1922 regnal list of Ethiopia

Pseudohistorical list of Ethiopian monarchs from 4530 BCE to 1779 CE January 2024 2 300 Saba ephiop Solomon & Makeda feasting.jpg Taharqa reconstructed 2.jpg Zewditu Empress.PNG Ethiopian - One of Two Coins Depicting Ousanas and an Anonymous King - Walters 59794.jpg The 1922 regnal list incorporated names from Biblical, Egyptological, Greco-Roman, and native Ethiopian sources. Clockwise from upper left: (1) Makeda, the Queen of Sheba, dining with Solomon, (2) Pharaoh Taharqa of Kush, (3) Ousanas of the Kingdom of Axum and (4) Zewditu, incumbent Empress of Ethiopia at the time the list was written. The 1922 regnal list of Ethiopia is an official regnal list used by the Ethiopian monarchy, which names over 300 monarchs across six millennia. The list is partially inspired by older Ethiopian regnal lists and chronicles, but is notable for additional monarchs who ruled Nubia, which was known as Aethiopia in ancient times. Also included are various figures from Greek mythology and the Biblical canon who were known to be "Aethiopian", as well as figures who originated from Egyptian sources (Ancient Egyptian, Coptic and Arabic). This list of monarchs was included in Charles Fernand Rey's 1927 book In the Country of the Blue Nile and is the longest Ethiopian regnal list published in the Western world. It is the only known regnal list that attempts to provide a timeline of Ethiopian monarchs from the 46th century BC up to modern times without any gaps.Kropp 2006 315–316 However, earlier portions of the regnal list are pseudohistorical and were recent additions to Ethiopian tradition when the list was written.Budge 1928a x–xiKropp 2006 Addendum, pp. 328–331 Despite claims by at least one Ethiopian court historian that the list dates back to ancient times,Rey 1924 84 the list is more likely an early 20th-century creation, possibly originally written by Alaqa Taye Gabra Mariam or Heruy Wolde Selassie.Kropp 2006 305 The earlier sections of the list are clearly inspired by the work of French historian Louis J. Morié, who published a two-volume history of "Ethiopia" (i.e., Nubia and Abyssinia) in 1904.Kropp 2006 Addendum, pp. 328–331 His work drew on then-recent Egyptological research but attempted to combine this with the Biblical canon and writings by ancient Greek authors. This resulted in a pseudohistorical work that was more imaginative than scientific in its approach to Ethiopian history.Kropp 2006 Addendum, pp. 328–331 This regnal list contains a great deal of conflation between the history of modern-day Ethiopia and Aethiopia, a term used in ancient times and in some Biblical translations to refer to a generalised region south of Egypt, most commonly in reference to the Kingdom of Kush in modern-day Sudan. As a result, many parts of this article will deal with the history of ancient Sudan and how this became interwoven into the history of the Kingdom of Axum, the region of Abyssinia (which includes modern-day Eritrea), and the modern state of Ethiopia. The territory of modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea was known as "Abyssinia" to Europeans until the mid-20th century, and, as such, this term will be used occasionally in this article to distinguish it from 'ancient' Aethiopia (i.e., Nubia). Background thumb|Tafari Makonnen in 1923 Origins and alleged antiquity Charles Fernand Rey's 1927 book In the Country of the Blue Nile included a 13-page appendix listing Ethiopian monarchs, written by the Prince Regent Tafari Makonnen, who later became the Emperor of Ethiopia in 1930.Rey 1927 261–274 Tafari's list begins in 4530 BC and ends in 1779 AD, with dates following the Ethiopian Calendar, which is several years behind the Gregorian calendar.Rey 1927 261 Tafari's cover letter was written in the town of Addis Ababa on the 11th day of Sane, 1914 (Ethiopian Calendar), which was June 19, 1922 on the Gregorian Calendar according to Rey.Rey 1927 262 Rey revealed in another book he wrote, Unconquered Abyssinia, that this list was given to him in 1924 by a court historian who was a "learned old gentleman".Rey 1924 82 This court historian had "caused to be compiled [...] on the instructions of Ras Tafari" a complete list of "rulers of Abyssinia from the beginning of time up to date."Rey 1924 82 Rey noted that the list contained many names "of Egyptian origin", which was a "good illustration" of the difficulties in researching the history of Abyssinia.Rey 1924 82 The court historian claimed that the regnal list had already been compiled before the "advent of the Ethiopian dynasty in Egypt" and that the original version had been taken to Egypt and left there, afterward becoming lost.Rey 1924 84 Prince Ermias Sahle Selassie, president of the Crown Council of Ethiopia, acknowledged the regnal list in a speech given in 2011 in which he stated: Ethiopian tradition traces the origins of the dynasty to a king called Ori, who lived about 4470 BC [sic]. While the reality of such a vastly remote provenance must be considered in semi-mythic terms, it remains certain that Ethiopia, also known as the Kingdom of Kush, was already ancient by the time of David and Solomon's rule in Jerusalem.https://ethiopiancrown.org/ethiopia-and-pan-africanism-dynamics-and-implications/ Ethiopia and Pan-Africanism: Dynamics and Implications April 4, 2011 Ermias Sahle Selassi Crown Council of Ethiopia The goal of the 1922 regnal list was to showcase the immense longevity of the Ethiopian monarchy. The list does this by providing precise dates spanning 6,300 years and drawing upon various historical traditions from both within and outside Ethiopia. Multiple versions of the regnal list are known to exist. Tafari's regnal list has 313 numbered monarchs from 4530 BC to 1779 AD (E.C.) while Taye Gabra Mariam's version of the list continued up to contemporary times to include influential Rases of the Zemene Mesafint and emperors who had reigned since the time of Tewodros II.Rey 1927 261–274Gabra Maryam 1987 113-115 The first three dynasties (4530–982 BC) of the list are mostly legendary and take various elements from the Bible, as well as Ancient Egyptian, Nubian, Greek, Coptic and Arab sources. Many of the monarchs of the Menelik dynasty (982 BC–AD 920) appear on Ethiopian regnal lists written before 1922. Still, these lists often contradict each other, and many of the kings themselves are not archeologically verified, though in some cases their existence is confirmed by Aksumite coinage. Many of the historically verified rulers of the Ag'azyan (1985–982 BC) and Menelik dynasties did not rule over the region of modern Ethiopia but rather over Egypt and/or Nubia. It is only from the mid-1st century onward that the monarchs are certainly Aksumite or "Abyssinian" in origin. Each monarch on the list has their respective reign dates and the number of years in their reign listed. Two columns of reign dates were used in the list. One column uses dates according to the Ethiopian calendar, while the other column lists the "Year of the World", placing the creation of the world in 5500 BC. Other Ethiopian texts and documents have also placed a similar date for the creation of the world.G.W.B. Huntingford, "'The Wealth of Kings' and the End of the Zāguē Dynasty", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 28 (1965), p. 7Budge 1928a 305 The dating of 5500 BC as the creation of the world was influenced by calculations from the Alexandrian and Byzantine eras which placed the world's creation in 5493 BC and 5509 BC respectively.Elias J Bickerman https://archive.org/details/chronologyofanci00bick/page/73 Chronology of the Ancient World (Aspects of Greek & Roman Life) Cornell Univ. Press 1980 0-8014-1282-X 2nd sub Ithaca, N.Y. 73 registration Authorship Neither Tafari Makonnen nor Charles Rey explicitly stated who originally wrote the regnal list or who supplied Tafari with a copy. Both Heruy Wolde Selassie and Alaqa Taye Gabra Mariam included versions of the list in their work; there is clear evidence that a large part of the list's early sections was lifted from the work of an obscure French historian, Louis J. Morié. Heruy Wolde Selassie and Wazema 150px|thumb|Heruy Wolde Selassie in a photograph taken prior to 1939 German historian Manfred Kropp believed the author of the regnal list was Ethiopian foreign minister Heruy Wolde Selassie (1878–1938). Selassie was a philosopher and historian, and had mastered several European languages. He had previously served as secretary to Emperor Menelik II (r. 1889–1913).Kropp 2006 305 At the time the list was written in 1922, Selassie was president of the special court in Addis Ababa, whose job was to resolve disputes between Ethiopians and foreigners.Die traditionellen äthiopischen Königslisten und ihre Quellen Kropp Manfred IBAES 5 German 29 https://www.ibaes.de/ibaes5/publikation/ibaes5_kropp_koenigslisten.pdf Kropp noted that Selassie's historical sources include the Bible, Christian Arab writers Jirjis al-Makin Ibn al-'Amid (1205–1273) and Ibn al-Rāhib (1205–1295), and Christian traveller and writer Sextus Julius Africanus (c. 160–240). Kropp argued that Selassie was one of the Ethiopian writers who sought to synchronize Ethiopian history with the wider Christian-Oriental histories. This was aided by the translation of Arabic texts in the 17th century. Kropp also felt that the developing field of Egyptology influenced Selassie's writings, particularly from Eduard Meyer, Gaston Maspero, and Alexandre Moret, whose works were published in French in Addis Ababa in the early 20th century. Kropp believed that Selassie was also assisted by French missionaries and the works they held in their libraries.Kropp 2006 315 Kropp additionally theorized that Tafari Makonnen played a large role in the writing of the list.Die traditionellen äthiopischen Königslisten und ihre Quellen Kropp Manfred IBAES 5 German 29–30 https://www.ibaes.de/ibaes5/publikation/ibaes5_kropp_koenigslisten.pdf Selassie wrote a book titled Wazema, which contained a version of the regnal list. The title "Wazema" translates to The Vigil, a metaphor celebrating the history of the kings of Ethiopia.Selassie 1972a 5 The book was divided into two sections: the first covers Ethiopian political history from the dawn of history to modern times, while the second covers the history of the Ethiopian church.Selassie 1972a 5 Kropp noted that there were three different versions of the regnal list published in Selassie's works. Selassie's regnal list omits the first dynasty of Tafari's list – the so-called "Tribe of Ori or Aram" – and also the first three rulers of the second dynasty, instead beginning in 2545 BC with king Sebtah. Selassie himself stated that he used European literature as a source, including James Bruce's Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (1790).Kropp 2006 320 Manfred Kropp felt that the existence of multiple versions of the regnal list suggested that Selassie grew increasingly critical of the sources he used for the first version in 1922.Kropp 2006 306 Ethiopian historian Sergew Hable Selassie commented that Heruy Wolde Selassie "strove for accuracy" but the sources he used for Wazema "precluded his success".Selassie 1972a 5 Manfred Kropp noted one important source for the information in Wazema. Selassie himself told the reader that if they wished to learn more about Joktan, the supposed founder of the Ag'azyan dynasty, they could consult page 237 of a book by "Moraya". At first, Kropp thought this was referring to Alexandre Moret,Kropp 2006 318 but it was later made clear that Selassie's regnal list had been significantly inspired by a book called Histoire de l'Éthiopie by Louis J. Morié, published in 1904.Kropp 2006 Addendum, pp. 328–331 Louis J. Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie 1922 regnal list of Ethiopia#Sources of information from Louis J. Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie Louis J. Morié was a French historian who wrote a history of Ethiopia in the early 20th century. The two-volume work, titled Histoire de l'Éthiopie (Nubie et Abyssinie), was published in 1904, with the first volume focusing on ancient Nubia (called "Ancient Ethiopia" by Morié) and the second on Abyssinia ("Modern Ethiopia").Morié 1904a 3Morié 1904b 5 An abridged edition was printed in 1897, but only 100 copies were made for the author's friends.Morié 1904a 4 Historian Manfred Kropp de identified the first volume as a key source in the creation of the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list and provided evidence from Morié's text that corroborated the names and information on the list.Kropp 2006 Addendum, pp. 328–331 Kropp noted that Morié's book was more imaginative than scientific in its approach to Ethiopian history and blamed Selassie's European friends and contemporaries for the influence of Morié's book on Selassie's writing of Ethiopian history.Kropp 2006 Addendum, pp. 328–331 E. A. Wallis Budge mentions Morié's book in his own similarly titled two-volume work A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia,Budge 1928a 214 but surprisingly makes no mention of the clear similarity between Morié's narrative and the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list. Charles Rey, in his book Unconquered Abyssinia, mentioned an "enthusiastic French writer" who had dated "the birth of the Abyssinian monarchy from the foundation of the Kingdom of Meroë by Cush about 5800 B.C." but Rey felt this writer could "not be taken seriously" because of his belief that the Deluge was a historical event.Rey 1924 82 Rey was likely referring to Morié, who had claimed that 5800 BC was the approximate date when Cush began ruling Aethiopia, and he also treated the Biblical flood narrative as a historical fact.Morié 1904a 207–215 Like Budge, Rey apparently did not notice the striking similarities between Morié's narrative and the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list. Writing for Asiatic Review, Frederick A. Edwards noted that Morié had "[attempted] to bring all the Kings named in the various [Ethiopian] lists into one line of succession" but warned readers that his work was an "unsafe guide" that "may well be disregarded" despite "[posing] as an authoritative precisian". Edwards observed that Morié's "identifications and his dates are quite arbitrary" and that he fails to provide authoritative sources explaining why he chose these dates. Edwards concludes his brief overview of Morié's work by stating "[Morié's] identifications of Kings in one list with those in another are often forced and unsatisfactory, and he has fallen into some obvious errors."Edwards 1918 485 Morié's book displays his desire to hold on to religion and Biblical narratives in a world that was becoming increasingly secular. He expressed concern about the possibility of abandoning religion, which would result in the "civilized" peoples of the world descending the moral scale.Morié 1904a 8 Morié felt that science and religion could be in agreement.Morié 1904a 9 He described Atheism as a cause of moral and political decadence.Morié 1904a 202 Because of his anxieties about the decline of religion, Morié sought to base his historical narrative around the Biblical timeline. He described the Book of Genesis as the best source for the most remote parts of human history.Morié 1904a 162 Morié believed the "Ethiopian state of Meroe" was the oldest empire of the post-Flood world, having been founded by Cush of the Bible, and went on to birth the kingdoms of Egypt, Uruk, Babylon, Assyria and Abyssinia.Morié 1904a 8–9 Morié followed the Biblical tradition by crediting Nimrod, a son of Cush, with founding Uruk and Babylon, and crediting Mizraim, a son of Ham, with founding Egypt.Morié 1904a 9 He additionally identified Mizraim with the Egyptian god Osiris, Ham with Amun and Cush with Khonsu.Morié 1904a 103 Morié defined the history of "Ethiopia" as divided into two parts: Ancient Nubia and Christian Abyssinia,Morié 1904a 51 and defined "Ethiopians" as the Nubian and Abyssinian peoples.Morié 1904a 174 Morié acknowledged the potential confusion this could cause and thus occasionally used "Abyssinia" to specify which of these two regions he was writing about, with a priority of using "Ethiopia" for ancient Nubia.Morié 1904b 70 Alaqa Taye's History of the People of Ethiopia Alaqa Taye Gabra Mariam (1861–1924) was a Protestant Ethiopian scholar, translator, and teacher whose written works include books on grammar, religion, and Ethiopian history.Alaqa Taye Gabra Mariam (1861–1924) Alemé Esheté Rassegna di Studi Etiopici 25 1971–1972 14–30 41299618 http://www.jstor.org/stable/41299618 He was ordered by Emperor Menelik II to write a complete history of Ethiopia using Ethiopian, European and Arab sources.Alaqa Taye Gabra Mariam (1861–1924) Alemé Esheté Rassegna di Studi Etiopici 25 1971–1972 22 41299618 http://www.jstor.org/stable/41299618 Taye's first historical work was Ya-Ityopya Hizb Tarik ("History of the People of Ethiopia"), published in 1922, the same year Tafari's regnal list was written.Gabra Maryam 1987 i The book contained legends and folktales about the origins of various peoples of Ethiopia.Gabra Maryam 1987 i Ya-Ityopya Hizb Tarik was a condensed form of a much larger work titled Ya-Ityopya Mangist Tarik ("History of the Ethiopian State"), which has not been published and is only known to exist in partial form as manuscripts.Gabra Maryam 1987 x Sergew Hable Selassie felt this book did not "do justice to [Taye's] erudition and does not reflect his true ability", as it was based on "unreliable sources" and was "not at all systematic".Selassie 1972a 5 History of the People of Ethiopia contains a regnal list that matches closely with the one copied by Tafari.https://www.africanidea.org/Ethiopian_Chronology.html Brief Chronology of Ethiopian History Ghelawdewos Araia December 7, 2009 September 4, 2022 The first edition from 1922 included a list of monarchs who reigned after the birth of Christ, beginning with Bazen (8 BC).Gabra Maryam 1987 x The sixth edition from 1965 expanded the list to include monarchs who reigned from Akhunas Saba II (1930 BC) onwards, corresponding with the Ag'azyan and Menelik dynasties of Tafari's list.Gabra Maryam 1987 xi The first edition does refer to the earlier dynasties of Ori and Kam and provides some background information on them, despite not including them in the regnal list at the end of the book.Gabra Maryam 1987 5-9 The longer text Ya-Ityopya Mangist Tarik originally contained more in-depth information on all the dynasties that appear on Tafari's version of the regnal list.Gabra Maryam 1987 ix In recent years, there has been more credible and conclusive evidence that some of Alaqa Taye's manuscripts were acquired by Heruy Wolde Selassie and published as his own works, including Wazema.Ayele Fantahun 2016 Aleqa Tayye G. Maryam: Trials and Tribulations https://www.academia.edu/86082937 EJSS 2 1 7 Such evidence strengthens the possibility that Taye wrote the original regnal list instead of Selassie. Ya-Ityopya Hizb Tarik preceded the publication of Heruy Wolde Selassie's book Wazema by at least seven years. Like Selassie, Taye acknowledged Louis J. Morié, whose work he described as one of the many "learned books of history".Gabra Maryam 1987 3 Taye noted that his history had been selectively gathered from the works of Homer, Herodotus, James Bruce, Jean-François Champollion, Hiob Ludolf, Karl Wilhelm Isenberg, Werner Munzinger, Enno Littmann, Giacomo De Martino, 'Eli Samni', 'Traversi', 'Eli Bizon', 'Ignatius Guidi' (Ignatius of Jesus?), Al-Azraqi, Ibn Ishaq, 'Abul-'Izz', Bar Hebraeus (called "Abul-Farag"), Yohannis Madbir and Jirjis al-Makin Ibn al-'Amid (called "Giyorgis Walda Amid").Gabra Maryam 1987 3 He also gathered information from an unnamed history of Yemen, the Alexander Romance (called "The Book of Alexander") and an ancient work of history found at Zaway.Gabra Maryam 1987 3 Taye additionally noted numerous Biblical verses that he recommended to readers "look [at] attentively" to understand the history of the Ethiopian peoples and kings.These verses are:Gabra Maryam 1987 3 1 Kings 10.1-13 (Queen of Sheba and Solomon) 2 Chronicles 9.1-13 (Queen of Sheba and Solomon) 2 Chronicles 14.9 (mistakenly written as 14.1) (Zerah the Aethiopian) 2 Kings 19.9 (Taharqa or Tirhakah, King of Aethiopia) Isaiah 37.9 (Taharqa/Tirhakah) 2 Kings 19.35-37 (Defeat of Sennacherib) 2 Chronicles 32.19-23 (Defeat of Sennacherib) Isaiah 37.33-38 (Defeat of Sennacherib) 2 Chronicles 21.16-17 (Invasion of Judah by the Philistines, Arabs and Aethiopians) Jeremiah 38.7-13 (Ebed-Melech the Aethiopian) Jeremiah 39.16 (Ebed-Melech) Jeremiah 46.9-10 (Aethiopians in the army of Pharaoh Necho II) Ezekiel 38.1-10 (Gog and Magog and allies (including Aethiopia) attacking a restored land of Israel) Daniel 11.43 (A prophesied unnamed "King of the South" with Aethiopians aiding him) Nahum 3.7-9 (The Sack of Thebes, then ruled by the Aethiopians) Genesis 2.13 (The Gihon river that circles Aethiopia) Numbers 12.1-10 (Unnamed Aethiopian wife of Moses) Zephaniah 3.10 (Conversion of Gentiles, including those from "beyond the rivers of Aethiopia") Psalms 68.30-31 ("Aethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands unto God") Psalms 72.9-10 ("the kings of Sheba and Seba shall offer gifts") Psalms 74.14 Psalms 87.4-5 ("behold Philistia, and Tyre, with Aethiopia") Acts 8.26-35 (The Ethiopian eunuch sent by Candace, "queen of the Aethiopians"). Other sources and cultural influences Other Ethiopian regnal lists Regnal lists of EthiopiaNumerous regnal lists of Ethiopian monarchs from before 1922 are known to exist and clearly influenced the compilation of the 1922 list. Some lists date back to the 13th century and are reliable for the Solomonic dynasty, but are often based on legendary memories from the era of the Kingdom of Aksum.Kropp 2006 304–305 These lists allow chroniclers to provide proof of legitimacy for the Solomonic dynasty by linking it back to the Axumite period.Kropp 2006 307 The lists were also intended to fill in gaps between major events, such as the meeting of Makeda and Solomon in the 10th century BC, the arrival of Frumentius in the early 4th century and the rise of the Zagwe dynasty in the 10th century.Kropp 2006 312 However, many regnal lists show great variations in the names of the Axumite monarchs, with only a few, such as Menelik I, Bazen, Abreha and Atsbeha and Kaleb, frequently appearing across the majority of lists. The 1922 regnal list notably tries to accommodate these differing traditions by including most of the kings in a single longer line of succession. Biblical influences thumb|The Queen of Sheba meets King Solomon of Israel, from an illustration accompanying a copy of the Kebra Nagast. Various Biblical figures are included on the 1922 regnal list. Three of Noah's descendants are named as founders or ancestors of the first three dynasties; Aram, Ham, and Joktan, with some of their sons and descendants also appearing on the list. Other Biblical figures include Zerah the Cushite and the Queen of Sheba, whom Ethiopians call "Makeda". According to Ethiopian tradition, Makeda was an ancestor of the Solomonic dynasty and mother of Menelik I, whose father was king Solomon of Israel. The meeting of Makeda and Solomon is recorded in the text Kebra Nagast. The Biblical events of the flood and the fall of the Tower of Babel are both included in the chronology of the regnal list, dated respectively to 3244 BC and 2713 BC, with the 531 years in between an interregnum where no kings are named. Another Biblical story included is that of the Ethiopian eunuch who visited Jerusalem during the reign of the 169th sovereign Garsemot Kandake. Coptic and Arabic influences The first dynasty of the regnal list, the Tribe of Ori, is taken from medieval Coptic and Arabic texts on the kings of Egypt who ruled before the Great Flood. Louis J. Morié compiled a list of monarchs similar to the 1922 list.Morié 1904a 155–161 Morié noted the regnal list he saw was recorded by the Copts in their annals and was found in both Coptic and Arabic tradition.Morié 1904a 155 He noted there had originally been a list of 40 kings, but only 19 of them had been preserved up to the early 20th century.Morié 1904a 155–156 He believed that the regnal list originated from the works of Murtada ibn al-Afif, an Arab writer from the 12th century who wrote some works, though only one, titled The Prodigies of Egypt, has partially survived to