 11:00 local time, killed between 70 and 80 people in Jinshan. Tsunami victims were also reported at Yilan and Hualien. Many were killed after they went to the coast to collect fishes after the water receded. Over 100 were injured. A reported tsunami height of 6–7 m was observed at Huanggang and Shuiwei. Several Chinese junks were beached and pushed further inland while others sunk. At the harbour in Keelung, the tsunami was 1.75–2.05 m. The waves destroyed 200 homes. A run-up of over 15 m was estimated at Jinbaoli Old Street and Badouzi. The high run-up at Jinbaoli Old Street was due to a river which allowed waves from the sea to flow upstream. Tsunami damage at Keelung was minimal and only affected the immediate coastal parts of the city. Waves were reported on Heping Island and Tongpan Island. A tsunami deposit was found 6 m above sea level on Heping Island.Yu Neng-Ti Yen Jiun-Yee Yen I-Chin Hirakawa Kazuomi Chuang Chao-Ming Tsunami deposits and recurrence on a typhoon-prone coast of northern Taiwan from the last millennium Quaternary Science Reviews 2020 245 106488 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106488 Elsevier 2020QSRv..24506488Y 224901625 free A 2016 study in Jinshan found tsunami deposits up to 800 m inland.Yu Neng-Ti Yen Jiun-Yee Chen Wen-Shan Yen I-Chin Liu Jin-Hsing Geological records of western Pacific tsunamis in northern Taiwan: AD 1867 and earlier event deposits Marine Geology 2016 372 1–16 10.1016/j.margeo.2015.11.010 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025322715300694 Elsevier 2016MGeol.372....1Y subscription An unusual tide was observed at Hangzhou while at the Yangtze River, the water level fell 1.35 m before rising 1.65 m in 48 hours. These observations are believed to be the effects of the tsunami. Volcanic eruption A report of a submarine eruption at the time of the earthquake and tsunami was vaguely described and published in 1917.Unnamed http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0801-04= Global Volcanism Program 10 June 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20070713234321/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0801-04= 13 July 2007 dead It is thought to be the only instance of an earthquake, tsunami and eruption occurring at the same time in the region. The eruption occurred off the northeast coast of the island but nature of it is unknown. See also List of historical earthquakes List of earthquakes in Taiwan References Category:December 1867 Category:1867 earthquakes Category:Earthquakes in Taiwan Category:1867 in Taiwan Category:1860s floods Category:1867 natural disasters Category:Tsunamis in Taiwan Category:1860s disasters in Asia Category:Tsunamis in China Category:Landslides in Asia Category:Natural disasters in Taiwan Category:Keelung Category:History of New Taipei Category:History of Taipei