1314–1316 conclave

Election of Catholic Pope John XXII 1314–16 1 May 1314 – 7 August 1316 Carpentras Cathedral, Provence Dominican house in Lyon Nicolò Albertini Arnaud d'Aux Nicolas de Fréauville Giacomo Colonna Arnaud Fournier Jacques Duèze John XXII Jean XXII 1316.JPG 1304–05 1304–1305 conclave 1334 1334 conclave The papal conclave held from 1 May 1314 to 7 August 1316 in the apostolic palace of Carpentras and then the Dominican house in Lyon was one of the longest conclaves in the history of the Roman Catholic Church and the first conclave of the Avignon Papacy. The length of the conclave was due to the division of the cardinals into three factions: Italian (Orsini, Alberti, Stefaneschi, Caetani, Longhi, Fieschi, and both Colonna), Gascon (de Pellegrue, de Fougères, Nouvel, Teste, de Farges, de Garve, Daux, du Four, Raymond, and Godin), and French/Provençal (both Fredol, de Bec, Caignet de Fréauville, de Mandagot, and Duèze).Miranda, Salvador. 1998. "Papal elections of the 14th Century (1303-1394)". The Italian faction wished to return the papacy to Rome, the Gascon faction—mostly composed of the relatives of the previous pope, Clement V, wished to retain the privileges and powers they had enjoyed during his rule, and the French/Provençal opposed these aims of the Italian and Gascon factions. Cardinal electors Among the cardinal electors there were an unusually high number of cardinal-nephews for two reasons: the previous pontiff, Clement V, had just set a record for the number of cardinal-nephews elevated by a single pontiff—soon to be surpassed by Pope Clement VI—and Clement V had reigned long enough that the only surviving Italian cardinals were those who were elevated at a younger age, who tended to be relatives of their elevator.The list of the electors is according to Salvador Miranda: list of participants of the papal conclave, 1314-1316; the informations and notes about these cardinals are according to Essay of a General List of Cardinals (112-2007), also by Salvador Miranda Elector Nationality Faction Cardinal's order and title Elevated Elevator Other ecclesiastical titles NotesNicolò Albertini, O.P.PratoItalianCardinal-bishop of Ostia e Velletri1303, December 18Benedict XIDean of the Sacred College of CardinalsBérenger Frédol, senioreFrench"French"Cardinal-bishop of Frascati1305, December 15Clement VGrand penitentiaryCardinal-nephewArnaud de FalguièresFrenchGasconCardinal-bishop of Sabina1310, December 19Clement VGuillaume de Mandagot, C.R.S.A.French"French"Cardinal-bishop of Palestrina1312, December 23Clement VArnaud d'AuxFrenchGasconCardinal-bishop of Albano1312, December 23Clement VCamerlengo of the Holy Roman ChurchCardinal-nephewJacques DuèzeFrench"French"Cardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina1312, December 23Clement VElected Pope John XXIINicolas de Fréauville, O.P.French"French"Cardinal-priest of the title of S. Eusebio1305, December 15Clement VProtopriestArnaud Nouvel, O.Cist.FrenchGasconCardinal-priest of the title of S. Prisca1310, December 19Clement VVice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman ChurchBérenguer Frédol, iunioreFrench"French"Cardinal-priest of the title of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo1312, December 23Clement VCamerlengo of the Sacred College of CardinalsCardinal-nephewMichel du Bec-CrespinFrench"French"Cardinal-priest of the title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio1312, December 23Clement VGuillaume TesteFrenchGasconCardinal-priest of the title of S. Ciriaco alle Terme1312, December 23Clement VGuillaume Pierre Godin, O.P.FrenchGasconCardinal-priest of the title of S. Cecilia1312, December 23Clement VVital du Four, O.F.M.FrenchGasconCardinal-priest of the title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti1312, December 23Clement VRaymond-Pierre de Moneins, O.S.B.FrenchGasconCardinal-priest of the title of S. Pudenziana1312, December 23Clement VGiacomo ColonnaRomanItalianCardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata1278, March 12Nicholas IIIProtodeacon; archpriest of the Liberian BasilicaUncle of Cardinal Pietro ColonnaNapoleone OrsiniRomanItalianCardinal-deacon of S. Adriano1288, May 16Nicholas IVArchpriest of the Vatican BasilicaPietro ColonnaRomanItalianCardinal-deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria1288, May 16Nicholas IVArchpriest of the Lateran Basilica; abbot of SubiacoNephew of Cardinal Giacomo ColonnaGuglielmo de LonghiBergamoItalianCardinal-deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano1294, September 18Celestine VGiacomo Gaetani StefaneschiRomeItalianCardinal-deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro1295, December 17Boniface VIIINephew of Boniface VIIIFrancesco CaetaniRomeItalianCardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin1295, December 17Boniface VIIINephew of Boniface VIIILuca FieschiGenoeseItalianCardinal-deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano1300, March 2Boniface VIIINephew of Pope Adrian VArnaud de PellegrueFrenchGasconCardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Portico1305, December 15Clement VProtector of the Order of FranciscansCardinal-nephewRaymond Guillaume des ForgesFrenchGasconCardinal-deacon of S. Maria Nuova1310, December 19Clement VCardinal-nephewBernard de Garves de Sainte-LivradeFrenchGasconCardinal-deacon of S. Eusebio1310, December 19Clement VCardinal-nephew Procedure thumb|right|Carpentras Cathedral, where the conclave began. This building is a 15th-century replacement for the original cathedral, which collapsed in 1399. Had the conclave taken place according to the rules prescribed by Clement V in Ne Romani (1312) and Pope Gregory X in Ubi periculum (1274), the cardinal electors would