the present day.Morié 1904a 155–156https://www.jasoncolavito.com/murtada-ibn-al-lsquoafif.html Murtada ibn al-'Afif Jason Colavito Jason Colavito Alaqa Taye Gabra Mariam's statement "what we say from the historians of the ancients is from Murtad and the Azurotet of Egypt" seems to confirm Kropp's theory.Gabra Maryam 1987 3 Manfred Kropp theorized the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list may have been influenced by the works of Ibn al-Rāhib, a 13th-century Coptic historian whose works were translated into Ge'ez by Ethiopian writer Enbaqom in the 16th century, and Jirjis al-Makin Ibn al-'Amid, another 13th century Coptic historian whose work Al-Majmu' al-Mubarak (The Blessed Collection) was also translated around the same time. Both writers drew on ancient history, citing Julius Africanus and, through him, the historical traditions of Egypt as recorded by Manetho. Jirgis was known as "Wälda-Amid" in Ethiopia.Kropp 2006 308 Kropp believed that some of the names of the early part of Tafari's regnal list were taken from a regnal list included within Jirgis' text, which draws upon traditions from Manetho and the Old Testament.Kropp 2006 310 A medieval Arab text called Akhbar al-Zaman (The History of Time), dated to between 940 and 1140, may have been an earlier version of the regnal list Morié saw.Jason Colavito Akhbar al-Zaman https://www.jasoncolavito.com/akhbar-al-zaman.html March 14, 2022 It is likely based on earlier works such as those of Abu Ma'shar (dated to c. 840–860). The authorship is unknown, but it may have been written by historian Al-Masudi based on earlier Arab, Christian and Greek sources. Another possible author is Ibrahim ibn Wasif Shah who lived during the Twelfth century. The text contains a collection of lore about Egypt and the wider world in the age before the Great Flood and after it. Included is a list of kings of Egypt who ruled before the Great Flood, and this list shows some similarities with the list of kings of the "Tribe of Ori or Aram" included on Tafari's list, who also ruled before the Great Flood. Several kings share similar names and chronological order, though not all kings on one list appear on the other. Many Coptic monks from Egypt came to Ethiopia in the 13th century and brought with them many books written in Coptic and Arabic. These monks also translated many works into Ge'ez.Budge 1928a 154 It is possible that the legends from Akhbar al-Zaman may have entered Ethiopia during this time. Ancient Egyptian and Nubian influences Aethiopia thumb|Reconstructions of six statues of Kushite kings discovered at Dukki-Gel in Sudan Contemporary Egyptology had a significant influence on the regnal list, as evidenced by the large number of names from Ancient Egypt and the Kingdom of Kush. Many of the Egyptian and Kushite names included on the list belong to monarchs who did not rule the region of modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea, and often have reign dates that do not match historical dates used by modern-day archaeologists. The rulers numbered 88 to 96 on the list are the High Priests of Amun who were the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt during the time of the Twenty-first dynasty (c. 1077–943 BC). Several other kings on the list have names that are clearly influenced by those of Egyptian pharaohs; Senefrou (8), Amen I (28), Amen II (43), Ramenpahte (44), Tutimheb (53), Amen Emhat I (63), Amen Emhat II (83), Amen Hotep (102), Ramissu (103), and Apras (127). Kushite rulers include the pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt, namely Piye (106), Kashta (108), Sabaka (109), Taharqa (111), Tantamani (114) and Shebitku (123), as well as monarchs who ruled in later periods such as Aktisanes (65), Aspelta (118), Harsiotef (119), Nastasen (120), Arakamani (138) and Arqamani (145). There are also six queens given the name "Kandake" on the list (110, 135, 137, 144, 162, 169). thumb|The Axumite empire at its maximum extent of influence.|leftLouis J. Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie served as the main source for these Egyptian and Nubian monarchs and the regnal order they are presented in on the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list.Kropp 2006 Addendum, pp. 328–331 However, there are other reasons why the author of this regnal list felt that the inclusion of Egyptian and Nubian monarchs was appropriate for a historical outline of Ethiopia/Abyssinia. One reason is due to the Axumite conquest of Meroë, the last capital of the Kingdom of Kush, by King Ezana in c. 325 AD.Fluehr-Lobban Carolyn 2021 Hobson Janell The Routledge Companion to Black Women's Cultural Histories Routledge Chapter 4: Queen Balqis, "Queen of Sheba" 978-0367198374 It was from this point onward that the Axumites began referring to themselves as "Ethiopians", the Greco-Roman term previously used largely for the Kushites.Hatke George Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa 2013 NYU Press 978-0-8147-6066-6 52–53 https://books.google.com/books?id=PA4UCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 Following this, the inhabitants of Axum (modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea) were able to claim lineage from the "Ethiopians" or "Aethiopians" mentioned in the Bible who were actually Kushites. Professor of Anthropology Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban believed the inclusion of Kushite rulers on the 1922 regnal list suggests that the traditions of ancient Nubia were considered culturally compatible with those of Axum.Nubian Queens in the Nile Valley and Afro-Asiatic Cultural History Fluehr-Lobban Carolyn Ninth International Conference for Nubian Studies August 20, 1998 2018-06-07 http://africanhistory.yolasite.com/resources/Nubian%20Queens.pdf Museum of Fine Arts, Boston U.S.A. Makeda, the Biblical Queen of Sheba, was referred to as "Candace" or "Queen Mother" in the Kebra Nagast,Budge 1922 suggesting a cultural connection between Ethiopia and the ancient kingdom of Kush. Portuguese missionary Francisco Álvares, who travelled to Ethiopia in 1520, recorded one Ethiopian tradition which claimed that Yeha was "the favourite residence of Queen Candace, when she honoured the country with her presence".A Voyage to Abyssinia Henry Salt 1814 London W. Bulmer and Co. 433 https://archive.org/details/voyageAbyssinia00Salt/mode/2up thumb|The world according to Herodotus. He defined "Aethiopes" as being south of Egypt and including Meroe. E. A. Wallis Budge theorized that one of the reasons why the name "Ethiopia" was applied to Abyssinia was because Syrian monks identified Kush and Nubia with Abyssinia when translating the Bible from Greek to Ge'ez.Budge 1928a vii Budge further noted that translators of the Bible into Greek identified Kush with Ethiopia and this was carried over into the translation from Greek to Ge'ez.Budge 1928a 120 Louis J. Morié likewise believed the adoption of the word "Ethiopia" by the Abyssinians was due to their desire to search for their origins in the Bible and coming across the word "Ethiopia" in Greek translations.Morié 1904b 12 Historian Adam Simmons noted the 3rd century Greek translation of the Bible translated the Hebrew toponym "Kūš" into "Aethiopia".https://jhiblog.org/2023/01/11/where-is-ethiopia-from-the-hebrew-bible-to-attempted-italian-colonization/ Where is Ethiopia? From the Hebrew Bible to Attempted Italian Colonization Adam Simmons January 11, 2023 July 13, 2023 He argued that Abyssinia did not cement its "Ethiopian" identity until the translation of the Kebra Nagast from Arabic to Ge'ez during the reign of Amda Seyon I (r. 1314–1344). E. A. Wallis Budge argued that the "Ethiopians" mentioned in ancient Greek writings were unlikely to be the Abyssinians and were far more likely to be the Nubians of Meroë.Budge 1928a viii He believed the native name of the region around Axum was "Habesh" from which "Abyssinia" is derived, and originating in the name of the Habasha tribe from southern Arabia. He did note, however, that the modern-day people of the region did not like this term and preferred the name "Ethiopia" because of its association with the Kingdom of Kush.Budge 1928a 120 The Kushites are not known to have used the term "Ethiopian" to refer to themselves, however, Silko, the first Christian Nubian king of Nobatia, in the early sixth century, described himself as "Chieftain of the Nobadae and of all the Ethiopians".Budge 1928a 114 The earliest known Greek writings that mention "Aethiopians" date to the 8th century BC, in the writings of Homer and Hesiod. Herodotus, in his work Histories (c. 430 BC), defined "Aethiopia" as beginning at the island of Elephantine and including all land south of Egypt, with the capital being Meroe.For all references to Ethiopia in Herodotus, see: this list at the Perseus Project. This geographical definition confirms that in ancient times the term "Aethiopia" was commonly used to refer to Nubia and the Kingdom of Kush rather than modern-day Ethiopia. The earliest known writer to use the name "Ethiopia" for the region of the Kingdom of Axum was Philostorgius in c. 440 AD.Edwin M. Yamauchi Edwin M. Yamauchi Acts 8:26–40: Why the Ethiopian Eunuch Was Not from Ethiopia Darrell L. Bock Buist M. Fanning Interpreting the New Testament Text: Introduction to the Art and Science of Exegesis Crossway 2006 351–66 thumb|200px|Stele with Egyptian hieroglyphs found in Axum, as shown in James Bruce's Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile Scottish traveller James Bruce, in his multi-volume work Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile included a drawing of a stele found in Axum and brought back to Gondar by the Ethiopian emperor. The stele had carved figures of Egyptian gods and was inscribed with hieroglyphs. E. A. Wallis Budge believed the stele to be a "Cippi of Horus" which were placed in homes and temples to keep evil spirits away. He noted that these date from the end of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty (c. 664–525 BC) onwards. Budge believed this was proof of contacts between Egypt and Axum in the early 4th century BC.Budge 1928a 146 Archaeological excavations in the Kassala region have also revealed direct contact with Pharaonic Egypt. Some tombs excavated in the Yeha region, the likely capital of the Dʿmt kingdom, contained imported albastron dated to c. 770–404 BC, which had a Napatan or Egyptian origin.Phillips 1997 440–442 Budge noted that none of the Egyptian and Kushite kings on the 1922 list appear on other known regnal lists from Ethiopia. He believed that contemporary Ethiopian priests had been "reading a modern European History of Egypt" and had incorporated in the regnal list Egyptian pharaohs who had "laid Nubia and other parts of the Sudan under tribute", as well as the names of various Kushite kings and Priest kings.Budge 1928a xv–xvi To support his argument, he stated that while the names of Abyssinian kings have meanings, the names of Egyptian kings would be meaningless if translated into the Ethiopian language.Budge 1928a xv–xvi Manfred Kropp likewise noted that no Ethiopian manuscript before the 1922 regnal list included names of monarchs resembling those used by Egyptian rulers.Kropp 2006 315–316 A comparison of known Ethiopian regnal lists shows that most of the monarchs on the 1922 list with Egyptian or Nubian names do not have these elements in their names on other regnal lists (see Regnal lists of Ethiopia). For example, the 102nd king on Tafari's list, Amen Hotep Zagdur, only appears as "Zagdur" on earlier regnal lists.Budge 1928a 205–208 The next king, Aksumay Ramissu, is only known as "Aksumay" on earlier lists, while the 106th king, Abralyus Wiyankihi II, was previously only known as "Abralyus".Budge 1928a 205–208 The 111th king, Tsawi Terhak Warada Nagash, is a combination of multiple kings. One king named "Sawe" or "Za Tsawe" is listed as the fifth king following Menelik I according to some lists, while another king named "Warada Nagash" is named as the eighth king following Menelik I on different lists.Budge 1928a 205–208 No known list includes both kings; the 1922 list combined the two different kings as a single entry, with the addition of the name "Terhak", to be equated with the Kushite Pharaoh Taharqa, who otherwise does not appear on earlier Ethiopian regnal lists.Budge 1928a 205–208 Also missing from earlier Ethiopian regnal lists are the "Kandake" queens. thumb|left|Herihor, High Priest of Amun of Upper Egypt between c. 1080 and 1074 BC, shown here with wife Nodjmet The inclusion of the High Priests of Amun who ruled Upper Egypt between c. 1080 and 943 BC can be traced directly to Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie and to contemporary Egyptology.Kropp 2006 Addendum, pp. 328–331 The association between these Egyptian High Priests and Aethiopia was particularly strong in European Egyptological writings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During this period, several major Egyptologists (such as Heinrich Brugsch, James Breasted and George Reisner) believed that the rise of the Kush kingdom was due to the influence of the High Priests of Amun moving into Nubia towards the end of the Twentieth Dynasty because of political conflict arising at the end of the New Kingdom.Morkot 2003 154–156 Brugsch in particular entertained the idea that the early Kushite kings were lineal descendants of the priests from Egypt, though Breasted explicitly rejected this.Morkot 2003 154–156 Later Egyptologists A. J. Arkell and Walter Emery theorized that a priestly "government in exile" had influenced the Kushite kingdom.Morkot 2003 159 E. A. Wallis Budge agreed with these ideas and suggested that the High Priests of Amun moved south to Nubia due to the rise of the Libyan pharaohs in Lower Egypt, and consolidated their high position by intermarrying with Nubian women. Budge further theorised that the name of the Nubian pharaoh Piye, or "Piankhi," was derived from that of the High Priest of Amun Piankh, and that he was possibly a descendant of Piankh.Budge 1928a 25–26 Such ideas about the Kushite monarchy originating from this specific line of priests are now considered outdated. Still, the popularity of these theories in the early 20th century helps explain their inclusion, in almost exact chronological order, in the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list. Greek sources thumb|A black archer whose feet and legs face left, upper body facing right, flanked by two Amazones. Mayence identifies the black person with Memnon, whereas Beazley and Bothmer regard him as an attendant of Memnon.Digital LIMC https://weblimc.org/page/monument/2071666 2024-08-03 weblimc.org Several figures from Greek mythology are included on the regnal list, in most cases because they are described as "Aethiopian" in ancient sources. Louis J. Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie is largely responsible for their inclusion. His book included Memnon, a mythical king of "Aethiopia" who fought in the Trojan War, his father Tithonus, and his brother Emathion, who are all included on the regnal list under the names Amen Emhat II (83), Titon Satiyo (81), and Hermantu (82).Truhart 1984 98 Cassiopeia was also mentioned in Morié's book, but he confusingly uses the name for two different women.Morié 1904a 146, 266 This results in the 1922 regnal list including Cassiopeia under the name of Kasiyope (49) while her husband Cepheus is listed four hundred years later under the name Kefe (71). The list also included figures not part of Morié's narrative, indicating that the author drew on other sources to compile the regnal list. Diodorus's work (including Bibliotheca Historia) influenced the inclusion of the "Aethiopian" king Actisanes (65) and the Egyptian king Mandes (66). Herodotus' Histories also had some influence on the regnal list, with the various names of rulers being re-used for "Ethiopian" monarchs, such as Nitocris (162), Proteus (67), Sabakon (122), Apries (127).Lundström Peter Herodotus of Halicarnassus https://pharaoh.se/herodotus-king-list November 24, 2023 Pharaoh.se Manetho's Aegyptiaca is another source for certain names on the regnal list, such as Sebikos (123), Tarakos (125) and Sabakon (122).Lundström Peter Comparing the king lists of Manetho https://pharaoh.se/comparing-manetho November 24, 2023 Pharaoh.se Conflict with other Ethiopian traditions The list occasionally contradicts other Ethiopian traditions. One example is King Angabo I, who is placed in the middle of the Ag'azyan dynasty on this list, but in earlier traditions was considered the founder of a new dynasty.Willie F. Page R. Hunt Davis, Jr. Makeda, Queen (queen of Sheba) Encyclopedia of African History and Culture 1 revised Facts on File 2005 158–159 In both cases the dating is given as the 14th century BC. E. A. Wallis Budge noted that there were differing versions of the chronological order of the Ethiopian kings, with some lists stating that a king named Aithiopis was the first to rule, while other lists claim that the first king was Adam.Budge 1928a ix–x Tafari's list instead begins with Aram. Responses to the regnal list Contemporary historian Manfred Kropp described the regnal list as an artfully woven document, a rational and scientific attempt by an educated Ethiopian in the early 20th century to reconcile Ethiopia's historical knowledge. Kropp noted that the regnal list has often been viewed by historians as little more than an example of a vague notion of historical tradition in north-east Africa. He added that the methods and sources used by the list's author remain unclear.Kropp 2006 315 Kropp further stated that despite some rulers' names having astonishing similarities to those of Egyptian and Meroitic/Kushite rulers, there has been little attempt to critically examine the regnal list in relation to other Ethiopian sources.Kropp 2006 304 He noted that Tafari's regnal list was the first Ethiopian regnal list to attempt to provide the names of kings from the 970th year of the world's creation onwards, without any chronological gaps. In particular, it was the first Ethiopian regnal list to consistently fill in all dates from the time of Solomon to the Zagwe dynasty. Kropp felt that the regnal list resulted from the incorporation of non-native traditions of "Aethiopia" into native Ethiopian history.Kropp 2006 315–316 Egyptologist E. A. Wallis Budge (1857–1934) was dismissive of the claims of great antiquity made by the Abyssinians, whom he described as having a "passionate desire to be considered a very ancient nation", which had been aided by the "vivid imagination of their scribes" who borrowed traditions from the Semites (such as Yamanites, Himyarites and Hebrews) and modified them to "suit [their] aspirations". He noted the lack of pre-Christian regnal lists and believed there was no 'kingdom' of Abyssinia/Ethiopia until the time of king Zoskales (c. 200 AD). Budge additionally noted that all extant manuscripts date to the 17th–19th centuries and believed that any regnal lists found in them originated from Arab and Coptic writers.Budge 1928a x–xi Budge felt the 1922 regnal list "proves" that "almost all kings of Abyssinia were of Asiatic origin" and descended from "Southern or Northern Semites" before the reign of Yekuno Amlak.Budge 1928a xvi However, native Ethiopian rule before Yekuno Amlak is evidenced by the kingdoms of D'mt (c. 980–400 BC) and Aksum (c. 150 BC–960 AD), as well as by the rule of the Zagwe dynasty. The Geographical Journal reviewed In the Country of the Blue Nile in 1928, and noted the regnal list contained "many more names [...] than in previously published lists" and was "evidently a careful compilation" which helped to "clear up the tangled skein of Ethiopian history".F.A.E. 1928 Reviews: Seven Years in Southern Abyssinia by Arnold Wienholt / In the Country of the Blue Nile C. F. Rey. With a foreword by Major-Gen. Lord Edward Gleichen The Geographical Journal 71 3 295 However, the reviewer did also notice that it "[contained] discrepancies" which Rey "[made] no attempt to clear up". The reviewer pointed to how king Dil Na'od is said to have reigned for 10 years from 910 to 920; yet travel writer James Bruce previously stated the deposition of this dynasty occurred in 960, 40 years later. The reviewer did admit, however, that Egyptologist Henry Salt's dating of this event to 925 may have had "more reason" to it compared to Bruce's dating, considering that Tafari's regnal list seemingly backs up Salt's dating. The Washington Post made use of the regnal list when reporting on the coronation of Haile Selassie in 1930. The paper reported that Selassie would become "the 336th sovereign of [the Ethiopian] empire" which was "founded in the ninety-seventh [sic] year after the creation of the world" and as such his reign would begin in "the 6,460th year of the reign of the Ethiopian dynasty".October 28, 1930 Foreign Deputations Reach Addis Ababa for Coronation https://archive.org/details/per_washington-post_1930-10-28_19857/page/n11/mode/2up?q=abyssinian&view=theater 2023-08-10 The Washington Post 13It is unclear how the newspaper numbered Haile Selassie 336th in succession order, but this could be achieved by counting the 313 numbered monarchs of Tafari's list, and combining this with the latter portion of Taye Gabra Mariam's list, which names 9 regents of the Zemene Mesafint, 8 kings of Shewa, and 6 emperors from Tewodros II to Zewditu. The newspaper noted that Adam was no longer "claimed by Ethiopians as the original ancestor of the kings of Ethiopia" and instead the modern Abyssinians claimed their first king was "Ori, or Aram, the son of Shem". The same article mentioned the 531-year gap between the Flood and the fall of the Tower of Babel; during that time, "42 different Ethiopian sovereigns ruled Africa", though the regnal list itself did not provide any names for this time period. Regnal list Notes Dating system: The regnal list uses the Ethiopian Calendar. This calendar is 8 years behind the Gregorian calendar from January 1 to September 10 and 7 years behind from September 11 to December 31.Budge 1928a 139 Names and regnal numbering: Exact names of monarchs can differ between versions of the list, with the versions of the list written by Alaqa Taye Gabra Mariam and Heruy Wolde Selassie occasionally having expanded or additional names for some rulers compared to those on the list quoted by Charles F. Rey. This affects the regnal numbering of monarchs, which is sometimes incorrect on certain versions of the list. Transliteration of names from Geʽez to English has also resulted in some variation in the exact spellings of names.Examples of this include "Ayba" (አይባ) and "Ayibe" (አይቤ), "Nikti" (ኒክቲ) and "Nekate" (ነካቲ), "Piyankihi" (ፒያንኪሂ) and "Wiyankihi" (ዊያንኪሂ), "Salayba" (ሰላይባ) and "Saladoba" (ሰላዶባ) and "Setwa" (ሲትዋ) and "Sutuwa" (ሱቱዋ). The following list combines names across different versions of the regnal list and uses adjusted spellings of names for consistency. Multiple names: Many monarchs have multiple names listed, similar to the way that the Emperors of Ethiopia who reigned from 1270 to 1974 often chose a throne name upon their accession to the throne. In the few cases where the throne name is specified, it is the second name of that monarch.For example, Tafari's list stated that for the 200th monarch, Ahywa Sofya, her regnal name is Sofya.Rey 1927 269 The same list states that Mara Takla Haymanot's regnal name was Zagwe.Rey 1927 271 Taye Gabra Mariam's list states that for the 167th monarch, Sartu Tsenfa Asagad, it is "Tsenfa Asagad" that is his regnal name.Gabra Maryam 1987 101 Exceptions to this are the emperors Iyasu I and Iyasu II, who have their throne names placed before birth names. The tables below list the names of each monarch based on the order in which they are presented on the original regnal list. Tribe of Ori or Aram thumb|Deluge by Ivan Aivazovsky (1864) "Tribe or Posterity of Ori or Aram".Rey 1927 263 Taye Gabra Mariam's History of the People of Ethiopia gives the following information on the "Tribe of Orit":Gabra Maryam 1987 5 "Those who before all others left Asia earliest and who entered Ethiopia and occupied the country are called the tribe of Orit. Their father [...] was one of the sons of Adam, called Ori or Aram. He and his line, twenty-one kings, ruled in Ethiopia from the year [970] of the world until 2256 of the world [...] During the time of their last King, Soliman Tagi, in the era of Noah, they were wiped out and brought to an end by the devastating flood." The first dynasty of this list consists of 21 monarchs who ruled before the Biblical "Great Flood". This dynasty is legendary and drawn from a list of pre-Flood kings of Egypt found in medieval Coptic and Arabic texts. Louis J. Morié recorded a list of 19 monarchs in his 1904 book Histoire de L'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 155–161 Morié noted that the kings were supposed to be rulers of Egypt, but he personally believed they had actually ruled "Ethiopia" (i.e., Nubia).Morié 1904a 155–161 He pointed to a story of the third king, Gankam, who had a palace built beyond the Equator at the Mountains of the Moon, as proof that these kings resided in Aethiopia.Morié 1904a 157–158 The kings of this dynasty are described as Priest-kings in Coptic tradition and were called the "Soleyman" dynasty. While the original Coptic tradition called the first king "Aram", in reference to the son of Shem of the same name, this regnal list calls the king "Ori or Aram". The name "Ori" may have originated from Morié's claim that this dynasty was called the "Aurites", and that Aram had inspired the name of his country, which was called "Aurie" or "Aeria".Morié 1904a 156–157 Alaqa Taye Gabra Mariam confirmed that "Murtad and the Azurotet of Egypt" were useful sources for understanding ancient history, referring to Murtada ibn al-Afif's 12th-century text The Prodiges of Egypt.Gabra Maryam 1987 3 While different from Morié's list, Murtada's list can be seen as an earlier incarnation of the same line of legendary kings. Murtada's list is based on the earlier text Akhbar al-zaman (The History of Time) dated to the mid-10th to mid-12th centuries. The only rulers of this dynasty who do not appear in the Coptic Antediluvian regnal list are "Senefrou" and "Assa", whom E. A. Wallis Budge believed to be the historical Egyptian pharaohs Sneferu and Djedkare Isesi. Heruy Wolde Selassie ignored this dynasty on his version of the regnal list.Kropp 2006 320 Ethiopian historian Fisseha Yaze Kassa, in his book Ethiopia's 5,000-year history, completely omitted this dynasty and instead begins with the Ham/Kam dynasty.Fisseha Yaze Kassa http://books.good-amharic-books.com/fiveshe-1.PDF የኢትዮጵያ ፭ ሺህ ዓመት ታሪክ 2003 Ethiopia 30 Amharic Ethiopia's 5,000-year history July 10, 2016 January 27, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20160710191820/http://books.good-amharic-books.com/fiveshe-1.PDF dead E. A. Wallis Budge believed that the regnal list began with Aram rather than Ham because contemporary Ethiopians wanted to distance themselves from the Curse of Ham.Budge 1928a xiv The medieval Ethiopian text Kebra Nagast stated that "God decreed sovereignty for the seed of Shem, and slavery for the seed of Ham".Budge 1928a xiv +Key for sources B Indicates name originated from the Bible. C Indicates name originated from Coptic literature. E Indicates name originated from contemporary Egyptology. M Indicates name originated from Louis J. Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie. R Indicates name originated from earlier regnal lists, as categorised by Carlo Conti Rossini. 1922 regnal list Sources Notes No.Rey 1927 263–264 Name(s)Rey 1927 263–264 Reign lengthRey 1927 263–264 Reign datesRey 1927 263–264 E.C. A.M. 1 Ori IAram I 60 years 4530–4470 BC 970–1030 B • C • M • R Son of Adam in Coptic tradition.Morié 1904a 156-157 Shares same name as the son of Shem in Biblical tradition. Known as Mesram (i.e., Mizraim/Egypt) by Akhbar al-zaman and The Prodigies of Egypt. The name Ori previously only appeared on list H, which stated he reigned for 2 years and 9 months.Edwards 1918 489 2 Gariak I 66 years 4470–4404 BC 1030–1096 C • M Son of Ori I.Morié 1904a 157 Not mentioned in Akhbar al-zaman or The Prodiges of Egypt. 3 Gannkam 83 years 4404–4321 BC 1096–1179 C • M Descendant of Gariak I, according to Morié.Morié 1904a 157–158 Son of Mesram/Aram I according to The Prodiges of Egypt. Known as Anqam the Priest in Akhbar al-zaman. Built a palace out of iron and bronze at the foot of the Mountains of the Moon after foreseeing the Great Flood and its future destruction.Morié 1904a 157–158 4 Borsa(Queen) 67 years 4321–4254 BC 1179–1246 C • M Mentioned in The Prodiges of Egypt, but not as part of the line of succession of kings. Known as Kuniah the Priestess in Akhbar al-zaman. 5 Gariak II 60 years 4254–4194 BC 1246–1306 C • M Son of Gannkam.Morié 1904a 158 Known as Arbaq in Akhbar al-zaman. 6 Djan I 80 years 4194–4114 BC 1306–1386 C • M Son of Gariak II.Morié 1904a 159 Known as Lujim in Akhbar al-zaman and Louchanam in The Prodigies of Egypt. "Djan" is an old Ethiopian title meaning "chief", "king" or "royalty".Budge 1928a 275 7 Djan II 60 years 4114–4054 BC 1386–1446 C • M Known as Khaslim in Akhbar al-zaman and Chasalim in The Prodigies of Egypt. Son of Djan I.Morié 1904a 159 8 Senefrou 20 years 4054–4034 BC 1446–1466 E Historical pharaoh Sneferu who raided Nubia during his reign.Budge 1928a xv 9 Zeenabzamin 58 years 4034–3976 BC 1466–1524 C • M Previously known as "Zeyn al-Zaman", which means "Ornament of the century".Morié 1904a 159 Not mentioned in Akhbar al-zaman or The Prodiges of Egypt. 10 Sahlan 60 years 3976–3916 BC 1524–1584 C • M Known as Harsal in Akhbar al-zaman and The Prodigies of Egypt. Son of Chasalim/Djan II according to Murtada ibn al-'Afif. 11 Elaryan 80 years 3916–3836 BC 1584–1664 C • M Originally known as "El-Rian" according to Morié.Morié 1904a 159 Known as Qadrashan, son of Harsla/Sahlan, in Akhbar al-zaman. Possibly the king called Jadousac, son of Harsal/Sahlan, mentioned in The Prodigies of Egypt. 12 Nimroud 60 years 3836–3776 BC 1664–1724 C • M Not to be confused with the Biblical figure Nimrod. His original name was Youssef, and he was a minister to King Elaryan according to Morié.Morié 1904a 159 Known as Shamrud in Akhbar al-zaman and Semrod in The Prodigies of Egypt. Son of Harsal/Sahlan according to Akhbar al-zaman. Two kings named "Josedon" and "Sariac" reigned between this king and Saloug according to The Prodigies of Egypt. These kings are omitted from this regnal list. 13 Eylouka(Queen) 45 years 3776–3731 BC 1724–1769 C • M Originally known as Daluka.Morié 1904a 159 Not mentioned in Akhbar al-zaman, but this text states that an unnamed wife succeeded Shamrud/Nimroud as regent for their son Tusidun for six years. 14 Saloug 30 years 3731–3701 BC 1769–1799 C • M Known as Sahluq in Akhbar al-zaman and Sahalouc in The Prodigies of Egypt. Two kings named "Tusidun" and "Sarbaq" reigned between Shamrud/Nimroud, and this king, according to Akhbar al-zaman. Neither of these kings is mentioned on this list. Originally the 34th ruler of this dynasty in Coptic tradition according to Morié.Morié 1904a 159 15 Kharid 72 years 3701–3629 BC 1799–1871 C • M Originally known as Surid. Eldest son of Saloug according to Morié.Morié 1904a 159-160 Reigned 390 years before the Flood in Coptic tradition.Morié 1904a 159-160 Reigned 385 years before the Flood on this list. 16 Hogeb 100 years 3629–3529 BC 1871–1971 C • M Known as Harjit in Akhbar al-zaman and Hargib in The Prodigies of Egypt. Son of Kharid/Surid according to Akhbar al-zaman and The Prodigies of Egypt. Second son of Saloug according to Morié.Morié 1904a 160 Reigned for 99 years according to Akhbar al-zaman. 17 Makaws 70 years 3529–3459 BC 1971–2041 C • M Known as Menaus in Akhbar al-zaman and in The Prodigies of Egypt. Reigned for 73 years according to Akhbar al-zaman. Son of Hogeb/Hargib.Morié 1904a 160 18 Assa 30 years 3459–3429 BC 2041–2071 E Historical pharaoh Djedkare Isesi, who sent an expedition to the "Land of the Spirits" (Punt) and had a Pygmy brought back from there.Budge 1928a xv 19 Affar 50 years 3429–3379 BC 2071–2121 C • M Known as Afraus in Akhbar al-zaman and as Ecros in The Prodigies of Egypt. Son of Milanos/Menaos.Morié 1904a 160 Reigned for 64 years according to Akhbar al-zaman. 20 Milanos 62 years 3379–3317 BC 2121–2183 C • M Known as Armalinus in Akhbar al-zaman and Ermelinos in The Prodigies of Egypt. A member of the royal house, but his accession interrupted the father-to-son succession that had occurred up to this point. 21 SolimanTehagui 73 years 3317–3244 BC 2183–2256 C • M Originally the 40th and last ruler of the "Soleyman" dynasty in Coptic tradition.Morié 1904a 161 Known as Faran in both Akhbar al-zaman and The Prodigies of Egypt, in reference to the title Pharaoh. Cousin of Armalinus/Milanos according to Akhbar al-zaman. Sent his general "Sourkhrag" and priest "Philemon" to discuss with Noah the worship of God and of idols before the Great Flood.Morié 1904a 161 Interregnum thumb|Tower of Babel by Joos de Momper (c. 1595―1605) "From the Deluge until the fall of the Tower of Babel".Rey 1927 264 The 531-year period from 3244 BC to 2713 BC (2256–2787 AM) is the only section in this regnal list where no monarchs are named. Alaqa Taye Gabra Mariam's History of the People of Ethiopia gave the following explanation for this gap:Gabra Maryam 1987 7 "After the extinction of these people [The Tribe of Ori] in the great flood, until the destruction of the tower of Babel and the scattering of people and the differentiation of languages in the year [2787] the entire area and the country of Ethiopia was an empty land without native people. After this the tribe of Kam came and inherited her." The Tower of Babel was, according to the Bible, built by humans in Shinar at a time when humanity spoke a single language. The tower was intended to reach the sky, but this angered God, who confounded their speech and made them unable to understand each other, and caused humanity to be scattered across the world. This story serves as an origin myth to explain why so many different languages are spoken around the world. Some older Ethiopian regnal lists state that the monarchs who reigned between the Great Flood and the fall of the Tower of Babel were pagans, idolaters, and worshippers of the "serpent", and thus were not worthy of being named.Budge 1928a xiv Tribe of Kam thumb|1553 drawing of Ham by Guillaume Rouillé "Sovereignty of the Tribe of Kam after the fall of the Tower of Babel".Rey 1927 264 Taye Gabra Mariam's History of the People of Ethiopia gave the following background for the tribe of Kam or "Kusa":Gabra Maryam 1987 7 "Kam came to Ethiopia crossing the Bab il-Mandäb from Asia. This was in the year 2787 of the world, in the 2,713th year before the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ." "Kam ruled Ethiopia for 78 years and, returning to Asia intending to seize Syria, he fought against the sons of Sem and died in battle. But his sons set the eldest brother Kugan to rule over themselves, and inherited Ethiopia. The tribe of Kam with their descendants, 25 kings in all, reigned and ruled Ethiopia for [728] years from 2787 to the year 3515 of the world." This dynasty begins with Ham, the second son of the Biblical prophet Noah, whose descendants, according to the Bible, populated the African continent and adjoining parts of Asia. Ham was the father of Cush (Kush/Nubia), Mizraim (Egypt), Canaan (Levant) and Put (Libya or Punt). Taye's statement that Kam was killed in battle while attempting to invade Syria was inspired by Louis J. Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie, in which he claimed that Kam/Ham was killed at the age of 576 in a battle against the Assyrians after attempting to invade their territories.Morié 1904a 205 Morié also claimed that Kam ruled over Upper Egypt and Aethiopia and his name inspired the ancient name of Egypt, Kmt.Morié 1904a 204 According to Heruy Wolde Selassie's book Wazema, the Kamites originated from the Middle East and conquered Axum, Meroe, Egypt and North Africa.Kropp 2006 322 This claim also likely originated from Louis J. Morié, who stated that Ham arrived in Aethiopia after the Deluge and his descendants ruled over different parts of Aethiopia and Egypt.Morié 1904a 203-227 Some earlier Ethiopian traditions presented a very different line of kings descending from Ham. E. A. Wallis Budge stated that in his time, there was a common belief in Ethiopia that the people were descended from Ham, his son Cush, and Cush's son Ethiopis, who is not named in the Bible, and from whom the country of Ethiopia gets its name.Budge 1928a 129 Some regnal lists explicitly state that the names "Ethiopia" and "Axum" come from descendants of Ham that are not named in the Bible.Budge 1928a 192–193 This dynasty has several rulers whose names are inspired by ancient Egyptian names, such as Amen, Horkam, and Ramenpahte. E. A. Wallis Budge theorized that the name of the first ruler, Kam, was actually a reference to "k.mt", the name of Egypt before the Greco-Roman period.Budge 1928a xiv Peter Truhart believed this king's inclusion on the regnal list represented Egyptian contacts with Punt (which he identifies with modern-day Ethiopia) that took place around 3000 BC.Truhart 1984 96 Ethiopian historian Fisseha Yaze Kassa's book Ethiopia's 5,000-year history begins this dynasty with Noah and omits Habassi, but otherwise has a similar line of kings as this list. Heruy Wolde Selassie omitted the first three rulers of this dynasty in his book Wazema and begins the dynasty with Sebtah in 2545 BC.Kropp 2006 320 Peter Truhart, in his book Regents of Nations, dated the monarchs of this dynasty to 2585–1930 BC and stated that the capital during this period was called Mazez.Truhart 1984 96 He identified Kout as the first king of this dynasty instead of Kam.Truhart 1984 96 Truhart called the monarchs from Kout to Lakniduga the "Dynasty of Kush" based at Mazez and stated they ruled from 2585 to 2145 BC,Truhart 1984 96 while the monarchs from Manturay to Piori I are listed as the "Kings of Ethiopia and Meroe" who ruled from 2145 to 1930 BC.Truhart 1984 97 According to Taye Gabra Mariam, the Kam or "Kusa" tribe was driven from the highlands of Ethiopia to the lowlands by the Ag'azyan dynasty that ruled Ethiopia after them.Gabra Maryam 1987 9 Heruy Wolde Selassie's version of the regnal list includes additional or alternate names for some monarchs.Kropp 2006 321 Some of these names are taken from Ethiopian regnal lists. +Key for sources A Indicates name originated from Abyssinian tradition. B Indicates name originated from the Bible. E Indicates name originated from contemporary Egyptology. G Indicates name originated from Greek mythology. M Indicates name originated from Louis J. Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie. R Indicates name appeared on earlier regnal lists, as categorised by Carlo Conti Rossini. 1922 regnal list Sources Notes No.Rey 1927 264 Name(s)Rey 1927 264Kropp 2005 37-39 Reign lengthRey 1927 264 Reign datesRey 1927 264 E.C. A.M. 22 KamKusaGabra Maryam 1987 7 78 years 2713–2635 BC 2787–2865 A • B • M • R Biblical figure Ham, who was the ancestor the Aethiopians.Morié 1904a 203-207 Appears on a regnal list recorded by E. A. Wallis Budge that was not included in Rossini's categorisations of all lists.Budge 1928a 192–193 Ethiopian historian Fisseha Yaze Kassa provided alternate reign dates for this king of 3500–2787 BC (713 years) and listed Noah as the first king of this dynasty with reign dates of 3844–3500 BC (344 years). 23 KoutKuganGabra Maryam 1987 7 50 years 2635–2585 BC 2865–2915 A • B • M • R Biblical figure Cush, son of Ham, through whom the people of Aethiopia descend. Appears on a regnal list recorded by E. A. Wallis Budge that was not included in Rossini's categorisations of all lists.Budge 1928a 192–193 Often considered to be a representation of the Kingdom of Kush in modern-day Sudan. Some translations of the Bible identify Kush with "Aethiopia", leading to the traditional Ethiopian identification with ancient Kush, as seen throughout this list. Ethiopian historian Fisseha Yaze Kassa provided alternate reign dates for this king of 2787–2545 BC (242 years). Founded the city of Axum in Morié's narrative.Morié 1904a 207-208 24 Habassi 40 years 2585–2545 BC 2915–2955 A • M Son of Cush/Kout. Ethiopian sources claim the word "Abyssinia" is derived from the name of this king.Ethiopica: Some Historical Reflections on the Origin of the Word Ethiopia Ayele Bekerie International Journal of Ethiopian Studies 2004 1 2 https://www.jstor.org/stable/27828841 113 27828841 The medieval text Akhbar al-Zaman mentions Habassi (or "Habash") as a son of Cush and ancestor of the Abyssinians. While many historians link the word "Abyssinia" with the Arabic word "Habesh", this link was rejected by Ethiopian scholar Aleqa Asras Yenesaw. Ruled in Axum and was the ancestor of the Abyssinians according to Morié's narrative.Morié 1904a 210, 224 Ethiopian historian Fisseha Yaze Kassa omitted this king from his list of monarchs of the Kam dynasty. 25 SabtahHeruy Wolde Selassie listed Sabeta as an alternate name for this king.Kropp 2006 321 30 years 2545–2515 BC 2955–2985 B Biblical figure Sabtah, son of Cush. An Ethiopian tradition states that Sebtah was king of Kush and Wurd Bashir was the capital during his reign.Israelites in Ethiopia, their history, their culture and their way of life Kememihiri Asiresi Yayehi A.A 1989 Amharic This legend states that he travelled to the source of the Nile and built Wurd Bashir with a great wall and nine gates.Fisseha Yaze Kassa 2003 የኢትዮጵያ ፭ ሺህ ዓመት ታሪክ Ethiopia's 5,000-year history http://books.good-amharic-books.com/fiveshe-1.PDF Amharic Ethiopia 32 July 10, 2016 January 27, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20160710191820/http://books.good-amharic-books.com/fiveshe-1.PDF dead 26 Elektron 30 years 2515–2485 BC 2985–3015 G? Name may be inspired by Electryon, king of Tiryns and Mycenae in Greek mythology and descendant of the Aethiopian king and queen Cepheus and Cassiopeia. 27 Neber 30 years 2485–2455 BC 3015–3045 – Manfred Kropp tentatively suggested this name could be based on Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala, who led the British expedition to Abyssinia in July 1867.Kropp 2006 321 28 Amen I 21 years 2455–2434 BC 3045–3066 E Name based on Egyptian god Amun. 29 Nehasset NaysKasiyope ICalled Kasiyoni by Taye Gabra Mariam.Gabra Maryam 1987 9 The differences in English transliteration and spelling could be due to the similarity of the Amharic writing of "Kasiyoni" (ካሲዮኒ) and "Kasiyopi" (ካስዮፒ).(Queen) 30 years 2434–2404 BC 3066–3096 E • M In Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie, Nahaset Nais was a Nubian courtesan who drowned all her lovers in the Red Sea until she married Horkam, who took the throne and had her executed.Morié 1904a 224 This name could be based on the ancient Egyptian word "Nehesy" meaning "the Nubian".Darrell D. Baker Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I – Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC The American University in Cairo press Cairo 978-977-416-221-3 2008 277 Morié uses the name "Kassioppe" as an alternate name for "Asoun", an Aethiopian queen who helped plot the assassination of Osiris with Set.Morié 1904a 215–217 According to Taye Gabra Mariam, it was during the reign of this queen, in the year 2421 B.C./3079 A.M., that the Sinites, ancestors of the Shanqella tribe, arrived in Ethiopia.Gabra Maryam 1987 9 The Shanqella lived in highland Ethiopia for 440 years until they were driven to the lowlands by the ancestors of the Ag'azyan people.Gabra Maryam 1987 9 30 HorkamKnown as Tarkim on some versions of Heruy Wolde Selassie's list.Kropp 2006 321 29 years 2404–2375 BC 3096–3125 E • M In Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie this king was a son of Cush and husband of Nehasset Nays.Morié 1904a 204, 224 Name inspired by Egyptian god Horus.Morié 1904a 204 According to Taye Gabra Mariam, it was in the 15th year of this king's reign that Aynar, son of Arwadi ("the Arvadite") came to Ethiopia and was the ancestor of the Qemant tribe.Gabra Maryam 1987 9 Aynar and his wife Intalan came to Ethiopia due to a famine in Canaan.Gabra Maryam 1987 9 31 Saba I 30 years 2375–2345 BC 3125–3155 B • M Biblical figure Seba, son of Cush. Son of Horkam in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie. Morié also claimed this king founded the city of "Hasabo", which later became Meroe.Morié 1904a 224 This narrative is partially based on Josephus's text Antiquities of the Jews, in which he described Sheba as a walled city in Aethiopia that was renamed Meroe by Cambyses II.Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews II.10. According to Taye Gabra Mariam, it was in the 15th year of this king's reign (2360 B.C./3140 A.M.) that the tribe of Weyto, descended from the Zemarites, entered Ethiopia.Gabra Maryam 1987 15 They had arrived in Ethiopia due to a famine in Egypt and Sudan.Gabra Maryam 1987 15 32 Sofarid 30 years 2345–2315 BC 3155–3185 R A similarly named king Germa Asfare previously appeared on lists A, B, D, and G.Edwards 1918 493 33 EskendiKnown as Askndou on Tafari's list.Rey 1927 264 This is likely due to a variation in the reading of the name as either "Eskendi" (እስክንዲ) or "Askendi" (አስኬንዲ). 25 years 2315–2290 BC 3185–3210 R This name previously appeared on list C, reigning for 36 or 37 years.Edwards 1918 494 34 HoheySatyo I 35 years 2290–2255 BC 3210–3245 R Satyo previously appeared on lists C and D, reigning for 16 years according to the former.Edwards 1918 491 Hohay previously appears only on the obscure list H, reigning for 16 years.Edwards 1918 489 35 AhyatName written as Adglag on Tafari's version of the list.Rey 1927 264 The difference in name may be due to a particular reading of the Ethiopic letters.Kropp 2006 321f 20 years 2255–2235 BC 3245–3265 R A similar name Ahywa previously appeared on list C.Edwards 1918 495 36 Adgala IKnown as Adgas on at least one version of Heruy Wolde Selassie's list.Kropp 2006 321 This is likely due to a variation in the reading of the name as either "Adgala" (አድጋላ) or "Adgasa" (አድጋሳ). 30 years 2235–2205 BC 3265–3295 R Previously appeared on list C, reigning for 10 years and 2, 4, 6 or 7 months, and succeeding Satwa.Edwards 1918 493 37 Lakendun IKnown as Lakniduga on Tafari's list and Bakundon on Heruy Wolde Selassie's list.Kropp 2005 38Malis I 25 years 2205–2180 BC 3295–3320 R Malis previously appeared on list C, reigning for 4, 6, or 7 years, succeeding Agba.Edwards 1918 493 38 ManturayHakli IKnown as Haqbi on Heruy Wolde Selassie's list.Kropp 2006 321 This is likely due to a variation in the reading of the name as either "Hakli" (ሀክሊ) or "Hakabe" (ሀካቤ). 35 years 2180–2145 BC 3320–3355 E • M • R Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the first ruler of Aethiopia to regulate legislation and Solar worship. Morié identified him with the Iranian god Mithra and with the Egyptian god Mentu.Morié 1904a 228 Name inspired by the Egyptian gods Montu and Ra. Hakali previously appeared on list C, reigning for 13 or 14 years, succeeding Malis.Edwards 1918 493 39 RakhuDemahe I 30 years 2145–2115 BC 3355–3385 M • R Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the son of "Mentou-Rai". Morié identified this king with Phlegyas, a king of the Lapiths who appears in Greek mythology.Morié 1904a 228 Demahe previously appeared on list C, reigning for 10 years, succeeding Hakli.Edwards 1918 493 40 Sabe IKnown as Sobi on Heruy Wolde Selassie's list.Kropp 2006 321 This is likely due to a variation in the reading of the name as either "Sabe" (ሳቤ) or "Sobi" (ሶቢ). 30 years 2115–2085 BC 3385–3415 B • M Could be the Biblical figure Sabtechah, a son of Cush, based on the alternate name "Kepheas" given by Morié.Morié 1904a 228 Morié claimed it was during the reign of this king that a Kushite tribe went to Chaldea and lived alongside the Jewish population there. This supposedly was the reason why Tacitus mistakenly claimed that the Jews were descended from the Aethiopians.Morié 1904a 228-229 41 Azagan IFar'on 30 years 2085–2055 BC 3415–3445 R • E The name Za Zigen or Zegen previously appeared on list C, reigning for 8 years.Edwards 1918 493 The alternate name "Far'on" is likely meant to refer to the Egyptian title Pharaoh. 42 Sousel IAtozanis 20 years 2055–2035 BC 3445–3465 M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as a king of Aethiopia under the name "Snouka Menken", though with "Attozanes" as one of his alternate names.Morié 1904a 234 Morié identified this king with Actisanes, a legendary "Aethiopian" king who is mentioned in Greek writings. Morié claimed that he defeated the last king of the Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt and founded the Fourteenth dynasty, ruling Egypt for 13 years before being expelled by an Egyptian king.Morié 1904a 234 This was partially inspired by a narrative told by Diodorus. 