have had to meet in the diocese where the Curia was in residence (the place where letters and apostolic causes were heard), and the local magistrates would have had the authority to compel the departing cardinals to stay.Duval, Arnould, Louis. "John XXII" in Levillain, 2002, p. 848. Indeed, the election did begin in that location, the episcopal palace of Carpentras (north-east of Avignon), with 23 of the 24 eligible cardinals present (Fieschi was still in Italy). thumb|Plaque in Lyon on the site of the old Dominican convent, noting that it was there that Pope John XXII was elected in 1316. The Italian cardinals opened the conclave by attempting to gain the support of the Provençal cardinals, proposing the candidacy of Languedocian jurist and fellow cardinal Guillaume de Mandagot (who had promised to restore the papacy to Rome and end the Gascon dominationBarbara Reynolds. 2006. Dante. I.B. Taurus. 1-84511-161-3. p. 328.), whom the Gascons were able to defeat because of the personal opposition of Languedocian cardinal Berenguer Fredol, seniore. An impasse thereafter formed quickly and disputes between the servants of the Italian and Gascon cardinals broke out in the streets, aggravated by mercenary bands hired by the Gascon cardinal-nephews of Clement V and by the body of Clement V, still lying in the town square.Walsh, 2003, p. 95. Once the mercenaries openly besieged the conclave and the home in which the Italian cardinals were living, the Italian cardinals fled on July 24, 1314, and the rest of the College of Cardinals dispersed to Avignon, Orange, and Valence. With both the Gascon and Italian cardinals threatening to hold their own elections (and thus begin another schism), Philip IV of France ("the Fair") convened a group of jurists to decide the matter, only to die on November 29, 1314. His son, Louis X of France sent a mission to disperse the Gascon cardinals and arranged for the cardinals to meet again in Lyon, through the emissary of his brother, Philip, Count of Poitiers (future Philip V of France), in March 1316. However, Louis X died, and Philip—forced to return to Paris to pursue his own interests—locked the cardinals in the Dominican convent of Lyon, leaving the Count of Forez to guard the conclave, on June 28, 1316 (previously, to get the cardinals to assemble, Philip had promised the cardinals that he would not lock them in, but he declared that the threat of schism annulled this promise). At this point, the Gascon faction put forward the candidacy of a moderate member of their ranks, Arnaud Fournier, whose candidacy was rejected by the Count on Philip's instructions. The conclave proceeded to deadlock around the candidacies of Pellegrue, Mondagout, and Fredol. After a falling out between Napoleone Orsini and Pietro Colonna, the latter threw his support behind the Gascons, breaking the deadlock. This conclave was the last in which a compromise committee was tasked with selecting a candidate to present to the assembled cardinals.Toman, J.T. 2004. "The Papal Conclave: How do Cardinals Divine the Will of God? https://web.archive.org/web/20120210084803/http://www.international.ucla.edu/cms/files/PERG.Toman.pdf 2012-02-10 ". UCLA International Institute. They proposed Jacques Duèze as a compromise candidate with the votes of some of the Italian faction (who had begun to fear the influence of the Colonna), some of the Gascons, the Count, and Robert of Naples. The vote was made unanimous after an accessus, that is, allowing electors to change their votes. A final point in Duèze's favor with all factions was that he was 72. When Duèze was elected on 7 August, he took the name John XXII. Aftermath thumb|right|The Palais des Papes in Avignon Avignon Papacy With Pope John XXII reopening the disputed cases before the curia on October 1 in Avignon, the location of the papacy within France appeared to be secured permanently, as the percentage of Italians within the College was only expected to decline further. Although John XXII had been expected to die quickly, he lived until 1334, reaching the age of 90.Walsh, 2003, p. 96. John XXII's early disputes with the Franciscans, whom he persecuted due to their views on poverty, and Louis IV of Bavaria, whose claim to the Holy Roman Empire he disputed, merged when Louis proclaimed John XXII deposed in Rome and, with the assistance of an electorate of thirteen Roman clergy, chose a Franciscan Pietro da Corbara as Antipope Nicholas V on April 18, 1328. John XXII's standing in the Curia further diminished late in his papacy when he promoted the unpopular theological view that saints would not meet God until the Last Judgment. While Clement V had lived as a guest in the Dominican monastery of Avignon, John XXII began the construction of the Palais des Papes on the bank of the Rhone in the Comtat Venaissin. Five more French popes were elected in succession—Benedict XII (1334–1342), Clement VI (1342–1352), Innocent VI (1352–1362), Urban V (1362–1370), and Gregory XI (1370–1378)—remaining in Avignon and growing the French super-majority within the College. When the papacy did revert to Rome after the return of Gregory XI to Italy to pursue his property claims in the Papal States during the War of the Eight Saints, the result was the Western Schism. See also Bernard Jarre Notes 2 References Philippe Levillain, ed.. 2002. The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. 0-415-92228-3. Guillaume Mollat. "L'élection du pape Jean XXII."June 2026 InternetArchiveBot In: Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France, tome 1, n°1, 1910. pp. 34–49; Walsh, Michael. 2003. The Conclave: A Sometimes Secret and Occasionally Bloody History of Papal Elections. 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