43 Amen IISaweza I 15 years 2035–2020 BC 3465–3480 E • R Saweza previously appeared on list C, reigning for 1 year.Edwards 1918 494 44 RamenpahteMasalne I 20 years 2020–2000 BC 3480–3500 E • M • R Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as an Aethiopian nobleman who was supposed to marry a daughter of king "Ba-en-Khons", but instead she was taken by the king to be his own wife.Morié 1904a 237 Name based on the throne name of Ramesses I ("Men-peh-ty-re").Budge 1928a xiv Masalni previously appeared only on the obscure list H, reigning for 20 years.Edwards 1918 489 45 Wanuna 3 days 2000 BC 3500 E? Name possibly based on the Egyptian god Nun. 46 Piori I 15 years 2000–1985 BC 3500–3515 M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the king who ruled at the time of Aethiopia's conquest by the "Hyksos" (the "Ag'azyan Dynasty" of this list).Morié 1904a 237 According to Heruy Wolde Selassie, this king was defeated by Rama of India.Kropp 2006 322 This narrative was inspired by Morié's Historie de l'Ethiopie, in which he claimed that Rama had a vast empire stretching across India and Arabia and had defeated the Egyptian Pharaoh. According to Morié, the Ethiopian king, "Poeri I", then became a tributary to Rama.Morié 1904a 237 According to Taye Gabra Mariam's The History of the People of Ethiopia, it was during the reign of this king that the tribes of Saba, Abal, and Ofir left Yemen and settled in Ethiopia.Gabra Maryam 1987 27 Ag'azyan Dynasty Sabean colonization of Africa thumb|Ancient blocks from Yeha, the likely capital of D'mt, with Sabaean inscriptions "Agdazyan [sic]Historian Manfred Kropp noted the word "Agdazyan" is likely a transcribal error and meant to say "Ag'azyan", as the Ethiopian syllable signs da and 'a are relatively easy to confuse with each other.Kropp 2006 321f dynasty of the posterity of the kingdom of Joctan."Rey 1927 265–266 Alaqa Taye Gabra Mariam's History of the People of Ethiopia provides the following information on the "Tribe of Yoqt'an":Gabra Maryam 1987 19, 21 "The tribe of Yoqt'an are the grandchildren of Sem. Sem begat fifteen children. Of the fifteen Arfaksad was the third. Arfaksad begat Qaynan; Qaynan begat Sala; Sala begot 'Ebor and 'Ebor begat Falek and Yoqt'an. [...] Yoqt'an begat thirteen children [...] As for their territory, it was in Asia from Mesha to Śīfar and as far as the eastern mountains. (Genesis 10.30). When their territory became too small and restricted for them, five of the thirteen children of Yoqt'an, Saba, Awfir, Hawila, Obal, and Abima'el, departed Asia in a great multitude and migrated, journeying to Yemen. When this tribe of Yoqt'an [...] reached Yemen, they paid tribute to the Kusa of Yemen [but] without agreeing to an alliance. Later, however, they saw their weakness and by trickery and other means caused rebellion among the Yemenite Kusa, and, making king a brave and wise one of their own race called 'Yaroba', became the lords of all Yemen. At the end of the reign of the tribe of Kam, the tenth year of the reign of P'i'ori I and the 3,510th year of the world [...] these people were called 'Ag'azyan'. The tribe of Yoqt'an of the tribe of Sem left Yemen in a great multitude and crossed the Bab Il-Mändäb and entered Ethiopia. In that period the tribe of Yoqt'an were called at different times by five names. They were called 'Saba', 'Bädäw', 'Irräñña', 'Tigri', and 'Ag'azyan'. Ityopp'is was the son of Bulqaya and the grandson of Akhunas known as Saba II. His mother, the daughter of the king of Tut, was called 'Aglä'e'. [...] Ityopp'is I ruled for fifty-six years, from the 3644th to the 3700[th] year of the world, 1856-1800 B.C., and the country was called Ityopp'is after his name. [...] After Ityopp'is died the king's son Lankdun, whose second name was Nowär'ori, succeeded him. The sons of Ityopp'is I were five; they are Lankdun, Saba, Noba, Bäläw, and Käläw. The first son Lakndun inherited the kingship, but the other four divided up the land of the state among themselves and held it. Saba is the ancestor of the people who settled in the country now called Tigre; the country used to be called Saba after his name. [...] that the country was called Saba is for Saba II, grandfather of Ityopp'is, and not for Saba, son of Ityopp'is. The third dynasty of this regnal list is descended from Joktan, grandson of Shem and great-grandson of Noah. According to Genesis 10:7 and 1 Chronicles 1:9, Sheba was a grandson of Cush through Raamah, which provides a link between this Semitic dynasty and the Hamitic dynasty that precedes it. The dynasty ends with the Queen of Sheba, whose name is Makeda in Ethiopian tradition. This section of the regnal list is heavily influenced by Louis J. Morié's book Histoire de L'Éthiopie, with the majority of monarchs having similar names and order of succession to those found in Morié's book.Morié 1904a 226–306 This results in several monarchs whose names clearly reference ancient Egypt and Kush, most notably the line of High Priests of Amun that reigned near the end of this dynasty. These priests, however, did not rule modern-day Ethiopia, but rather ruled over or had some contact with ancient Nubia and Kush, which is equated with Aethiopia in some translations of the Bible. thumb|left|King Angabo, who killed the serpent Arwe. This section of the list adds monarchs from the Abyssinian tradition to the larger narrative of Morié. These monarchs are Angabo I (no. 74), who founded a new dynasty after killing the serpent king Arwe, and his successors Zagdur I (no. 77), Za Sagado (no. 80), Tawasya (no. 97), and Makeda (no. 98) (See Regnal lists of Ethiopia for more information).Budge 1928a 193Salt 1814 460 There is also another king named Ethiopis, who, according to Ethiopian tradition, is credited with inspiring the name of the country. The word Ag'azyan means "free" or "to lead to freedom" in Ge'ez.Budge 1928a 130Kropp 2006 322 According to both Taye Gabra Mariam's History of the People of Ethiopia and Heruy Wolde Selassie's Wazema, this originated from the liberation of Ethiopia from the rule of the Kamites/Hamites. Three of Joktan's sons divided Ethiopia among themselves. Sheba received Tigray, Obal received Adal and Ophir received Ogaden.Gabra Maryam 1987 27Kropp 2006 322 E. A. Wallis Budge theorised the term Aga'azyan referred to several tribes who migrated from Arabia to Africa either at the same time as or after the Habashat had migrated. He stated that the word "Ge'ez" had come from "Ag'azyan".Budge 1928a 130 The term "Ag'azyan" also refers to the Agʿazi region of the Axumite empire located in modern-day Eastern Tigray and Southern Eritrea. Sheba is usually considered by historians to have been the south Arabian kingdom of Saba, in an area that later became part of the Aksumite Empire. The Kebra Nagast however specifically states that Sheba was located in Ethiopia.Edward Ullendorff Ethiopia and the Bible 1968 Oxford University Press for the British Academy 75 This has led to some historians arguing that Sheba may have been located in a region in Tigray and Eritrea, which was once called "Saba". Stuart Munro-Hay noted that the monarchy of Dʿmt called itself "D'amat and Saba" on its own royal inscriptions from c. 800 BC.Munro-Hay 2006 11 American historian Donald N. Levine suggested that Sheba may be linked with the historical region of Shewa, where the modern Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa is located.Donald N. Levine Wax and Gold: Tradition and Innovation in Ethiopia Culture Chicago Chicago University Press 1972. Additionally, a Sabaean connection with Ethiopia is evidenced by several settlements on the Red Sea coast that emerged around 500 BC and were influenced by Sabaean culture.Great Ages of Man: African Kingdoms Basil Davidson 1969 41 Time-Life International (Nederland) N.V. Netherlands These people were traders and had their own writing script. Gradually, over time, their culture merged with that of the local people.Fattovich 1990 2 The Sabaean language was likely the official language of northern Ethiopia during the pre-Axumite period (c. 500 BC to 100 AD).Fattovich 1990 1–33 Some historians believe that the kingdom of Dʿmt, located in modern-day Eritrea and Ethiopia, was Sabaean-influenced, possibly due to Sabaean dominance of the Red Sea or due to mixing with the indigenous population.Munro-Hay 1991 57Nadia Durrani, The Tihamah Coastal Plain of South-West Arabia in its Regional context c. 6000 BC – AD 600 (Society for Arabian Studies Monographs No. 4) . Oxford: Archaeopress, 2005, p. 121. Josephus wrote that that Achaemenid king Cambyses II conquered the capital of Aethiopia and changed its name from "Saba" to "Meroe".William Smith William Smith (lexicographer) William Bodham Donne AETHIOPIA Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 1 Little, Brown & Co. 1854 60b William Bodham Donne Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Josephus also stated the Queen of Sheba came from this region and was queen of both Egypt and Ethiopia.Yosef Tobi QUEEN OF SHEBA Encyclopaedia Judaica 2nd 16 2007 Gale 765 Encyclopaedia Judaica This suggests that a belief in a connection between Sheba and Kush was already in place by the 1st century AD. Michael of Tinnis, who compiled the History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria in the 11th century, located Sheba in the country of "al-Habasha" (Abyssinia).Munro-Hay 2006 20 Louis J. Morié placed the early monarchs of this line within the "Hyksos" dynasty in his narrative.Morié 1904a 239-240 He claimed that the Hyksos were known as the "Agaazi" to the Abyssinians, which is likely the reason why they were placed in the "Ag'azyan" dynasty on this regnal list.Morié 1904a 237 Peter Truhart, in his book Regents of Nations, dated the kings from Akbunas Saba II to Lakndun Nowarari to 1930–1730 BC and listed them as a continuation of the line of "Kings of Ethiopia and Meroe" that begun in 2145 BC.Truhart 1984 97 Truhart's regnal list then jumps forward and dates the kings from Tutimheb onwards as contemporaries of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth dynasties of Egypt, with a date range of 1552–1185 BC.Truhart 1984 97 Truhart also identified modern-day Ethiopia with the Land of Punt.Truhart 1984 97 His list however omits the High Priests of Amun from Herihor to Pinedjem II.Truhart 1984 98 The following table uses names from Tafari's, Taye Gabra Mariam's, and Heruy Wolde Selassie's lists. +Key for sources A Indicates name originated from Abyssinian tradition. B Indicates name originated from the Bible. E Indicates name originated from contemporary Egyptology. G Indicates name originated from Greek mythology. M Indicates name originated from Louis J. Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie.RIndicates name appeared on earlier regnal lists, as categorised by Carlo Conti Rossini. 1922 regnal list Sources Notes No.Rey 1927 265–266 Name(s)Rey 1927 265–266Kropp 2005 39-42 Reign lengthRey 1927 265–266 Reign datesRey 1927 265–266 E.C. A.M. 47 AkhunasSaba II 55 years 1985–1930 BC 3515–3570 E • M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the first king of the "Hyksos" dynasty of Aethiopia under the name Ankhnas.Morié 1904a 239 This name was used in 19th century Egyptology to refer to the names Ankhesenpepi and Ankhnesneferibre.https://archive.org/details/egyptfromearlie01bircgoog/mode/2up?q=ankhnas Egypt from the Earliest times to B.C. 300 Samuel Birch 1876 Scribner, Armstrong & Co. New York 55https://archive.org/details/an-archaic-dictionary/mode/2up?q=ankhnas An Archaic Dictionary William Rickets Cooper 1876 60 Samuel Bagster and Sons London Morié believed the name to be a translation of the Greek name Oceanus.Morié 1904a 239 48 Nekate IKalas IKnown as Kalnis on Tafari's list and Kalenso on Heruy Wolde Selasse's list. 40 years 1930–1890 BC 3570–3610 M • R Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of king "Ankhnas". Morié claimed his wife was Amalthea.Morié 1904a 239 Kalas appears on lists C and D, with 6 years of rule on the former list.Edwards 1918 491 49 Kasiyope II(Queen) 19 years 1890–1871 BC 3610–3629 G • M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the wife of "Sebi II", though not named as one of the reigning monarchs of Aethiopia in his narrative. Morié claims she was one of the 50 Nereids and granddaughter of Oceanus ("Ankhnas" above).Morié 1904a 239 This however is a corruption of the story of Cassiopeia, who was not one of the Nereids but claimed she was more beautiful than them. The correct story of Cassiopeia is related in connection with a later king named "Sebi III" (no. 71 on this list).Morié 1904a 267 Morié also claimed this queen was deified as the Syrian and Mesopotamian goddess Anammelech.Morié 1904a 266-267 50 Sabe IIAyba I 15 years 1871–1856 BC 3629–3644 M • R Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor to "Nekhti I". Morié claimed he was deified as Adrammelech.Morié 1904a 239f He also claimed he was married to "Kassiopee the Elder", one of the 50 Nereids.Morié 1904a 239 This is likely a corruption of the story of Cassiopeia. According to Taye Gabra Mariam's History of the People of Ethiopia, it was in the reign of this king that the ancestors of the Shinasha people arrived in Ethiopia.Gabra Maryam 1987 17 Taye stated this king was the son of a man named "Amin". Ayba appears on list C, with 16 or 17 years of rule.Edwards 1918 494 51 Etiyopis I 56 years 1856–1800 BC 3644–3700 A • M • R Ethiopis, a legendary king in Abyssinian/Ethiopian tradition who inspired the name "Ethiopia".Bekerie Ayele 2004 Ethiopica: Some Historical Reflections on the Origin of the Word Ethiopia https://www.jstor.org/stable/27828841 International Journal of Ethiopian Studies 1 2 110 27828841Ethiopia http://www.berhanethiopiaculture.com/ethiopia.html February 20, 2017 Berhan Ethiopia Cultural Center July 31, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170731173106/http://www.berhanethiopiaculture.com/ethiopia.html dead An Ethiopian legend claims that the name "Ethiopia" is derived from the name of king Ethiopis. Likewise, Roman philosopher Pliny the Elder believed that the word "Aethiopia"/"Ethiopia" came from a king named Aethiopis, who was the son of the Roman god Vulcan. Some Ethiopian traditions trace the word "Ethiopia" to Itan, a Ge'ez word for incense, a reference to the Ethiopian plateau, which has long traded in incense. One Ethiopian tradition states that Etiyopus was a son of Cush and grandson of Kam. Another tradition additionally claims that Etiyopus' son was named Aksumawi, who had seven sons named Malayka Aksum, Sum, Nafas, Bagi'o, Kuduki, Akhoro, and Farheba.Budge 1928a 190–191 The names of Etiyopus' son and grandsons are not found on this regnal list. According to the Book of Axum, this king built Ethiopia's first capital, Mazaber.https://books.google.com/books?id=QWBPAQAAIAAJ Africa Geoscience Review January 1, 2003 Rock View International 366 en According to Taye Gabra Mariam's History of the People of Ethiopia, this king was the son of Bulqaya and Aglä'e, daughter of the king of Tut, and was a grandson of Akhunas Saba II.Gabra Maryam 1987 19-21 Some earlier regnal lists claimed this king was the first to rule Ethiopia.Budge 1928a ix One tradition states Etiyopus was buried in Aksum and that fire used to burn in his grave.Budge 1928a 143 Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie under the name "Atew I (Ethiops)" as the fifth ruler of Aethiopia after the "Hyksos" conquest.Morié 1904a 240 52 Lakendun IINowar'AriKnown as Lakundu Neworos on Taye Gabra Mariam's list and Lakendun Nowär Ori on Heruy Wolde Selassie's list and Taye Gabra Mariam's The History of the People of Ethiopia.Gabra Maryam 1987 21Kropp 2006 322 30 years 1800–1770 BC 3700–3730 M Son of Etiyopis I.Gabra Maryam 1987 21 Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the next known king of Aethiopia after "Atew I". In the narrative of the king, this king's wife was called Ahhotep I, and he was the father of Ahmose-Nefertari.Morié 1904a 240 The 1922 regnal list, however, uses different dating, making this identification impossible. 53 Tutimheb 20 years 1770–1750 BC 3730–3750 M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of "Nower-Ari".Morié 1904a 242 In Morié's narrative this king was defeated by Moses as the head of the army of the Pharaoh. Moses married Tutimheb's daughter Tharbis, following a similar account given by Josephus.Flavius Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, Book II, Chapter 10 54 Her Hator IYotor 20 years 1750–1730 BC 3750–3770 E • G • M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie under the name "At-Hor" as a king who was placed on the throne of Aethiopia by the Pharaoh after the defeat of the previous king. Morié identified him with Jethro of the Bible.Morié 1904a 245–246 The ancient Greek god Hephaestus was the father of Ethiopis according to Pliny the Elder. The author of the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list may have combined the two separate narratives of Hephaestus and Jethro into one king. The name "Her Hator" refers to the Egyptian goddess Hathor. 55 Etiyopis II 30 years 1730–1700 BC 3770–3800 G • M Son of Vulcan (Roman counterpart of Hephaestus) according to Pliny the Elder. Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie under the name "Atew II (Ethiops)". In Morié's narrative, this king's daughter married Danaus, a nomarch of Tanis.Morié 1904a 252–253 56 Senuka IMenkon 17 years 1700–1683 BC 3800–3817 M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie under the name "Snouka II Menken (Raskhoperen)".Morié 1904a 255 In Morié's narrative, this king was High Priest of Amun and had support from the Egyptians, who were revolting against Akhenaten and the Atenist religion. He defeated Akhenaten, who had ruled Egypt for 13 years until his death, and afterward allowed Egyptians to choose a native Egyptian as the next king. The 1922 regnal list, however, does not align with Morié's dates. 57 Bonu I 8 years 1683–1675 BC 3817–3825 E • M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of "Snouka II".Morié 1904a 256 Name based on the Egyptian god Bennu. Also known as "Tsawente Ben(n)u".Truhart 1984 97 58 Mumazes(Queen) 4 years 1675–1671 BC 3825–3829 M Daughter of Bonu I.Martin Iversen Christensen Heads of State of Ethiopia https://guide2womenleaders.com/Ethiopia_Heads.htm January 26, 2022 Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of "Bennou I" and according to Morié was said to ride a chariot dragged by bulls. Her name supposedly meant "Child of water, of the Nile".Morié 1904a 257 59 Aruas 7 months 1671 BC 3829 M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the son and successor of "Moumeses (Moso)". His name supposedly means "Precious Existence".Morié 1904a 257 60 Amen Asro I 30 years 1671–1641 BC 3829–3859 E • M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of "Arouas" and ruler of Egypt for 2 years before he was expelled by the brother of the Egyptian Pharaoh.Morié 1904a 258 Name based on the Kushite king Amanislo. 61 Ori IIAram IIName only appears on Tafari's list. 30 years 1641–1611 BC 3859–3889 R Ori previously appeared only on the obscure list H, with 2 years and 9 months of rule, and succeeding Absalisu.Edwards 1918 489 62 Piori II 15 years 1611–1596 BC 3889–3904 E • M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of "Amen-as-ro I".Morié 1904a 261 Paser I, Viceroy of Kush, who was misidentified by Morié as a king of Kush/Aethiopia.Morié 1904a 261 63 Amen Emhat IKnown as Aminswamhat I on Taye's list.Behas 40 years 1596–1556 BC 3904–3944 E • M • R Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of "Poeri II".Morié 1904a 261 Amenemopet, Viceroy of Kush and son of Paser I/Piori II. Misidentified by Morié as a reigning king of Kush/Aethiopia. In Morié's narrative, this king attempted a revolt against Ramesses II.Morié 1904a 261 Bahas appeared on lists C and D, with 9 years of rule on the former list.Edwards 1918 491 64 Tsawe IKnown as Dawe on Taye Gabra Mariam's list. This is likely due to a variation in the reading of the name as "Tsawe" (ጻዌ) or "Dawi" (ዳው). 15 years 1556–1541 BC 3944–3959 R Included on lists C and D, with 31 or 34 years of rule on the former list.Edwards 1918 490 65 AktissanisKnown as Oktisanisa on Taye's list. 10 years 1541–1531 BC 3959–3969 E • G Legendary king of Aethiopia Actisanes who, according to Diodorus, defeated Pharaoh Ammoses (Ahmose II) and conquered Egypt. While the reign of Ahmose II was much later than the dates for Aktissanis on this list, the reign of Ahmose I did take place around this time.The Historical Library of Diodorus the Sicilian/Book I (Chapter 5) https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Historical_Library_of_Diodorus_the_Sicilian/Book_I 2024-03-05 en.wikisource.org en Possibly based on the historical Kushite king Aktisanes who ruled Nubia in the early third century BC. 66 Mandes 17 years 1531–1514 BC 3969–3986 G A legendary Egyptian king who succeeded Actisanes after his death and recovered Egyptian independence, according to Diodorus Siculus. This king had a labyrinth built into his tomb, and this inspired Daedalus, who, after visiting Egypt, built a similar labyrinth for Minos, king of Crete. This king was Egyptian, but may have been mistaken as "Aethiopian" by the author of this list due to directly succeeding Actisanes. 67 ProtawosSousel IIKnown as Pretowes Seshul on Taye Gabra Mariam's list. 33 years 1514–1481 BC 3986–4019 G Egyptian king Proteus from Greek mythology who is mentioned the writings of Herodotus, Euripides and Homer as the next known king after Mandes. Like Mandes, this king was not "Aethiopian", but may have been assumed to be related to Actisanes by the writer of this regnal list. 68 Amoy IKnown as Amoya on Taye Gabra Mariam's list. 21 years 1481–1460 BC 4019–4040 R Previously appeared only on the obscure list H, with 23 years of rule.Edwards 1918 489 69 Konsi Hendawi(Konsi the Indian) 5 years 1460–1455 BC 4040–4045 E • M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the next known king of Aethiopia after "Amen-em-hat I". In Morié's narrative, this king arrived in Aethiopia as part of a Hindu colony and was a "hero remarkable for his beauty and size". He ruled Aethiopia after going into exile following the death of his father by suicide. Despite having a "glorious reign" in which he founded "60 cities" and "drained swamps", he was nonetheless put to death by his subjects.Morié 1904a 261 The word "Aethiopian" was sometimes used in ancient times to refer to people in southern India. Name based on the name of the Egyptian god Khonsu. 70 Bonu II 2 years 1455–1453 BC 4045–4043 G • M Legendary king of Egypt Belus. Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the first of the "Bennides" who succeeded "Khonsi". In Morié's narrative, this king settled in Aethiopia after his sister Europa was kidnapped by the Cretans and Agenor forbade his sons from returning until she was found. He was unpopular because he was considered a usurper and abdicated in favour of his son Cepheus after two years of rule.Morié 1904a 264 71 Sabe IIIKefe 15 years 1453–1438 BC 4047–4062 G • M Cepheus, an Aethiopian king from Greek mythology who was the husband of Cassiopeia and father of Andromeda. Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of "Bennou II". In Morié's narrative, this king had 20 sons and 2 daughters, ruled over Syene in Egypt, had the Nasamones of Libya and "Aethiopians" of Gedrosia as his tributes, and was deified as the ancient Sicilian god Adranus.Morié 1904a 266–268 Third son of Bonu II according to Taye Gabra Mariam. 72 JagonesSekones 20 years 1438–1418 BC 4062–4082 E • G • M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor to "Sebi III" under the name "Se-Khons (Gigon)". In Morié's narrative, it was during this king's reign that an Egyptian prince named "Meneptah", son of Sesostris, fled to Aethiopia and never returned. According to Morié, this king was "probably" killed by Bacchus when he ravaged Aethiopia.Morié 1904a 245–246 Possibly Danaus, a king of Libya from Greek mythology who is sometimes named as a brother of Cepheus and son of Belus. Name "Sekones" based on the name of the Egyptian god Khonsu. 73 Senuka IIMistakenly numbered "Senuka III" on Taye's list. This possibly may be due to Morié's original numbering of the kings.Feliya IKnown as Felias on Taye's list. 10 years 1418–1408 BC 4082–4092 M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of "Se-Khons". In Morié's narrative, this king was summoned by Egyptian nobles to declare war on Pharaoh Amenmesse, who was defeated, resulting in Senuka ruling Egypt for 3 years. However, Senuka was later driven out of Egypt by Merneptah-Siptah. He held Seti, son of Merneptah, prisoner in Aethiopia, but a compromise was reached.Morié 1904a 276–277 Morié's interpretation of events is at odds with present-day Egyptology. The dating of the 1922 regnal list for this king does not line up with Morié's dating. According to Morié's narrative, this king had the noses of thieves cut off before they were sent to Rhinocorura, located on the Egypt-Syria border.Morié 1904a 276–277 This story is inspired by that of Actisanes, who, according to Diodorus Siculus, founded Rhinocorura and conquered Egypt in the reign of pharaoh Amasis. 74 Angabo IZa Kala ArweThis epithet only appears on Tafari's version of the list. Manfred Kropp theorised it meant "Who slayed the serpent".Kropp 2006 322 50 years 1408–1358 BC 4092–4142 A • R A king from Abyssinian tradition who killed a mythical serpent king named Arwe. He appeared on lists C, D, E and F, with 200 years of rule on list C.Edwards 1918 488 Arwe appears before Angabo on lists C and E.Edwards 1918 488 Some variations of the Arwe myth claim that Angabo was of non-royal origin and was made king as a reward for slaying Arwe.Budge 1928a 143 This version of the legend states that Angabo was a stranger who saved Makeda (the future Queen of Sheba) from being sacrificed to Arwe and that her father was chief minister to king "Za Sebado".https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/womeninpower/Womeninpower000.htm Women in power B.C. 4500-1000 Martin Iversen Christensen January 26, 2022 According to some Ethiopian traditions, Angabo was the father of Makeda.https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/aethiopica/article/view/737/823 Snakes and Sacrifices: Tentative Insights into the Pre-Christian Ethiopian Religion Aethiopica 17 2014 7–24 2194-4024 Andrea Manzo 10.15460/aethiopica.17.1.737 free List C dates Angabo's reign around 350 years before Makeda, while the 1922 list places 345 years between them. According to Taye Gabra Mariam, Angabo was the son of "Adhana". 75 Miamur 2 days 1358 BC 4142 E? A similar name "Miamun" was used by Josephus to refer to Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II.https://pharaoh.se/josephus-king-list Josephus' Egyptian King List March 30, 2022 Peter Lundström 76 Kalina or BelinaKnown as Helena on Tafari's list. The variation in names likely arose from the similarity between the Ethiopic lettering for "Kalina" (ካሊና) and "Balina" (ባሊና).(Queen) 11 years 1358–1347 BC 4142–4153 – 77 Zagdur I 40 years 1347–1307 BC 4153–4193 R Gedur or Za Gedur appeared on list C, succeeding Angabo and reigning for 100 years.Edwards 1918 489Salt 1814 460 According to Taye Gabra Mariam, this king devised the phonetic Ge'ez alphabet. 78 Her Hator IIErtras 30 years 1307–1277 BC 4193–4223 E • G • M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of "Snouka III".Morié 1904a 270, 278–279 In Morié's narrative, this king was a grandson of Sabe III (Kefe) and son of Andromeda and Perseus. However, he had no children of his own. His name apparently meant "The Supreme Hathor" and he drowned in the Erythraean Sea, which gets its name from king "Her Hator II (Erythras)", whose name also influenced the naming of Eritrea.Morié 1904a 270, 278–279 79 Her Hator IIIErroneously named Her Hator (Za Sagado) on Tafari's list and Herhator Zesbado on Taye Gabra Mariam's list.Rey 1927 265 This is likely a mistaken repetition of the next king's name. 1 year 1277–1276 BC 4223–4224 E • M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of "Her-Hator II". He was a nephew of Her Hator II and son of Perses (son of Andromeda and Perseus).Morié 1904a 278–279 80 Nekate IIKnown as Akate on Tafari Makonnen's list and Nikti on Taye Gabra Mariam's list.Rey 1927 265Za Sagado 20 years 1276–1256 BC 4224–4244 G • M • R This ruler is a combination of two kings from different sources. A king named "Nekhti IV" succeeded "Her-Hathor III" in the narrative of Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 281 A different king from earlier regnal lists, usually named Sebado, was the successor of Zagdur on list C and reigned for 50 years.Edwards 1918 489 In Morié's narrative, this king was a combination of several different figures from Greek mythology, with the name "Nekhti" being inspired by Nycteus. His daughter Antiope fled to the court of Apis of Argos, who married her. According to Morié, "Nekhti" was killed in battle against Apis. According to Morié, the Axumite king "Za Sebadho" resided at "Sado" and had only one daughter with his wife "Geres". The daughter's name was "Ismenie-Kallipyge", and the throne passed to his son-in-law "Za-Qaouasya".Morié 1904b 76-77 Sagado is the name of a mountain in the Amhara region.https://www.mindat.org/feature-329441.html Sagado, Amhara Region, Ethiopia mindat.com January 3, 2023 81 TitonSatyo II 10 years 1256–1246 BC 4244–4254 G • M • R Greek mythical figure Tithonus, a prince of Troy who was the father of the Aethiopian king Memnon and mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of "Nekhti IV".Morié 1904a 285 In Morié's narrative, he attempted to conquer Aethiopia but was taken prisoner by "Nekhti IV". The king's daughter wished to marry Tithonus, and so he was freed and later became king. As king, he ruled parts of Upper Egypt during the reign of Amenmesse according to Morié (although Amenmesse actually reigned over half a century after the dates on this list).Morié 1904a 285 Satyo appeared on lists C and D, reigning for 16 years on the former list, and succeeding Kalas, a name used for Nekate I on this list.Edwards 1918 491 82 Hermantu 5 monthsEthiopian historian Fisseha Yaze Kassa stated that this king reigned for only 1 month.Fisseha Yaze Kassa 2003 የኢትዮጵያ ፭ ሺህ ዓመት ታሪክ Ethiopia's 5,000-year history http://books.good-amharic-books.com/fiveshe-1.PDF Amharic Ethiopia 62 July 10, 2016 January 27, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20160710191820/http://books.good-amharic-books.com/fiveshe-1.PDF dead Heruy Wolde Selassie's regnal list also lists a 1-month reign for this king.Kropp 2006 323 Manfred Kropp de theorized that the confusion could be a transcibal error resulting from the similarity of the Ethiopian numbers for 1 and 5.Kropp 2006 323f 1246 BC 4254 G • M Greek mythical figure Emathion, who was a son of Tithonus and brother of Memnon. Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor and illegitimate son of "Tetouni". In Morié's narrative, this king was deceitful and cruel and was killed by Hercules.Morié 1904a 290 83 Amen Emhat II 5 years 1246–1241 BC 4254–4259 G • E • M Green mythical figure Memnon, king of Aethiopia, who fought in the Trojan War. Son of Tithonus/Titon and brother of Emathion/Hermantu. Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of "Her-Mentou". Morié claimed he was the inventor of the Meroitic script.Morié 1904a 291 Historian Martin Bernal, in his book Black Athena, argued that it was possible for the name "Memnon" to have originated from the Egyptian name "Amenemhat".Martin Bernal Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization (Volume 1: The Fabrication of Ancient Greece 1785–1985) 1987 London 19 Free Association Books 84 Konsab I 5 years 1241–1236 BC 4259–4264 E • M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of "Amenemhat II" and a son of Tithonus/Titon. In Morié's narrative, there was a civil war after the death of Amen Emhat II, and Konsab succeeded to the throne. He would defeat Fereydun of Iran when he tried to conquer Konsab's territories. However, Konsab I was defeated in battle by Konsab II and subsequently died or disappeared.Morié 1904a 292 Name refers to the Egyptian god Khonsu. 85 Konsab IITafari's list erroneously calls this king Sannib. 5 years 1236–1231 BC 4264–4269 E • M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of "Khons-Ab I". In Morié's narrative, he was a brother of "Azi-Dahak X" (or "Akhemenes III") and son of "Bakkhemon", who was a son of Perseus. He sought to reclaim the throne of Aethiopia that had once belonged to the descendants of Perseus and succeeded after several years of war.Morié 1904a 292–295 86 Senuka III 5 years 1231–1226 BC 4269–4274 M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of "Khons-Ab II".Morié 1904a 295 87 Angabo IIHezbay 40 years 1226–1186 BC 4274–4314 R While the name "Angabo" did appear on some earlier regnal lists, these usually referred to the first king on this list of the same name. List C does include a king named Agba, whose name was sometimes written as Agabos.Budge 1928a 209 Hezbay previously appeared only on the obscure list H, with 27 years of rule.Edwards 1918 489 88 Amen Astate 30 years 1186–1156 BC 4314–4244 E • M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of "Snouka IV Menken". In Morié's narrative, it was during this king's reign that an Egyptian princess, who was engaged to Ramesses VII, was kidnapped with her servant and taken to the Aethiopian king. The High Priest of Isis, named "Ousir-as-ro", along with three priestesses, was able to bring back the princess.Morié 1904a 295–297 Egyptian High Priest of Amun Amenhotep who had de facto rule over Thebes before Herihor's reign.Mekuria 1959 According to Ethiopian historian Tekle Sadik Mekuria, this king was the father of Herihor.Mekuria 1959 However, there is no archaeological evidence to prove this. Morié's narrative in Historie de l'Éthiopie did not identify Amen Astate with the High Priest of Amun Amenhotep and instead claimed there was a gap of 130 years between this king and "Her-Hor".Morié 1904a 295–297 89 HerhorKnown as Arhor on Taye Gabra Mariam's list. 16 years 1156–1140 BC 4244–4360 E • M Egyptian High Priest of Amun Herihor. Herihor was also Viceroy of Kush during the reign of Ramesses XI. Some Egyptologists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries believed that Herihor and his successors had been ancestors of the Napatan rulers of Nubia.Morkot 2003 154–156 This theory influenced Morié's narrative in Histoire de L'Éthiopie, in which he described them as an "Ammonian Dynasty" who ruled at Napata.Morié 1904a 298–303 In Morié's narrative, this king ruled both Egypt and Aethiopia for 10 years before being driven out of Egypt. Morié also credits him as the first ruler of Napata and as the one who introduced embalming to Aethiopia, where cremation had previously been used.Morié 1904a 298-303 90 Piyankihi IHenquqay 9 years 1140–1131 BC 4360–4369 E • M • R Egyptian High Priest of Amun Piankh.Budge 1928a xv Piankh was also Viceroy of Kush and led a campaign into Nubia. In Morié's narrative, he was the son of Herihor, but archeology suggests otherwise.Morié 1904a 303-304 Henquqay previously only appeared on the obscure list H, with 15 years of rule. He succeeded Taklay, who is placed after him on the 1922 list.Edwards 1918 489 91 Pinotsem I 17 years 1131–1114 BC 4369–4386 E • M Egyptian High Priest of Amun Pinedjem I.Morié 1904a 304 Son of Piankh. 92 Pinotsem II 41 years 1114–1073 BC 4386–4427 E • M This monarch is not based on a historical High Priest of Amun, but was rather an error of late 19th/early 20th century Egyptology.Kropp 2006 318 The existence of a third "Pinedjem" was only accepted by mainstream Egyptology for a brief period (1881–1905).Kropp 2005 32 Morié's narrative in Historie de l'Éthiopie claimed this king was a son of Pinotsem I.Morié 1904a 304-305 93 MassahertaTuklay 16 years 1073–1057 BC 4427–4443 E • M • R Egyptian High Priest of Amun Masaharta. Son of Pinedjem I. Morié's Historie de l'Éthiopie claimed this king was a son of Pinotsem II.Morié 1904a 305 Taklay previously appeared only on the obscure list H, with 5 years of rule. He reigned directly before Henquqay, who is placed before him on the 1922 list instead.Edwards 1918 489 94 RamenkopermSahel I 14 years 1057–1043 BC 4443–4457 E • M • R Egyptian High Priest of Amun Menkheperre. Son of Pinedjem I. Morié's Historie de l'Éthiopie claimed this king was a son of Pinotsem II.Morié 1904a 305 The name Sahel or Sehul appeared multiple times on list C, with the first king of the name matching most closely with 14 of 17 years of rule. However, he reigned after Abreha and Atsbeha on that list.Edwards 1918 496 The name also appeared on lists F and G, but also after Abreha and Atsbeha.Edwards 1918 495-496 95 Pinotsem III 7 years 1043–1036 BC 4457–4464 E • M Egyptian High Priest of Amun Pinedjem II.Morié 1904a 305 Son of Menkheperre. 96 Sabe IV 10 years 1036–1026 BC 4464–4474 E • M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. The historical High Priest of Amun Psusennes III (Pasebakhaennuit) mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of "Pinotsem III" and a king named "Za Sebadh" who is named on Abyssinian regnal lists as the predecessor of "Za Kawnasya".Morié 1904a 306Truhart 1984 98 In Morié's narrative, this king was a relative of Solomon, resulting in him being placed close to the reign of Makeda on this list.Morié 1904a 306 97 Tawasya IDewes 13 years 1026–1013 BC 4474–4487 A • R Appeared on list C with 1 year of rule, succeeding Sebado and reigning before Makeda.Edwards 1918 489 According to Taye Gabra Mariam, this king's wife was named Esmeni, and she was the mother of Makeda.Gabra Maryam 1987 41 According to Morié, this king had a son named "Nour-al-Rouz" who was burned alive after a nurse accidentally dropped him into a fire. His minister, "Mouezin", usurped the throne while he was on an expedition, but he was defeated. In Morié's narrative, this king's wife was called "Ismenie-Kallipyge", and the king died at the age of 75.Morié 1904b 75-76 98 MakedaSaba IIIKandake INot named "Kandake" on any known version of this list. However, both Taye Gabra Mariam's list and Heruy Wolde Selassie's list number the next "Kandake" queen as "Kandake II", with the next five "Kandake" queens numbered one higher than on Tafari's list.Kropp 2006 324 This suggests that a queen must be identified as "Kandake I" before Nikanta Kandake. Makeda is called "Kandake" in the Kebra Nagast.Budge 1922 40(Queen) 31 years 1013–982 BC 4487–4518 A • B • R The Biblical Queen of Sheba in Ethiopian tradition. She is believed by Ethiopians to have visited King Solomon of the Israel and to have had a son with him named Menelik. Daughter of Tawsaya.Budge 1928a 193 Appeared on lists C, E, and F, with 50 years of rule on the first list, succeeding Tawasya on list C, and Angabo on lists E and F.Edwards 1918 488-489 The Kebra Nagast refers to this queen as the "Queen of the South [who] was the Queen of Ethiopia". In this text, she is described as "very beautiful in face", having a "superb" stature and possessing intelligence and understanding of "high character". Because of this, she travelled to Jerusalem to "hear the wisdom of Solomon". The Kebra Nagast also states that she was very rich and traded "by sea and by land" to regions such as India and Aswan in Egypt.Budge 1922 17 According to the Kebra Nagast, she also supposedly forbade women from ruling Ethiopia in the future,Budge 1922 39, 228 though this is contradicted by thirteen reigning queens who appear later in this list. The Kebra Nagast claims she abdicated in favour of her son Menelik I. According to the Book of Axum, Makeda rebuilt Axum in the territory of Aseba, and this was the reason why the Bible refers to her as the "Queen of Saba" and "Queen of Azeb" (i.e., South).Budge 1928a 221 E. A. Wallis Budge theorised that the name "Makeda" may be based on "Maatkare", the throne name of pharaoh Hatshepsut.Budge 1928a xv Alternatively, the name may be based on "mlkt", a Sabaean term for "queen" that appears on some Sabaean inscriptions.Maraqten Mohammed 2008 Women's inscriptions recently discovered by the AFSM at the Awām temple/Maḥram Bilqīs in Marib, Yemen https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223951 Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 38 231–249 41223951 0308-8421 Dynasty of Menelik I The next section of this list begins with Menelik I, son of Queen Makeda and King Solomon. The Ethiopian monarchy claimed a line of descent from Menelik that remained unbroken—except for the reign of the Zagwe dynasty—until the monarchy's dissolution in 1975. Tafari's version of the regnal list divides up the Menelik dynasty into four sections:Rey 1927 266-271 Monarchs who reigned before the birth of Christ (982 BC–9 AD) Monarchs who reigned after the birth of Christ (9–306) Christian Sovereigns (306–493) Christian Emperors Kaleb to Dil Na'od (493–920) Taye Gabra Mariam's version of the list divides up the dynasty differently:Gabra Maryam 1987 100-109 Monarchs who reigned before the birth of Christ (1985 BC–9 AD) (Includes all monarchs from Akhunas Saba II to Bazen) Monarchs who reigned after the birth of Christ (9–306) The Christian Era (306–850) The Reign of Gudit (850–920) (Includes Gudit's reign followed by the last two kings of the Axumite line). Heruy Wolde Selassie considered Makeda to be the first of a new dynasty instead of Menelik.Kropp 2006 324 Monarchs who reigned before the birth of Christ thumb|The Ark of the Covenant arriving in Ethiopia with Menelik I Ethiopian tradition credits Makeda as the first Ethiopian monarch to convert to Judaism after she visited king Solomon, before which she had been worshipping Sabaean gods. However, Judaism did not become the official religion of Ethiopia until Makeda's son Menelik brought the Ark of the Covenant to Ethiopia. While Ethiopian tradition asserts that the kings who followed Menelik maintained the Jewish religion, there is no evidence to that effect; virtually nothing is known about Menelik's successors and their religious beliefs.Budge 1928a 144–146 Earlier Ethiopian regnal lists, based on either oral or textual tradition, present an alternate order and numbering of the kings of this dynasty. If any other Ethiopian regnal list is considered individually, the number of monarchs from Menelik I to Bazen is insufficient to realistically cover the claimed period from the 10th century BC to the birth of Jesus Christ. The 1922 list attempts to consolidate multiple regnal lists into a single, larger list by naming most kings recorded in oral and textual sources concerning the line of succession from Menelik. The result is a more realistic estimate of the number of monarchs reigning over the course of ten centuries. Of the 67 monarchs on Tafari's list, from Menelik I to Bazen, at least 50 are attested in pre-20th-century Ethiopian regnal lists. Manfred Kropp noted this section of the regnal lists shows an increasing interweaving of traditional Ethiopian regnal lists with names from Egyptology and Nubiology.Kropp 2006 324f These Kushite and Egyptian rulers did not follow the Jewish religion, so their status as alleged successors of Menelik calls into question how strong the 'Judaisation' of Ethiopia truly was in Menelik's reign. These kings do not have Egyptian and Kushite elements in their names on regnal lists from before the 20th century, and these elements were only added in 1922 to provide a stronger link to ancient Kush. Louis J. Morié's book Histoire de l'Éthiopie clearly influenced the names and regnal order of this section of the regnal list, as it had also influenced previous dynasties.Morié 1904a 308–309 The author of the 1922 regnal list combined Morié's line of kings with pre-existing Axumite regnal lists to form a longer line of monarchs from Menelik I's reign in the 10th century BC to Bazen's reign, which coincided with the birth of Christ. In many cases, kings from Morié's book are combined with different kings from the Axumite regnal lists. Peter Truhart, in his book Regents of Nations, stated that an "Era of Nubian Supremacy" began with the reign of Amen Hotep Zagdur, as from this point onwards many kings' names show clear links to the kings of Napata and Kush.Truhart 1984 98 Truhart also stated that the kings from Safelya Sabakon to Apras were likely related to or possibly identifiable with the Pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth dynasties (c. 730–525 BC).Truhart 1984 98 He additionally noted that an "Era of Meroen Influence" began with the reign of Kashta Walda Ahuhu.Truhart 1984 98 The following table uses names from Tafari's, Taye Gabra Mariam's, and Heruy Wolde Selassie's lists. Many monarchs have two names, usually one taken from an older regnal list and another taken from Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie. The monarch numbered 111th is the only one to have three names – "Sawe" and "Warada Nagash" from Ethiopian regnal lists and "Terhak" from Morié's book. +Key for sources B Indicates name originated from the Bible. E Indicates name originated from contemporary Egyptology. G Indicates name originated from Greek writings. R Indicates name originated from earlier regnal lists, as categorised by Carlo Conti Rossini. M Indicates name originated from Louis J. Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie. 1922 regnal list Sources Notes No.Rey 1927 265–266 Name(s)Rey 1927 265–266Kropp 2005 42-46 Reign lengthRey 1927 265–266 Reign datesRey 1927 265–266 E.C. A.M. 99 Menelik IDawit I 25 years 982–957 BC 4518–4543 R Son of Solomon and Makeda in Ethiopian/Abyssinian tradition, and named on all regnal lists as an ancestor of the Axumite kings. Some lists call this king Ibn Hakim or Ebna El-Hakim, meaning "son of the wise man".Budge 1928a 205-207Dillmann 1853 341 The Kebra Nagast states he ruled in the 10th century BC, which matches the dates listed here. He was known as "Ebna Lahakim" in the Kebra Nagast with David being his regnal name. The name "Menelik" originated outside the Kebra Nagast in local Ethiopian traditions from later times.Munro-Hay 2006 18 Some Ethiopian traditions state he founded Aksum,Budge 1928a xi while some chronicles claim this was done by Solomon.Budge 1928a x According to Taye Gabra Mariam's History of the People of Ethiopia, a group of Israelites came to Ethiopia with Menelik I and later became the ancestors of the Beta Israel tribe.Gabra Maryam 1987 53 Some previous regnal lists state Menelik's reign lasted for either 24, 26, 28, 29, or 30 years.Edwards 1918 489 100 Handeyon IKnown as Hanyon on Tafari's list.Rey 1927 266 1 year 957–956 BC 4543–4544 R Name appears on lists B, C, D, and E. He follows Menelik on list C, which states he reigned for 1 year.Edwards 1918 490 101 Sera ITomai 26 years 956–930 BC 4544–4570 B • M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Zerah the Cushite is a Biblical figure who attempted to conquer the Kingdom of Judah but failed. He is mentioned in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie as the successor of King "Ro-ke-Amen" (Menelik).Morié 1904a 308 Tomai appears on lists B, F, and H as the successor of Menelik.Edwards 1918 489 Son of Menelik I.Budge 1928a 229 Reigned for 7, 10, or 15 years according to earlier lists.Edwards 1918 489Budge 1928a 207 Known as 'Abd–Rakid on some earlier lists.Budge 1928a 207 "Sera" is also the name of a historical province which roughly corresponds to today's Warada Weqro in eastern Tigray.Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol. 4: O-X Siegbert Uhlig in cooperation with Alessandro Bausi 2010 Wiesbaden Harrassowitz Verlag 626 102 Amen HotepZagdur II 31 years 930–899 BC 4570–4601 E • M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Amenhotep was a son of and the successor of "Zerakh" in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 315 Zagdur succeeded Tomai on list B, Menelik on list D, and 'Ab-Rakid' (royal name of Tomai) on list E.Edwards 1918 489 In Morié's narrative, Amenhotep was the son of Sera I with a daughter of Shoshenq I. He was able to retain his father's conquests in Libya but lost control of Thebes. Zagdur was the son of Handeyon or Tomai, according to Morié.Morié 1904b 97 However, Pedro Páez recorded that his father was Menelik I.Páez 2008 103 Both Heruy Wolde Selassie's list and Alaqa Taye's list state this king ruled for 41 years, from 930 to 889 BC, resulting in all of the following monarchs of this dynasty until Safelya Sabakon (no. 122) having their reign dates pushed forward by 10 years compared to Tafari's list.Kropp 2006 324 103 Aksumay IRamisu 20 years 899–879 BC 4601–4621 E • M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Aksumay succeeded Zagdur on lists B and E.Edwards 1918 489 Ramissu was the son and successor of "Amenhotep" in Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 315 In Morié's narrative, this king built a temple to Ptah in Aethiopia's capital. This king's name means "The Aksumite".Morié 1904b 97 "Ramessu" is based on the Egyptian name Ramesses or possibly Pi-Ramesses which is mentioned in the Bible. 104 Sera IIAwseyoTafari's list swapped the order of these two names. 38 years 879–841 BC 4621–4659 B • M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Awseyo was the successor of Aksumay on lists B and E, and reigned for 3 years according to list C.Edwards 1918 489 Sera II was the successor of "Ramessou" in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 318 According to Morié this king launched a second invasion of Judah and carried off the family of Jehoram, as related in the Bible.Morié 1904a 318 105 Tawasya II 21 years 841–820 BC 4659–4680 R Succeeded Awseyo on lists B and D.Edwards 1918 489 106 AbralyusPiyankihi II 32 years 820–788 BC 4680–4712 E • M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Abralyus succeeded Tawasya on list B, and reigned for 9 years according to list F.Edwards 1918 489 Piyankihi is a name for the historical Kushite Pharaoh of Nubia and Egypt Piye, who was the founder of the Twenty-fifth dynasty and was mentioned in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 319 107 Aksumay IIWarada Sahay 23 years 788–765 BC 4712–4735 R Warada Sahay succeeded Abralyus on lists B and F, and reigned for 32 years according to the latter.Edwards 1918 490 Morié claimed this king reinstated the ancient cults after Aethiopia had been following Judaism since the reign of Menelik I.Morié 1904b 95 108 Kashta IHandeyon II 13 years 765–752 BC 4735–4748 E • M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Kashta was a Kushite king who reigned before Piye, but in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie was named as the successor of Piye.Morié 1904a 323 Handeyo succeeded Warada Sahay on list B.Edwards 1918 490 109 Sabaka 12 years 752–740 BC 4748–4760 E • M Historical Kushite Pharaoh of Nubia and Egypt who was named in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie as the successor of Kashta, though he actually succeeded his father Shebitku.Morié 1904a 323 Some historians have theorized that there may be some affinity between the word "Saba" and the name of the so-called Aethiopian king Sabaka.William Bodham Donne Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 2 863a‒863b 1857 Smith William Murray William Bodham Donne William Smith (lexicographer) SABA Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 110 NikantaKnown as Nicauta Kandake on Tafari's list.Rey 1927 266Kandake IINumbered Kandake I on Tafari's list.(Queen) 10 years 740–730 BC 4760–4770 E • M The first of 6 queens on this list, named Kandake, the Meroitic term for the sister of the king of Kush, who sometimes ruled over Kush as regent or as a monarch in her own right. The inclusion of this queen on this regnal list may be inspired by Louis J. Morié's claim that Amenirdis I was a "Kantakeh" queen who ruled as regent during the reigns of three Aethiopian kings.Morié 1904a 327 This was based on a theory in 19th-century Egyptology that she had ruled as regent of Egypt during the rule of three kings of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt.An archaic dictionary W. R. Cooper London Samuel Bagster and Sons 1876 41 https://archive.org/details/anarchaicdictio02coopgoog/page/40/mode/2up In reality Amenirdis was a God's Wife of Amun during the time of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt. She was the daughter of Kashta. The name Nicanta was used as one of the alternate names for the Queen of Sheba by Morié.Morié 1904b 77 111 Sawe IITerhakWarada Nagash II 49 years 730–681 BC 4770–4819 B • E • M • R A combination of three kings from different sources. "Terhak" is a name for the historical Kushite Pharaoh Taharqa who was mentioned in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie as the successor of Shabaka.Morié 1904a 337 Sawe succeeded Awseyo and preceded Gasyo on list C, which stated he reigned for 31 or 34 years.Edwards 1918 490 Warada Nagash appeared on lists B and F.Edwards 1918 490 Taharqa was mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (2 Kings 19:9; Isaiah 37:9), where he fought against Sennacherib of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.Aubin Henry T. The Rescue of Jerusalem 2002 Soho Press, Inc. 1-56947-275-0 New York, NY x, 127, 129–130, 139–152 The Hebrew Bible calls him the "King of Ethiopia", although this specifically refers to the Kingdom of Kush in Nubia. 112 Erda AmenAwseya I 6 years 681–675 BC 4819–4825 E • M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Ourd-Amen was the successor and son-in-law of "Tahraka" in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 342 Awesya succeeded Warada Nagash on list B.Edwards 1918 489 In Morié's narrative, this king was a son of Takahatenamun, who was apparently a widow when she married Taharqa. "Ourd-Amen" was chosen as successor and married a daughter of Taharqa. Egyptological works in the 19th century believed that a king named "Urdamen" had succeeded his father-in-law Taharqa but was defeated by the Assyrians.Encyclopaedia Britannica: Volume VII ninth Edinburgh 1875 Adam and Charles Black 743 https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-britannica-9ed-1875/Vol%207%20%28DEA-ELD%29%20193916234.23/page/742/mode/2up?q=urdamenEgypt: Handbook for Travellers Karl Baedeker London Dulou and Co. 92 https://archive.org/details/02031064.5451.emory.edu/page/91/mode/2up?q=urdamen 1878Egypt under the Pharaohs Brugsch Heinrich 1891 London 443 978-0-524-02200-9 https://archive.org/details/egyptunderphara00brodgoog/page/442/mode/2up?q=urdamen However it later became known that "Urdamen" was simply the name Assyrians gave to Tantamani.History of Assurbanipal George Smith 1871 London Williams and Norgate 50 https://ia600909.us.archive.org/17/items/historyofassurba00ashu/historyofassurba00ashu.pdf 113 GasyoEskikatir ITranslates to "until noon". 6 hoursTafari's list provides no reign length for this king. 675 BC 4825 R Succeeded Sawe on lists C and D, the former stating he reigned for half a day.Edwards 1918 490 114 Nuatmeawn 4 years 675–671 BC 4825–4829 E • M • R Historical Kushite Pharaoh Tantamani who was mentioned in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie under the name "Nouat-Meimoun".Morié 1904a 345 In Morié's narrative, this king was a son of "Ourd-Amen" who was elected by the Oracle of Amun in Napata. A king named Mawat succeeded Gasyo on list C, reigning for 8 years.Edwards 1918 490 115 Toma SeyonKnown as Tomadion Piankhi III on Taye Gabra Mariam's list and Tomadyon Piyankihi III on Tafari's list.Rey 1927 266Piyankihi III 12 years 671–659 BC 4829–4841 A • M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Toma Seyon appears on lists B and E, though in a different chronological placement than this list.Edwards 1918 489 Piankhi III was the successor of "Nouat-Meimaoun" in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 348 In Morié's narrative, this king was the widower of Amenirdis I and after his death his cartouches were hammered out and erased.Morié 1904a 348 "Toma-Seyon" means "Twin of Zion".Morié 1904b 98–99 116 Amen Asro II 16 years 659–643 BC 4841–4857 E • M Historical Kushite king Amanislo. Successor of "Piankhi III" in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 348 In Morié's narrative, this king was a son or brother of Nuatmeawn/Tantamani. During his reign, 240,000 Meshwesh warriors rebelled against Psamtik I and emigrated en masse to Aethiopia. They worked for Amen Asro II, who permitted them to conquer more territory on his behalf. Morié claimed they founded their own kingdom, which was later located in the Shilluk Kingdom.Morié 1904a 354 Also, according to Morié's narrative, this king had a queen named "Hatasou" and two daughters, including one named "Ait". The Egyptians killed the queen and kidnapped "Ait", who was given to Psamtik I's daughter "Amen-merit" as an enslaved person. Amen Asro then waged war on Egypt but was taken prisoner by an Egyptian general named "Ramessou", who was betrothed to Psamtik's daughter. The general, however, fell in love with Amen Asro's daughter and attempted to leave Egypt with them both, but only Amen Asro escaped. The general and "Ait" were both sentenced to death, and Amen Asro died when defending his life from a group of Egyptians who had been sent to capture him.Morié 1904a 354 117 Piyankihi IVKnown as Läwiyankihi IV in Taye Gabra Mariam's History of the People of Ethiopia.Gabra Maryam 1987 51Awtet I 34 years 643–609 BC 4857–4891 E • M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Piankhi IV was the successor of "Amen-as-ro II" in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 355 Awtet appeared on lists B, D, and E, reigning directly after Gasyo/Basyo on all three lists.Edwards 1918 490 Morié's narrative, he was the son of Piyankihi III and Amenirdis I and married to "Kenensat", daughter of an Egyptian prince who was descended from the Twenty-second dynasty and princess "Moutiritis", who was his sister.Morié 1904a 355 According to Taye Gabra Mariam's History of the People of Ethiopia, in the year 627 B.C./4873 A.M., the tribe of Asmakih disputed with Pharaoh Psamtik I and an army of 240,000 deserted him and came to Ethiopia, joining the Ethiopian king.Gabra Maryam 1987 49, 51 The king was in Nawatan (Napata) at the time and gladly took them in, allowing them to reconquer territory that had been lost to enemies.Gabra Maryam 1987 51 This tribe later settled where the Blue Nile and White Nile meet and built a city called Ezar where they lived for 300 years, the territory was later the location of the Shilluk Kingdom.Gabra Maryam 1987 51 This narrative was directly lifted from Louis J. Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie, in which he included a very similar narrative, but instead claimed this took place in the reign of Amenasro II.Morié 1904a 348-355 118 Zaware Nebret IAspurta 41 years 609–568 BC 4891–4932 E • M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Zaware Nebrat succeeded Awtet on lists B and E.Edwards 1918 491 "Aspurta" is the historical Kushite king Aspelta who was mentioned in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie as the successor of "Piankhi IV".Morié 1904a 355 "Zaware Nebrat" means "seed of the High Priest".Morié 1904b 98–99 In Morié's narrative, this king was chosen by the Oracle of Amun in Napata, and his wife was named "Matsenen", and she was a priestess of Mut and daughter of "Nensaou". They had a daughter named "Kheb-ha". 119 Safay IHarsiataw 12 years 568–556 BC 4932–4944 E • M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Safay succeeded Zaware Nebrat on lists B, E, and H, reigning for 11 years on list H.Edwards 1918 491 "Harsiataw" is the historical Kushite king Harsiotef who was mentioned in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie as the successor of "Aspourta".Morié 1904a 358 According to Morié, this king fought against various tribes and was defeated by the "Meroities", who Morié considered to be a distinct people from the Napatan people. 120 RamhayNastosonan 14 years 556–542 BC 4944–4958 E • M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Ramhay succeeded Safay on list B, E, and H, reigning for 15 years on list H.Edwards 1918 491 "Nastossanan" was the historical Kushite king Nastasen who was mentioned in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie as the successor of "Hor-se-atew I".Morié 1904a 360 An unpublished chronicle from Aksum states that a king named "Ramahay" reigned at the time of Alexander the Great and asked for Greek technicians and engineers to build palaces, monuments, and stelae, one of which was destroyed centuries later by Gudit.Selassie 1972b 116 Alexander's rule of Egypt did not begin until 332 BC, over two centuries after these dates, and thus either the dating is wrong or this legend refers to the second king named Ramhay on this list (no. 145). Perhaps coincidentally, the Kushite king Nastasen did in fact reign during the time of Alexander the Great. It is unknown whether this is why the author of this regnal list associated Nastasen with Ramahay, despite the Kushite king's absence from earlier Ethiopian regnal lists. In Morié's narrative, this king was descended from Cepheus, Perseus, and Memnon, and was married to "Ashen", a daughter of Psamtik III who fled Egypt following the Achaemenid conquest. According to Morié, the Greeks described "Nastosenen" as athletic and tall. Morié's narrative also drew inspiration from an account written by Herodotus about a Macrobian king was suspicious of Ichthyophagoi sent by Cambyses II and stated that Cambyses was an unjust man, resulting in Cambyses becoming and angry and sending in an army only to be defeated and many soldiers resorting to cannibalism.Frank M. Snowden Blacks in Antiquity: Ethiopians in the Greco-Roman Experience 145 Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts 1970 978-0-674-07626-6 According to Morié, the Macrobian king was "Nastosenen", who was sent ambassadors from Cambyses but was suspicious of them and gave them a bow to take back to Cambyses, saying that if the Persians could draw a bow with the same skill as the Aethiopians, then they can attack. 121 Handu IWuha Abra 11 years 542–531 BC 4958–4969 E • G • M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Hande succeeded Ramhay on list B.Edwards 1918 491 Houd-es-ew was the successor of "Nastosenen" in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 368 In Morié's narrative, this monarch was King Hydaspes of Aethiopia, a character from Aethiopica, an ancient Greek book written by Heliodorus of Emesa.Morié 1904a 368–382 According to Morié, he was the brother of Nastossanan and the Greek language was widely spoken at the court of Meroe during his reign. Morié also believed that Aryandes, Satrap of Egypt, went to war with Aethiopia during his reign. The name "Wuha Abra" is based on the ancient Egyptian name "Wahibre", used by kings such as Wahibre Ibiau.Budge 1928a xv 122 Safelya ISabakon 31 years 531–500 BC 4969–5000 E • M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Safelya succeeded Hande on list B.Edwards 1918 491 "Sabakon" was an alternate name for Kushite Pharaoh Shabaka, as used by Diodorus in his work Bibliothecia Historia. 123 Agalbus ISepekos 22 years 500–478 BC 5000–5022 E • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Aglebu succeeded Safelya on lists B, C, D, and E, reigning for 3 years on list C.Edwards 1918 491 "Sepekos"/"Sebikhos" is an alternate name for the Kushite Pharaoh Shebitku used in Manetho's Aegyptica.https://pharaoh.se/comparing-manetho Comparing the king lists of Manetho Peter Lundström October 30, 2023 Both Taye Gabra Mariam's list and Heruy Wolde Selassie's list stated this king reigned for 21 years, from 490 to 469 BC.Kropp 2006 324 This, combined with the addition of 10 years to Amen Hotep Zagdur's reign earlier, results in all monarchs of this dynasty up to Feliya Hernekhit on Selassie's list and Nicotnis Kandake V on Taye's list having their reign dates pushed forward by 11 years compared to Tafari's list. 124 PesmaritWarada Nagash II 21 years 478–457 BC 5022–5043 E? • R Warada Nagash appears on lists B, D, and F, though in a different chronological placement than this list.Edwards 1918 490 The name "Pesmarit" is possibly based on the name "Psamtik" used by some pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth dynasty.Budge 1928a xv According to Taye Gabra Mariam's History of the People of Ethiopia, the Amharic language was spoken at least as far back as the year 478 BC/5022 AM.Gabra Maryam 1987 35 125 Awseya IITarakos 12 years 457–445 BC 5043–5055 E • R Awesya succeeded Warada Nagash on list B.Edwards 1918 490 "Tarakos" is an alternate name for Taharqa, as used by Eusebius in his quoting of Manetho's list of Pharaohs.https://pharaoh.se/ancient-egypt/kinglist/manetho-king-list/ The Dynasties of Manetho 29 May 2024 Peter Lundström 126 QanizPismes 13 years 445–432 BC 5055–5068 R Kanaz appeared on list C, reigning for 7 or 10 years.Edwards 1918 491 Son of Awseya Tarakos, according to Tafari's list.Rey 1927 267 127 Apras 10 years 432–422 BC 5068–5078 E Historical Egyptian pharaoh Apries.Budge 1928a xv 128 Kashta IIWalda Ekhuhu 20 years 422–402 BC 5078–5098 E • R The name Walda Mehrat appeared on list E.Edwards 1918 490 "Walda Ekhuhu" is an Ethiopian form of "son of his brother", similar to the titles used by the Ptolemies.Kropp 2006 324f 129 ElalionTa'aniki 10 years 402–392 BC 5098–5108 M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Elalyon appeared on lists B, E, and H, reigning for 10 years and 1 month on list H.Edwards 1918 490 Taaaken was mentioned in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 382-384 In Morié's narrative, "Taaaken" was Theagenes from Aethiopica, who was married to Chariclea. The name "Taaaken" may be taken from the real-life Kushite king Talakhamani. Elalyon restored Judaism as the official religion of Aethiopia according to Morié.Morié 1904b 97 130 Atserk Amen I 10 years 392–382 BC 5108–5118 E • M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie as a king who ruled in the 4th century BC and during whose reign the north-east part of Aethiopia fell under the rule of the Pharaoh Ptolemy II.Morié 1904a 386 This king was mistakenly numbered "Atserk Amen III" on all versions of the list, with the other three kings of this name numbered fourth to sixth. The confusion over the numbering of the kings named "Atserk Amen" stems from the numbering used by Morié, who numbered this king as the third to use this name.Morié 1904a 386–387 However, the first two kings named "Atserk Amen" in his narrative were renamed to "Sera I (Tomai)" (no. 101) and "Awseyo Sera II" (no. 104) on the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list. Peter Truhart believed the four kings named "Atserk Amen" were based on the name of a Merotic king,Truhart 1984 98–99 though does not specify who. 131 Atserk Amen II 10 years 382–372 BC 5118–5128 E • M Mentioned in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie as a king who ruled in the 3rd century BC and was the successor of "Erk-Amen I". In Morié's original narrative, this king prevented Ptolemy IV from expanding his territory into Aethiopia beyond Qasr Ibrim and built the temples of Dakka and Debod.Morié 1904a 391 In reality, the former temple was built in collaboration between Ptolemy IV and Arqamani, while the Temple of Debod was built by Adikhalamani, though later expanded by the Ptolemaic pharaohs of Egypt. 132 Hadina(Queen) 10 years 372–362 BC 5128–5138 R Appeared twice on list C, ruling for 1, 2, 4, 6, or 9 years.Edwards 1918 491 133 Atserk Amen III 10 years 362–352 BC 5138–5148 E 134 Atserk Amen IV 10 years 352–342 BC 5148–5158 E 135 NikawlaKandake IIINumbered Kandake II on Tafari's list.(Queen) 10 years 342–332 BC 5158–5168 E • M Kantakeh II was a queen who ruled in the 4th century BC during the time of Alexander the Great in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie, which also identified her as the queen from the Alexander Romance.Morié 1904a 384 Nicaula was a name that was sometimes used to refer to the Queen of Sheba.Nicaula https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor/nicaula November 13, 2022 Brooklyn Museum Morié listed this as one of the alternate names for the Queen of Sheba.Morié 1904b 77 Giovanni Boccaccio, in his work De Mulieribus Claris (1361–1362), claimed that queen "Nicaula" was queen of Aethiopia, Egypt and Arabia and had a large palace on the island of Meroe.Giovanni Boccaccio Famous Women Harvard University Press 2001 0-674-01130-9 Cambridge and London 90 Virginia Brown The Queen of Sheba was also called "Nicaula" in The Book of the City of Ladies (1405) by Christine de Pizan and A New History of Ethiopia (1684) by Hiob Ludolf, the latter doubting that "Nicaula" was also queen of Egypt.Ludolf 1684 159 Ludolf theorised the name "Nicaula" could have been a corruption of the name Nitocris recorded by Herodotus.Ludolf 1684 159 Portuguese missionary Jerónimo Lobo noted that contemporary Abyssinians/Ethiopians in the 17th century sometimes used the name "Nicaula" for the Queen of Sheba, alongside the names "Makeda" and "Nagista Azeb".A Voyage to Abyssinia Jerónimo Lobo 1789 63 Samuel Johnson https://archive.org/details/avoyagetoabyssi00johngoog/page/62/mode/2up 136 Bassyo 7 years 332–325 BC 5168–5175 R Appeared on lists B, D and E.Edwards 1918 490 137 NikawsisKandake IVNumbered Kandake III on Tafari's list.(Queen) 10 years 325–315 BC 5175–5185 E • M Kantakeh III was a queen who ruled in the 1st century BC as the first of the "Blemmyes dynasty" in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 395 Nicausis was listed by Morié as one of the alternate names for the Queen of Sheba.Morié 1904b 77 Morié's narrative dated this queen to the time of Gaius Petronius. It stated that he attempted to conquer the Kingdom of Kush but was defeated by the queen, after which he entered into negotiations with her. According to Morié, the queen's favourite residence was the Gash-Barka region in modern-day Eritrea. The 1922 regnal list instead placed the fifth queen named "Kandake" in the time period contemporary with Petronius. 138 Arkamen I 10 years 315–305 BC 5185–5195 E • G • M Erk-Amen I was mentioned in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie as a king who ruled in the 3rd century BC and succeeded "Atserk-Amen III".Morié 1904a 387 Morié's original narrative identified this king with Ergamenes, a Kushite king mentioned in the writings of Diodorus Siculus who resented the power of the priests and wished to have absolute power like Ptolemy II, so he abolished the priesthood. Ergamenes was also said to be interested in Greek philosophy. In Morié's narrative, the king "Erk-Amen I" marched with his army to Arada, where the Temple of Gold was located, and slaughtered the priests, afterward instituting a hereditary monarchy instead of an elective one.Morié 1904a 387–391 Modern-day archaeologists consider Arqamani to be the most likely king of Kush that the story of Ergamenes is based on. Alaqa Taye Gabra Mariam swapped this king's position with Awtet Arawura below. 139 Awtet IIArawra 10 years 305–295 BC 5195–5205 E • M • R Awtet appeared on lists A, B, D, and E, succeeding Basyo on all except A.Edwards 1918 490 Arou-Amen was the successor of "Atserk-Amen IV" in Louis J. Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie, and he had a peaceful reign.Morié 1904a 393 Taye Gabra Mariam swapped this king's position with Arkamen I above. 140 Kalas IIKnown as Kolas (Koletro) on Tafari's list.Kalitro 10 years 295–285 BC 5205–5215 R Kalaz appeared on lists C and D, succeeding Hadina on both and reigning for 6 years on the former list.Edwards 1918 491 141 Zaware Nebrat II 16 years 285–269 BC 5215–5231 R Appeared on lists B, E, and H, succeeding Awtet B and E.Edwards 1918 491 142 Satyo III 14 years 269–255 BC 5231–5245 R Appeared on list C, succeeding Kalas and reigning for 16 years.Edwards 1918 491 143 Safay II 13 years 255–242 BC 5245–5258 R Appeared on lists B, E, and H, succeeding Zaware Nebrat on all three lists and reigning for 11 years on list H.Edwards 1918 491 144 NikosisKandake VNumbered Kandake IV on Tafari's list.(Queen) 10 years 242–232 BC 5258–5268 E • M Nicausis was listed by Morié as one of the alternate names for the Queen of Sheba.Morié 1904b 77 Kantakeh IV was a queen who ruled in the 1st century BC and succeeded "Kantakeh III" in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 398 145 RamhayArkamen II 10 years 232–222 BC 5268–5278 E • G • M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Ramhay appeared on lists B, E, and H, reigning for 15 years on H, and succeeding Safay on all three lists.Edwards 1918 491 Erk-Amen II was the son and successor of "Kantakeh IV" in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 398 Ergamenes, a Kushite king reported by Greek historian Agatharchides to have reigned during the time of Pharaoh Ptolemy IV of Egypt. An unpublished chronicle from Axum states that a king named "Ramahay" reigned at the time of Alexander the Great and asked for Greek technicians and engineers to build palaces, monuments, and stelae, one of which was destroyed centuries later by Gudit.Selassie 1972b 116 Alexander's rule of Egypt took place during 332–323 BC, and thus this king's reign on this regnal list is a century too late to be a contemporary of Alexander. However, this story of King Ramahay bears notable similarities to the story of Ergamenes, who was said to have been instructed in Greek philosophy, to have been interested in Greek art and the general Greek way of life.Sharpe Samuel The History of Egypt: From the earliest times till the conquest by the Arabs A.D. 640 1859 316 It is therefore possible that naming this king "Ramhay Arkamen" is intended to reflect that "Ramahay" is to be identified with "Ergamenes". 146 Feliya IIHurnekhet 15 years 222–207 BC 5278–5293 M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Filya appeared on lists B, C, D, and E, reigning for 26 years on list C.Edwards 1918 491 Hor-nekht-atew was a king who succeeded Erk-Amen III in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 402 Morié's narrative placed this king much later, at the time of the death of Roman emperor Commodus, after which he tried to conquer Upper Egypt and was recognised by Pescennius Niger, whom he helped to usurp the Roman throne. Still, both were defeated by Septimius Severus. The 1922 regnal list placed this king's reign much earlier than Morié. According to Morié, "Hor-nekht-atew" was married to "Tsetisi", a daughter of an Aethiopian official, who gave birth to several sons. Their eldest son was named "Pasan". "Hor-nekht-atew" had a second wife named "Moutoeri", with whom he had a son named "Ouikera". "Hor-nekht-atew" disinherited his eldest son, "Pasan", in favour of passing the throne to "Ouikera", leading to infighting that affected the last years of his reign. 147 Handu IIAwkerara 20 years 207–187 BC 5293–5313 M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Handu appeared on list B, succeeding Ramhay.Edwards 1918 491 Ouikera was the successor of "Hor-nekht-atew" in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 404 In Morié's narrative, this king was the son of "Hor-nekht-atew" and succeeded him to the throne instead of his elder brother "Pasan". As a result, the first 15 to 20 years of his reign were filled with infighting with his brother. Heruy Wolde Selassie's regnal list states this king reigned for 22 years.Kropp 2006 325 This, along with the addition of 10 years to the reign of Amen Hotep Zagdur (no. 102) and the removal of 1 year from the reign of Agalbus Sepekos (no. 123), results in all monarchs up to Queen Nicotnis Kandake V (no. 162) having their reign dates pushed forward by 11 years compared to Tafari's list. 148 AghabuBeseheran 10 years 187–177 BC 5313–5323 M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Aglebu appeared on lists B, C, D, and E, reigning for 3 years on list C, and succeeding Safelya or Feliya on all lists.Edwards 1918 491Psheraan was the successor of "Ouikera" in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 405 In Morié's narrative, this king was the son and successor of "Hor-nekht-atew". Morié dated this king's rule to the 3rd century AD, during which the king ruled Philae and Elephantine. He took advantage of the decline of the Roman Empire and the death of Gallienus and was declared king at Thebes. He supported the usurper Firmus and also Zenobia, but was defeated by Aurelian. After the latter's death, he again invaded Egypt and ruled Thebes for 4 years before being driven out by Probus. Some earlier Ethiopian regnal lists state this king reigned for 3 years.Budge 1928a 206–207 149 SulayKawawmenun 20 years 177–157 BC 5323–5343 M • R A king named Lulay or Susay appeared on the obscure list H, reigning for 19 years.Edwards 1918 491 Khouwoumenou was successor of "Psheraan" in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 405 According to Morié, this king had several children. 150 Masalne IIQurarmer 8 years 157–149 BC 5343–5351 M • R Masalni appeared on the obscure list H with 20 years of rule and succeeding Lulay/Susay.Edwards 1918 489 Tereremen was the next known king after "Psheraan" in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 407 151 NagseyBesinte 10 years 149–139 BC 5351–5361 M • R Nagsay appeared on the obscure list H, with 18 years of rule and preceding Lulay/Susay and Masalni, rather than succeeding them like on this list.Edwards 1918 489 Psentes was the next known king after "Tereremen" in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 408 152 Etbenukawer 10 years 139–129 BC 5361–5371 M Berou-Kanower was the next known king after "Psentes" in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 408 153 Safelya IIAbramen 20 years 129–109 BC 5371–5391 M • R A combination of two kings from different sources. Safelya appeared on lists B, C, and D.Edwards 1918 491 Ab-ra-amen was a king who reigned at some point after Berou-Kanower in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 402 According to Morié, this king had a wife named "Nekarou". E. A. Wallis Budge and Peter Truhart both suggested that this king could be the Axumite king Aphilas,Budge 1928a 136 although the reign dates on this list are far too early. 154 Sanay 10 years 109–99 BC 5391–5401 R Appeared on the obscure list H, with 20 years of rule and succeeding Masalni.Edwards 1918 489 155 Awsena(Queen) 11 years 99–88 BC 5401–5412 R Appeared on lists C and D, reigning for 1 year on the former list.Edwards 1918 491 156 Dawit II 10 years 88–78 BC 5412–5422 R Appeared on the obscure list H, succeeding Sanay and reigning for 22 years.Edwards 1918 489 157 Agalbus II 8 years 78–70 BC 5422–5430 R Appeared on lists B, C, D, and E, reigning for 3 years on list C.Edwards 1918 491 158 Bawawel 10 years 70–60 BC 5430–5440 R Appeared on lists B, D, and E, succeeding Aglebul on lists B and D.Edwards 1918 491 159 Barawas 10 years 60–50 BC 5440–5450 R Appeared on lists B, C, D, and E, reigning for 19 years on list C and succeeding Bawawel on lists B and D.Edwards 1918 491 Name means "esteemed defender".Morié 1904b 98–99 160 Danidad 10 years 50–40 BC 5450–5460 R Appeared on the obscure list H, succeeding Amoy and reigning for 24 years.Edwards 1918 489 161 Amoy IIMahasi 5 years 40–35 BC 5460–5465 R Amoy appeared on the obscure list H, reigning for 23 years, succeeding Dawit and preceding Duniday.Edwards 1918 489 Mahasi appeared on lists B, C, D, and E, reigning for 1 year on list C, succeeding Bawaris on lists B and C, and succeeding Awsena on list D.Edwards 1918 492 "Mahasi" means "Pious man".Morié 1904b 98–99 162 NicotrisKnown as Nicotnis Kandake V on Tafari's list.Kandake VI(Queen) 10 years 35–25 BC 5465–5475 E • M Nitocris was listed by Morié as one of the alternate names for the Queen of Sheba.Morié 1904b 77 Nitocris was the name of a woman who was Divine Adoratrice of Amun and God's Wife of Amun and succeeded two different Kushite women in both offices. Kushite queen Amanirenas reigned during this period, but her rule did not extend to modern-day Ethiopia. 163 Nalke 5 years 25–20 BC 5475–5480 R Appeared on lists B, D, and E and succeeded Mahasi on all three lists.Edwards 1918 492 One version of Heruy Wolde Selassie's regnal list and Alaqa Taye's regnal list both state that this king reigned for 4 years, from 14 to 10 BCKropp 2006 325 Ethiopian historian Fisseha Yaze Kassa stated that this king reigned for 2 years.Fisseha Yaze Kassa http://books.good-amharic-books.com/fiveshe-1.PDF የኢትዮጵያ ፭ ሺህ ዓመት ታሪክ 2003 Ethiopia 97 Amharic Ethiopia's 5,000-year history July 10, 2016 January 27, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20160710191820/http://books.good-amharic-books.com/fiveshe-1.PDF dead 164 Luzay 12 years 20–8 BC 5480–5492 R Appeared on the obscure list H.Edwards 1918 489 One version of Heruy Wolde Selassie's regnal list and Taye Gabra Mariam's regnal list both state that this king reigned for 2 years, from 10 to 8 BCKropp 2006 325 In the case of Selassie's list, this was done due to the Christianisation of Ethiopia being moved forward ten years from 317 to 327.Kropp 2005 32 Ethiopian historian Fisseha Yaze Kassa stated that this king reigned for 8 years. 165 Bazen 17 years 8 BC–9 AD 5492–5509 R Appeared on all lists except H, and the lists consistently state that Jesus Christ was born in the eighth year of his reign. He reigned for 17 years according to list C.Edwards 1918 492 Ethiopian historian Fisseha Yaze Kassa stated that this king reigned for 6 years. A tomb is known to exist for this king, and some local Ethiopian traditions claim he was Bathlazar.https://www.lonelyplanet.com/ethiopia/northern-ethiopia/aksum/attractions/king-bazen-s-tomb/a/poi-sig/437944/355294 King Bazen's Tomb Lonely Planet 13 January 2024 Egyptologist Henry Salt claimed that he saw an ancient inscription on a stone in a church in Axum stating "This is the sepulchral stone of Bazen".Salt 1814 408 He did however claim that this was the name of several Abyssinian kings, so he may not have been referring to this specific king.Salt 1814 408 Monarchs who reigned after the birth of Christ thumb|Rembrandt, The Baptism of the Eunuch, c. 1626|200px Text accompanying this section on Tafari's list:"These thirty-five sovereigns at the time of Akapta Tsenfa Arad had been Christianized by the Apostle Saint Matthew. There were few men who did not believe, for they had heard the words of the gospel. After this Jen Daraba, favourite of the Queen of Ethiopia, Garsemat Kandake, crowned by Gabre Hawariat Kandake, had made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem according to the law of Orit (the ancient law),"Orit" comes from the Syriac word "Urayta", meaning the law of Moses and the Torah.Budge 1928a 153 and on his return Philip the Apostle [sic] taught him the gospel, and after he had made him believe the truth he sent him back, baptising him in the name of the trinity. The latter (the Queen's favourite), on his return to his country, taught by word of mouth the coming of our Saviour Jesus Christ and baptised them. Those who were baptised, not having found an Apostle to teach them the Gospel, had been living offering sacrifices to God according to the ancient prescription and the Jewish Law."Rey 1927 268–269 Despite the text above claiming that Christianity was introduced to Ethiopia during this line of monarchs, this retelling of events contradicts both the known information around the Christianisation of Ethiopia and the story of Queen Ahwya Sofya and Abreha and Atsbeha in the next section.Rey 1927 269 The claim that Matthew the Apostle had Christianized king Akaptah Tsenfa Arad (no. 167) is inspired by Louis J. Morié's narrative in Historie de l'Éthiopie, in which he stated that a king named "Hakaptah" ruled Aethiopia in c. 40 AD; it was during his reign that Matthew converted the king's daughter Ephigenia.Morié 1904a 398–401 This narrative was inspired by the older Church story of Matthew which involved a king named "Egippus".The Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine Arno Press: Longmans, Green & Co. 1941 561–566 Ryan, Granger and Helmut Ripperger The story of Garsemot Kandake and Jen Daraba is based on the Biblical account of the Ethiopian eunuch, treasurer to Kandake, queen of the Ethiopians, who was baptized after travelling to Jerusalem. However, the eunuch was baptised by Philip the Evangelist, not by Philip the Apostle, as Tafari mistakenly states. Louis J. Morié did not accept that this Kandake queen was the one mentioned in the story of the Ethiopian eunuch.Morié 1904a 401–402 The apparent contradiction in the story of the Christianisation of Ethiopia according to Tafari's regnal list is due to an attempt to accommodate both the native Abyssinian tradition around Abreha and Atsbeha and the Biblical traditions of "Ethiopia" (i.e., Nubia). Taye Gabra Mariam's version of this list does not refer to the traditions of the Baptism by Matthew the Apostle and the Biblical Kandake, omitting the name "Akaptah" for the 167th monarch and omitting the name "Kandake" for the 169th monarch.Gabra Maryam 1987 101 This section is the last part of the regnal list that directly refers to ancient Nubia and the Kingdom of Kush, which ended in the 4th century AD after its conquest by Ezana. Peter Truhart believed the line of Axumite kings began with Gaza Agdur (no. 188) and dated the beginning of his reign to c. 150.Truhart 1984 100 +Key for sources B Indicates name originated from the Bible. M Indicates name originated from Louis J. Morié's Histoire de L'Éthiopie. R Indicates name originated from earlier regnal lists, as categorised by Carlo Conti Rossini. 1922 regnal list Sources Notes No.Rey 1927 268 Name(s)Rey 1927 268Kropp 2005 42 Reign lengthRey 1927 268 Reign datesRey 1927 268 E.C. A.M. 166 SartuSenfa Asagad 21 years 9–30 5509–5530 R Sartu succeeded Bazen on list C and reigned for 26 or 27 years.Edwards 1918 492 Senfa Asgad succeeded Bazen on lists A, D and G.Edwards 1918 492 This king was remembered as a bad ruler.Morié 1904b 100–101 167 AkaptahSenfa Arad I 8 years 30–38 5530–5538 M • R An Aethiopian king named "Egippus" who, in Church tradition, was the father of saint Ephigenia of Ethiopia, who was consecrated by Matthew. This king appeared in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie under the name Hakaptah and was dated to the 1st century AD.Morié 1904a 398 Senfa Arad succeeded Bazen on list B.Edwards 1918 492 Both Heruy Wolde Selassie's regnal list and Taye Gabra Mariam's regnal list state this king ruled for only 2 years, from 30 to 32 ADKropp 2006 326 Taye Gabra Mariam ignored the Church tradition of Egippus on his list and names this king as only "Tsenfe Ared". – Settah – – – – An additional name found on Taye Gabra Mariam's version of this list, who reigned for 8 years, from 32 to 40. 168 Horemtaku 2 years 38–40 5538–5540 M King Hirtacus, who, in Church tradition, asked Matthew the Apostle to persuade Ephigenia to marry him, but instead Matthew rebuked the king for lusting after her, and the king promptly had Matthew killed while he stood at the altar.The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas (ROCOR) St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord St. Hilarion Press 2004 Austin, Texas 70 This king appeared in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie under the name Hor-em-tekhou and succeeded "Hakaptah".Morié 1904a 400 In Morié's narrative, this king turned back to the cult of Isis and later helped Roman envoys in their search to find the source of the Nile, but they were unable to do so. Brother of Akaptah/Egippus.Morié 1904a 400 Taye Gabra Mariam's list stated this king reigned from 40 to 42. Heruy Wolde Selassie's regnal list stated this king reigned from 32 to 34.Kropp 2006 326 169 GarsemotKandake VIINumbered Kandake VI on Tafari's list. The name "Kandake" does not appear on Taye Gabra Mariam's list.(Queen) 10 years 40–50 5540–5550 B • M • R Kandake or "Candace", the Biblical "queen of the Aethiopians" whose eunuch travelled to Jerusalem and was converted by Philip the Evangelist. A queen named "Kandake" succeeded "Hor-em-tekhou" in Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie.Morié 1904a 401 Morié, however, did not consider her to be the Kandake of the Bible. The historical Kandake whose period of rule may align with this monarch could be Amanitore who ruled in the 1st century AD. According to some Ethiopian traditions, the first church of Ethiopia, the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion, was built during this queen's reign by a eunuch after her conversion to Christianity.Budge 1928a 160 However, it is more likely the church was built by Ezana in the 4th century after his conversion to Christianity. Sacred Sites of Ethiopia and the Arc of the Covenant https://sacredsites.com/africa/ethiopia/sacred_sites_ethiopia.html 2022-05-08 Sacredsites.com Heruy Wolde Selassie's regnal list stated this queen ruled for 8 years, from 34 to 42.Kropp 2006 326 Taye Gabra Mariam's list likewise claimed this queen ruled for 8 years, but dated her reign to 42–50. Taye's list also does not include the name "Kandake" for this ruler, suggesting he ignored the Biblical story of the Ethiopian eunuch. Manfred Kropp theorised the name "Garsemot" was an altered form of the names Germa Sor or Germa Asfare that appear on some earlier regnal lists.Kropp 2006 326 170 HatezBahar Asagad 28 years 50–78 5550–5578 R Bahar Asgad succeeded Senfa Ared on lists A, B and D.Edwards 1918 492 According to Taye Gabra Mariam's History of the People of Ethiopia, a group of Jews fled to Ethiopia after the Siege of Jerusalem (70 AD) and became part of the Beta Israel.Gabra Maryam 1987 53 Could be the Aksumite king Hataz, though he is usually dated to the 6th or 7th centuries. 171 MesenhGerma Sor 7 years 78–85 5578–5585 R Masenh appeared on list C, reigning for 6 years and succeeding La'as, who succeeded Sartu.Edwards 1918 492 Germa Sor succeeded Bahar Asagad on list B, and succeeded Bazen on list E.Edwards 1918 493 172 SetwaGerma Asfare I 9 years 85–94 5585–5594 R Sutuwa or Satwa succeeded Masenh on list C and reigned for 9 years.Edwards 1918 492 Germa Asfare succeeded Germa Sor on list B, and succeeded Bahar Asagad on lists D and G.Edwards 1918 493 173 Adgala II 10 years and 6 months 94–104 5594–5604 R Succeeded Satwa or Sutuwa on list C and reigned for 10 years with either 2, 4, 6, or 7 months.Edwards 1918 493 174 Agba 6 monthsTaye Gabra Mariam's list states this king reigned for a full year. 104–105 5604–5605 R Succeeded Adgala on list C and reigned for 6 months.Edwards 1918 493 175 Serada 16 years 105–121 5605–5621 R Succeeded Germa Asfare on lists B and G.Edwards 1918 493 176 Malis II(Al) Ameda I 4 years 121–125 5621–5625 R Malik succeeded Agba on list C and reigned for 4, 6, or 7 years.Edwards 1918 493 "Malik" is a Semitic word for "king". The name Ameda or Al-Ameda appears on multiple earlier lists, but usually much later in chronological order. 177 Hakli IIKnown as Haqabi on Taye Gabra Mariam's list. This is likely due to a variation in the reading of the name as either "Hakli" (ሀክሊ) or "Hakabe" (ሀካቤ).Kulu SeyonCalled Nasohi Seyon instead on Tafari's list. 6 years 125–131 5625–5631 R Haqle succeeded Malik on list C and reigned for 13 or 14 years.Edwards 1918 493 Kuelu Lasyon or Kuelu Syon succeeded Sarada on lists A, B and G.Edwards 1918 493 This king was a scholar and fluent in the Greek language, but was also greedy and debauched.Morié 1904b 102 178 Hakli IIISergway 12 years 131–143 5631–5643 R Haqle succeeded Malik on list C and reigned for 13 or 14 years.Edwards 1918 493 Sarguay succeeded Kuelu Lasyon on lists A, D, and G, Germa Asfare on list B, and Germa Sor on list E.Edwards 1918 493 Hakli could be the Aksumite king Zoskales, the earliest known king of Axum who ruled in c. 100. Egyptologist Henry Salt and Ethiopian scholar Sergew Hable Selassie both theorised that Zoskales was the king known as "Za Haqala" or "Za Hakale" that appears on some Ethiopian regnal lists.Henry Salt https://archive.org/details/voyageAbyssinia00Salt/mode/2up A Voyage to Abyssinia W. Bulmer and Co. 1814 London 463Selassie 1972a 72 However, G.W.B. Huntingford felt that there is not enough evidence to support this identification.Paul B. Henze Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia New York Palgrave 2000 18 Earlier regnal lists state Hakli reigned for 13 years.Budge 1928a 209Dillmann 1853 343-344 According to Morié, this king was a conqueror and scholar who was fluent in the Greek language, and during his reign, the Ancient Greek religion became the official cult of Abyssinia, but his legacy was tarnished by debauchery and greed.Morié 1904b 102 179 Demahe IIZaray 10 years 143–153 5643–5653 R Demahe succeeded Haqle on list C and reigned for 10 years.Edwards 1918 493 Zaray succeeded Sarguay on lists A, B, D, E, and G.Edwards 1918 493 180 Awtet III 2 years 153–155 5653–5655 R Succeeded Demahe on list C and reigned for 2 years.Edwards 1918 493 181 (Ela) Bagamay 7 years 155–162 5655–5662 R Succeeded Zaray on lists A and G.Edwards 1918 493 Brother of Demahe Zaray.Morié 1904b 105 182 AwaduJan Asagad I 30 years 162–192 5662–5692 R Aweda succeeded Awtet on list C and reigned for 30 years.Edwards 1918 493 Jan Asgad succeeded Bagamay on lists A, D and G.Edwards 1918 493 Morié believed this was the king whose conquests were recorded on the Monumentum Adulitanum inscription.Morié 1904b 103 183 ZagunSeyon Hegez 5 years 192–197 5692–5697 R Zegen co-ruled with Rema according to list C, and they succeeded Aweda on this list, reigning for 4 or 8 years together.Edwards 1918 493 Seyon Hegez succeeded Djan Asgad on lists A, D and G.Edwards 1918 493 184 RemaSeyon Geza 3 years 197–200 5697–5700 R Rema co-ruled with Zegen according to list C, and they succeeded Aweda on this list, reigning for 4 or 8 years together.Edwards 1918 493 Seyon Geza succeeded Djan Asgad on lists B and E.Edwards 1918 493 185 Azagan IIMalbagad 7 years 200–207 5700–5707 R Mawa'al Genh or Ma'al Ganah succeeded Seyon Hegez on lists A and D.Edwards 1918 494 186 GafaleSaba Asagad I 1 year 207–208 5707–5708 R Gafale succeeded Zegen and Rema on list C and reigned for 1 year.Edwards 1918 493 Saba Asgad succeeded Zaray on list B and Seyon Geza on list E.Edwards 1918 493 187 Segay or SegayonBesi Sark 4 years 208–212 5708–5712 R Be'esi Sarq succeeded Gafale on list C and reigned for 4 years.Edwards 1918 493 188 GazaAgdur I 9 years 212–221 5712–5721 R Agdur succeeded Saf Arad on lists A, D, and G, and Seyon Geza on list B.Edwards 1918 494 Known as "Graza Agdour" in a list attached at the end of the Acta of Abreha and Atsbeha found in the Axum Zion Church, which also states he reigned for 8 years, from 212 to 221.Selassie 1972a 77 This king may be identifiable with the Aksumite king GDRT, who reigned at some point in the early third century AD. The name of this king could be a reference to Gaza in Palestine, which was promised by king Solomon to Makeda according to the Kebra Nagast.Budge 1922 40 189 Agduba or Agdur IIAsgwegwe 8 years 221–229 5721–5729 R Azguagua succeeded Be'esi Sarq on list C and reigned for 76 or 77 years.Edwards 1918 494 Known as "Agdour Asguagua" in a list attached at the end of the Acta of Abreha and Atsbeha found in the Axum Zion Church, which also states that he reigned for 8 years, from 221 to 229.Selassie 1972a 77 Some chronicles claim that a king named "Azguagua" was the son of a king named "Alada" and was converted to Christianity by Frumentius and his brother Edesius.Budge 1928a xi The 1922 regnal list ignores this tradition and instead dates the conversion of Ethiopia to Christianity in the reign of Ahywa Sofya. Peter Truhart identified this king with the Axumite king ʽDBH or "Adhebah".Truhart 1984 100 190 Saweza II 1 year 229–230 5729–5730 R Be'esi Saweza appears on list C and reigned for 1 year. His predecessor was Herka who is omitted from this list, and originally succeeded Azguagua on list C.Edwards 1918 494 Brother of Agduba Asgwegwe.Morié 1904b 68 191 Wakana(Queen) 2 daysTaye Gabra Mariam's list states this queen reigned for 2 months instead of 2 days. 230 5730 R Succeeded Be'esi Saweza on list C and reigned for 2 days.Edwards 1918 494 192 Hadaws 4 months 230 5730 R Succeeded Wakana on list C and reigned for 2, 4, or 9 months.Edwards 1918 494 193 (Ela San) SagalKnown as Ailassan Sagal on Tafari's list and Aslal Sen Segel on Taye Gabra Mariam's list.Rey 1927 268 3 years 230–233 5730–5733 R Succeeded Hadaws on list C and reigned for 3 years.Edwards 1918 494 Peter Truhart identified this king as the Axumite king Zoskales and dated the beginning of his reign to c. 210 or 220.Truhart 1984 100 194 AsfehiAsfeha I 14 years 233–247 5733–5747 R Asfeha succeeded Sagal on list C and reigned for 14 years.Edwards 1918 494 195 AtsgabaSeifa Arad I 6 years 247–253 5747–5753 R Segab succeeded Asfeha on list C and reigned for 23 years.Edwards 1918 494 Saifa Ared succeeded Mawa'al Genh on lists A, D, and G, and Agdur on list B. The name also appears on list E as the throne name of Tazer (no. 199 on this list).Edwards 1918 494 According to the Tarika Nagast (History of Kings), the father of Abreha and Atsbeha was king Sayfa-Ar'ed. 196 Ayba II 17 years 253–270 5753–5770 R Appeared on list C with 16 or 17 years of rule. He succeeded Samara (who is excluded from this list), who followed Asfeha.Edwards 1918 494 197 Saham ILakendun III 9 years 270–279 5770–5779 R Appears on list C with 9 years of rule. He succeeded Eskendi (excluded from this part of the 1922 list and instead included in the Tribe of Kam), who followed Ayba.Edwards 1918 494 Son of Ayba.Truhart 1984 100 198 Segab 10 years 279–289 5779–5789 R Succeeded Asfeha on list C and reigned for 23 years.Edwards 1918 494 Peter Truhart tentatively identified this king as the Axumite king Wazeba.Truhart 1984 100 This identification allows for Tafari's list to match with archaeological evidence that shows that Wazeba was succeeded by Ousanas, who Truhart identified with the next king Tazer. Truhart dated the beginning of this king's reign to c. 300 and stated his reign lasted for either 10 or 13 years.Truhart 1984 100 199 TazerTazena I or WozenaKnown as Tazena on most versions of the list, but at least one version of Heruy Wolde Selassie's list uses "Wozena" instead. 10 years 289–299 5789–5799 R Tazer succeeded and appeared on lists E and F as the predecessor of Abreha and Atsbeha.Edwards 1918 495 Some sources clam this king's throne name was Sayfa Arad.Budge 1928a 209 Father of Abreha and Atsbeha according to a book titled Gedle Abreha and Asbeha from the Church of Abreha wa-Atsbeha.Selassie 1972a 92 Peter Truhart identified this king with "Ela Ameda" or Ousanas.Truhart 1984 100 This identification allows for Tafari's list to match with archaeological evidence that shows Ousanas was succeeded by his wife Sofya as regent before their son became king of Axum. A king named Ameda reigned before Ahywa on list C and reigned for 30 years with 1, 6, or 8 months.Edwards 1918 495 200 AhywaSofya(Queen) 7 years 299–306 5799–5806 R Ahyawa was the immediate predecessor of Abreha and Atsbeha on list C, with 3 years of rule.Edwards 1918 495 Tafari's regnal list notes that "her regnal name was Sofya, and she was the mother of Abreha [and] Atsbeha".Rey 1927 269–270 According to an unpublished history of the kings of Axum, a queen named "Ahiyewa" was the mother of Abreha and Atsbeha, and she ruled for three years during the minority of her sons.Selassie 1972a 93 Wife of Tazer according to Gedle Abreha and Asbeha.Selassie 1972a 92 An Aksumite queen named Sofya ruled Axum as regent following the death of her husband Ousanas (otherwise known as Ella Allada) in c. 330. Her son was king Ezana. Peter Truhart de dated the beginning of this queen's reign to c. 325.Truhart 1984 100 Manfred Kropp de theorised that the story of Queen Ahywa Sofya and her sons Abreha and Atsbeha was modeled on Roman Empress Helena and her son Constantine I, and that the traditional date of the conversion of Ethiopia to Christianity (317) is deliberately placed before the time of the First Council of Nicaea.Kropp 2006 316 Christian Sovereigns "Chronological table of the Christian sovereigns who received baptism and followed completely the law of the Gospel."Rey 1927 269–270 Text accompanying this section in Taye Gabra Mariam's list: "in the 11th year these two brothers ruled, [317 E.C.] Christianity came to Ethiopia through Abba Salama Kasate [Birhan]."Gabra Maryam 1987 105 Text accompanying this section in Tafari's list: "In the year 327 [sic] after Jesus Christ – 11 years after the reign of these two sovereigns (mother and son) – the gospel was introduced to Ethiopia by Abba Salama, and the Queen Sofya, who was baptised, became a good Christian."Rey 1927 269–270 thumb|Church of Abreha and Atsbeha Brothers Abreha and Atsbeha are often cited in tradition as the first Christian kings of Ethiopia. According to Tyrannius Rufinus, Christianity was introduced to this region by Frumentius and his brother Edesius. They were sailing down the Red Sea with a Syrian merchant named Meropius when they landed on the coast, where they were seized by the native people, who spared the two brothers and took them to the king. Frumentius was made the king's chancellor, and Edesius was made cupbearer or butler. After the king's death, the widowed queen asked both men to stay until her son was grown up, and Frumentius assisted her in ruling the kingdom. During his time in power, Frumentius had many churches built and obtained facilities to allow more trade with Christians. Years later, Frumentius asked Athanasius, the Pope of Alexandria, to send a bishop to Abyssinia to teach the Christians there who had no leader. E. A. Wallis Budge believed that the brothers had initially arrived at Adulis.Budge 1928a 147–148 Tafari's regnal list reflects the above tradition by specifically crediting Frumentius, under the name of Aba Salama, with introducing Christianity during the rule of Queen Ahywa Sofya. According to Tyrannius Rufinus, the Axumites converted to Christianity during the reign of the Roman Emperor Constantine I (306–337).A Voyage to Abyssinia Henry Salt 1814 London W. Bulmer and Co. 464 https://archive.org/details/voyageAbyssinia00Salt/mode/2up Heruy Wolde Selassie's book Wazema provided a somewhat different explanation of the Christianisation of Ethiopia. According to him, Frumentius, known as Käsate Berhan ("Revealer of the Light (of Faith)"), went from Ethiopia to Alexandria in 309 E.C. and was appointed by Athanasius as Metropolitan of Ethiopia, where he returned in 330 and baptized the Ethiopians.Kropp 2006 326 Selassie also stated that according to the Synaxarium, Frumentius was sent to Egypt by Queen Sofya with letters for the Patriarch, arriving there before the Council of Nicaea (317 E.C.) but only returning to Ethiopia in 330.Kropp 2006 326 Peter Truhart believed that a "period of disintegration" began with the reign of Adhana I, during which there may have been multiple reigning monarchs at the same time.Truhart 1984 101 Truhart dated this period to c. 375–450. Truhart 1984 101 E. A. Wallis Budge previously stated that he believed there were "kinglets" who ruled parts of Ethiopia between 360 and 480, separate from other lines of kings. This theory was used to explain the substantial variation among Ethiopian regnal lists. Budge identified most of the monarchs from Adhana I to Lewi as "kinglets",Budge 1928a 259 while the later kings were those who appear more frequently on regnal lists. John Stewart's book African States and Rulers provides alternate reign dates and succession order for the monarchs from Abreha I to Del Na'od.African States and Rulers Stewart John McFarland 2005 0-7864-2562-8 London 23 This section of the list is the first to avoid using Louis J. Morié's Historie de l'Éthiopie for regnal names, order, and length. Instead, it relies almost entirely on earlier Ethiopian regnal lists. 1922 regnal list Notes No. Name(s)Rey 1927 269-270 Reign lengthRey 1927 269-270 Reign datesRey 1927 269-270 E.C. A.M. 201 Abreha IandAtsbeha I(Joint rule)Tafari's list mistakenly calls this reign the joint rule of Queen Sofya and 'Abreha Atsbeha', treating the brothers as one individual.Rey 1927 269 Both Taye Gabra Mariam's list and Heruy Wolde Selassie's list confirm this reign was the joint rule of the brothers Abreha and Atsbeha.Kropp 2006 326 26 years 306–332 5806–5832 Appeared on lists A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, and reigned for 27 years and 6 months on list C.Edwards 1918 495 Traditionally the first Christian monarchs of Ethiopia in the early 4th century.Hein Ewald http://archive.org/details/ethiopiachristia0000hein Ethiopia, Christian Africa : art, churches and culture 1999 Ratingen : Melina-Verlag 978-3-929255-28-7 99–100 They appear on all Regnal lists of Ethiopia that cover the Christian period. The names 'Abreha' and 'Atsbeha' may be corruptions of the names of Ezana and his brother Shiazana.Budge 1928a 151Kropp 2006 317 Egyptologist Henry Salt equated Abreha with Ezana and Atsbeha with Saizana.Salt 1814 461 However, E. A. Wallis Budge was sceptical of this and suggested the chroniclers deliberately avoided mentioning Ezana and Shizana and instead preferred to claim conversion took place through members of the so-called Solomonic line, which Ezana and Shizana may not have been part of.Budge 1928a 243 It is known that it was Ezana who was the first king to convert to Christianity, due to the teachings of Aba Salama. Despite this, Ezana is largely absent from many Ethiopian regnal lists."Ezana" article on Dictionary of African Christian Biography (http://www.dacb.org) Web site at 'ÉZANA, Ethiopia, Orthodox http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_ezana.html dead https://web.archive.org/web/20170505204458/http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_ezana.html 2017-05-05 2021-12-29 Stuart Munro-Hay theorized the story of Abreha and Atsbeha resulted from a confusion over two historical figures: the Aksumite king Kaleb, whose throne name was Ella Atsbeha, and the Aksumite general Abraha, who promoted Christianity in Yemen.Munro-Hay 1991 13, 205–206 According to Tafari, it was during this joint reign that Aba Salama introduced the Gospel to Ethiopia in 327, and Queen Ahwya Sofya was baptised.Rey 1927 269–270 Manfred Kropp de argued that this date was wrong and it should be 317.Kropp 2006 326f Some Ethiopian traditions state that it was in the year 333 that the people converted to Christianity.Budge 1928a 148 The version of this regnal list included in Heruy Wolde Selassie's Wazema dates the Christianization of Ethiopia to 327.Die traditionellen äthiopischen Königslisten und ihre Quellen Kropp Manfred IBAES 5 German 32 https://www.ibaes.de/ibaes5/publikation/ibaes5_kropp_koenigslisten.pdf Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) for Ezana from John Stewart: 325–356. Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) for Abreha and Atsbeha from John Stewart: 356–370. Peter Truhart dated Ezana's reign to c. 339–365 (26 years).Truhart 1984 101 Peter Truhart dated the beginning of Saizana's reign to c. 365 and believed he reigned 17 years.Truhart 1984 101 202The numbering on this list from this point onwards is one ahead of Tafari's list, due to his mistaken conflation of Abreha and Atsbeha as one ruler. Abreha Ior Atsbeha I(alone)Different versions of this list conflict with each other on which of the brothers ruled for 12 years by himself. Tafari's list and Heruy Wold Selassie's list both state that it was Atsbeha who ruled by himself, while Taye Gabra Mariam argued that it was Abreha who ruled by himself.Rey 1927 269 12 years 332–344 5832–5844 Atsbeha ruled alone according to lists A, C, and E, reigning for 12 years on list C and 15 years on list E, while Abreha ruled alone according to list B.Edwards 1918 495 203 Asfeha IIDalez 7 years 344–351 5844–5851 Asfeha succeeded Abreha and Atsbeha (joint rule) on lists B, D, and G, succeeded Atsbeha (sole rule) on lists C and E, reigning for 7 years on list C, and succeeded Abreha (sole rule) on list B.Edwards 1918 496 Dalez succeeded Abreha and Atsbeha on list F.Edwards 1918 495 One regnal list quoted by Pedro Páez stated Asfeha co-ruled with Arfed and Amsi, who were all brothers and divided each day into three parts so each could rule during a different part of the day.Páez 2008 104-105 204 Sahel II 14 years 351–365 5851–5865 Succeeded Asfeha on list C, reigning for 14 or One tradition states that this king was a co-ruler with Abreha and Atsbeha from 356 to 370, and that each day of their joint reign was divided into three parts, so that each king was absolute during a specific part of the day.Budge 1928a 259 Peter Truhart dated the beginning of this king's reign to c. 365 and theorized that he may be the same king as Saizana.Truhart 1984 101 205 ArfedGabra Maskal I 4 years 365–369 5865–5869 Arfed succeeded Asfeha on lists A, B, D, and E. Co-ruled with Amsi according to list A.Edwards 1918 496 The name Gabra Maskal appears on one version of list F following Sahel.Tubiana 1962 497 One regnal list quoted by Pedro Páez stated this king co-ruled with Asfeh and Amsi, who were all brothers and divided each day into three parts so each could rule during a different part of the day.Páez 2008 104-105 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 370–374. 206 Adhana I(Queen) 5 years 369–374 5869–5874 Succeeded Sahel on list C, reigning for 14 years.Edwards 1918 496 Name means "God renews him".Morié 1904b 138 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 374–379. 207 Riti 1 year 374–375 5874–5875 Succeeded Adhana on list C, reigning for 1 year.Edwards 1918 496 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 379–380. 208 Asfeha III 1 year 375–376 5875–5876 Succeeded Riti on list C, reigning for 1 year.Edwards 1918 496 Son of Asfeha or Arfed.Morié 1904b 138 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 380–381. 209 Atsbeha II 5 years 376–381 5876–5881 Succeeded Asfeha on list C, reigning for 5 years.Edwards 1918 496 Son of Asfeha.Morié 1904b 138 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 381–386. 210 Ameda IIName written as Amey on Tafari's list, but earlier regnal lists, as well as Taye Gabra Mariam's list, consistently refer to this king as "Ameda".Dillmann 1853 346-347 15 years 381–396 5881–5896 Succeeded Atsbeha on list C, reigning for 16 years.Edwards 1918 496 Second son of Asfeha.Morié 1904b 138 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 386–401. 211 Abreha II 7 months 396 5896 Succeeded Ameda on list C, reigning for 6 months.Edwards 1918 496 Some earlier regnal lists state this king ruled for 6 months.Dillmann 1853 346-347 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 401. 212 (Ela) Sahel IIIName written as Ilassahl on Tafari's list.Rey 1927 269 2 months 396 5896 Succeeded Abreha on list C, reigning for 2 months.Edwards 1918 496 According to one tradition, this king was murdered by his successor Ela Gabaz.Budge 1928a 259Truhart 1984 101 The king was known to be vain and proud and refused to allow his daughter Admas to be married to Ela Gabaz when he asked for her hand in marriage. The king died shortly after being imprisoned.Morié 1904b 138–139 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 401–402. 213 (Ela) Gabaz I 2 years 396–398 5896–5898 Succeeded Sahel on list C, reigning for 2 years.Edwards 1918 496 One Ethiopian tradition claims that Ela Gabaz killed his predecessor and married the king's daughter named Admas before proclaiming himself king.Budge 1928a 259 He had previously been ordered to be executed by Sahel after asking for his daughter's hand in marriage, but rose against him with an army.Morié 1904b 139 Ela Gabaz later married a pagan queen named Lab, who was from a neighbouring district. This resulted in Admas's brother, Shahel (or Suhal), rising, killing both Ela Gabaz and Lab, and proclaiming himself king.Budge 1928a 259 According to Morié, Ela Gobaz was the son of a district chief and his wife, named Farach, who was the daughter of a provincial governor. Gobaz had married Lab because he had conquered the country she ruled, and she was allowed to govern Ethiopia after their marriage. Gobaz's sister Ababa-Esat and their five cousins were sold as slaves to Yazdegerd I, ruler of the Sasanian Empire.Morié 1904b 139-140 Name means "Hero of God".Morié 1904b 139 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 402–404. 214 Sahel IVName written as Suhal on Tafari's list.Rey 1927 270 4 years 398–402 5898–5902 Succeeded Gabaz on list C, reigning for 1 or 4 years.Edwards 1918 496 Son of Sahel III. According to one tradition, this king was the brother-in-law of Ela Gabaz and slew him to become king. E. A. Wallis Budge dated the beginning of his reign to 394.Budge 1928a 259Truhart 1984 101 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 404–408. Peter Truhart dated the beginning of this king's reign to c. 395.Truhart 1984 101 215 Abreha III 10 years 402–412 5902–5912 Abreha and Adhana succeeded Sahel on list C as joint rulers for 16 years.Edwards 1918 496 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 408–418 (Abreha III) and 418–424 (Adhana II). Peter Truhart dated the beginning of this reign to c. 400.Truhart 1984 101 216 Adhana II(Queen) 6 years 412–418 5912–5918 217 Yoab 10 years 418–428 5918–5928 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 424–434. Unlike other kings in this section of the list, he did not appear on earlier regnal lists. He may be the historical Axumite king Ioel.Confusion may have been caused by the reading of the names "Iyoel" (ኢዮኤል) and "Iyoab" (ኢዮአብ). 218 Saham II 2 years 428–430 5928–5930 Succeeded Abreha and Adhana on list C, reigning for 28 or 18 years.Edwards 1918 496 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 434–436. 219 Ameda IIIName written as Amey II on Tafari's list, but earlier regnal lists, as well as Taye Gabra Mariam's list, consistently refer to this king as "Ameda".Dillmann 1853 346-347 1 year 430–431 5930–5931 Succeeded Saham on list C, reigning for 12 or 17 years.Edwards 1918 496 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 436–446. Peter Truhart identified this king with the Axumite king Sembrouthes.Truhart 1984 101 Truhart dated the beginning of this king's reign to c. 430 and believed he may have reigned for between 1 and 12 years.Truhart 1984 101 220 Sahel VAhzab 2 years 431–433 5931–5933 Succeeded Amida on list C, reigning for 2 years.Edwards 1918 496 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 446–448. 221 SebahMaharna Kristos I 3 years 433–436 5933–5936 Succeeded Sahel on list C, reigning for 2 years.Edwards 1918 496 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 448–451. 222 Saham III 2 years 436–438 5936–5938 Succeeded Sebah on list C, reigning for 15 years.Edwards 1918 496 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 451–466. Stewart lists the next king, Elagabaz II, as his co-ruler from 463 to 466. 223 (Ela) Gabaz II 6 years 438–444 5938–5944 Succeeded Saham on list C, reigning for 21 or 24 years.Edwards 1918 497 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 463–474. Stewart lists the previous king as his co-ruler from 463 to 466. Possibly the Axumite king WʽZB who reigned during the mid 6th century, also known as "Ella Gabaz" on an inscription where he states that he is the son of "Ella Atsbeha" or king Kaleb, who is placed much further down Tafari's list.G.W.B. Huntingford, The Historical Geography of Ethiopia (London: The British Academy, 1989), pp. 65f. 224 Agabe 1 year 444–445 5944–5945 Agabe and Lewi succeeded Gabaz on list C, reigning together for 2 or 4 years.Edwards 1918 497 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from E. A. Wallis Budge and John Stewart: 474–475. 225 Lewi 3 years 445–448 5945–5948 226 Ameda IVYaqob I 2 years 448–450 5948–5950 Ameda succeeded Agabe and Lewi on list C, reigning for 11 years.Edwards 1918 497 Yaqob succeeded Amida on list C, and co-ruled with Dawit for 3 years.Edwards 1918 497 The 1922 list, however, combines Amida and Yaqob as the same ruler. Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 475–486. John Stewart believes this king was Alla Amidas, who other historians believe reigned in the mid 6th century. Alternatively, this king may be Ousanas, also known as Ella Allada or Ella Amida, who reigned in the 4th century. Stewart lists joint kings Jacob and David (who do not appear on Tafari's list) as ruling between Alla Amidas and Armah from 486 to 489. E. A. Wallis Budge also confirmed one Ethiopian tradition that states that Yakob (Jacob) and Dawit (David) ruled jointly for three years following Alla Amidas.Budge 1928a 260 Alaqa Taye called this king "Ameda III (Yacob)", seemingly combining Yakob with Alla Amidas, and Dawit being combined with Armah. 227 Armah IDawit III 14 years 450–464 5950–5964 Armah succeeded Yaqob and Dawit on list C, reigning for 14 years, 6 or 7 months, and 7 or 8 days.Edwards 1918 497 Dawit succeeded Amida on list C, and co-ruled with Yaqob for 3 years.Edwards 1918 497 The 1922 list, however, combines Dawit and Armah as the same ruler. Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from E. A. Wallis Budge and John Stewart: 489–504.Budge 1928a 259–261 Peter Truhart stated this king ruled for between 6 and 14 years.Truhart 1984 101 228 Amsi 5 years 464–469 5964–5969 Succeeded Arfed on lists B, D, and E, and co-ruled with Arfed on list A as successor of Asfeha.Edwards 1918 496 Descendant of Adhana I.Truhart 1984 101 According to list A, Amsi was the brother of both Asfeha and Arfed (203 and 205 on this list).Edwards 1918 496 The 1922 regnal list, however, rejects the tradition by moving Amsi's reign much further down in chronological order. 229 SaladobaKnown as Salayba on Tafari's list. 9 years 469–478 5969–5978 Succeeded Amsi on lists B and E, and succeeded Arad (after Amsi) on lists A and G.Edwards 1918 497 Son of Amsi.Truhart 1984 101 According to the Tarika Nagast (History of Kings), it was during the reign of this king that the Nine Saints arrived in Ethiopia. 230 (Al) Ameda V 8 years 478–486 5978–5986 Succeeded Saladoba on lists A, B, E, and G.Edwards 1918 496-497 Son of Saladoba. Dillmann and Basset identified this king with Alla Amidas, during whose reign the Nine Saints came to Ethiopia.Dillmann 1853 348fBasset 1882 97 Peter Truhart stated this king ruled for between 8 and 30 years.Truhart 1984 101 231 Tazena IIEzana [sic]All known versions of the list use "Ezana" for this monarch, but this name refers to the much earlier king of Axum of the same name (likely the same person as Abreha I). This king is likely meant to be Zitana, father of Kaleb, according to some regnal lists. 7 years 486–493 5986–5993 Tazena succeeded Al-Ameda on lists A, B, D, E, and G.Edwards 1918 497 Zitana succeeded Armah on list C, reigning for 2 or 12 years.Edwards 1918 497 Some sources state that Zitana was the father of Kaleb.Dillmann 1853 346-347 Son of Alameda II/Ellamida. Despite sharing the same name as the Axumite king Ezana, he reigned much earlier than these dates. It is more likely this king is meant to be Tazena, father of Kaleb, the next king on this list. The king is also known by the name Zitana.Budge 1928a 261 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 504–505. Peter Truhart called this king "Ezana II", having previously acknowledged Abreha I as the same person as Ezana of Axum.Truhart 1984 101 List C states that a king named Yaqob reigned after Zitana for 9 or 12 years.Edwards 1918 497 This king is absent from the 1922 list. This king was sometimes called "Arwe" because of his cruelties and was defeated by 'Ella 'Asbeha, otherwise known as Kaleb.Budge 1928a 259–261 John Stewart dated the reign of "Jacob II" to 505–514. From Kaleb to Gedajan thumb|200px|Tomb of Kaleb and Gebre Meskel in Axum. "Dynasty of Atse (Emperor) Kaleb until Gedajan."Rey 1927 270 Tafari's version of this list marks a break with the reign of Kaleb, though earlier Ethiopian regnal lists did not do this. Tafari's list may mark a break here, as it lists Kaleb as the first 'Emperor' of Ethiopia. Louis J. Morié stated that Saint Elesbaan (another name for Kaleb) was the first to claim the title of "Emperor".Morié 1904b 13 However, Henry Salt believed that Menelik I was the first to use this title.Morié 1904b 13 According to a text named Tarika Nagast, the kings from Kaleb to Dil Na'od were each the son of the previous king (omitting Israel, Gedajan, and Gudit from its list of kings).Matthews Derek Mordini Antonio 1959 The Monastery of Debra Damo, Ethiopia https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/9AEB0451172235C1D12B4180885E6A92/S0261340900009930a.pdf/ithe-monastery-of-debra-damo-ethiopia.pdf Archaeologia 97 30 10.1017/S0261340900009930 Cambridge Core The text quotes the list of kings from a manuscript held in the church of Debre Damo. 1922 regnal list Notes No.Rey 1927 270–271 Name(s)Rey 1927 270–271 Reign lengthRey 1927 270–271 Reign datesRey 1927 270–271 E.C. A.M. 232 Kaleb 30 years 493–523 5993–6023 Succeeded Tazena on lists A, B, D, E, F, and G, reigning for 30 years on list F and 40 years on list E.Edwards 1918 497 On list C, he is known as Constantinos and succeeded Yaqob, who followed Zitana, and reigned for 28 years.Edwards 1918 497 Son of Zitana.Budge 1928a 261 Abdicated and entered a monastery.Selassie 1972a 143 He lived for another 12 years until he died of smallpox at the age of 70.Morié 1904b 144-159 First Abyssinian king to use the title of "Atse" or Emperor.Morié 1904b 144-159 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from E. A. Wallis Budge and John Stewart: 514–542.Budge 1928a 261 Peter Truhart dated this king's reign to c. 493–533.Truhart 1984 101 James Bruce on the other hand stated that this king came to power in 522.Budge 1928a 211 233 Za Israel 1 monthTaye Gabra Mariam's list does not give a reign length and only states this king's reign is "undocumentated". 523 6023 Successor of Constantinos/Kaleb on list C, and reigned for 1 or 8 months.Edwards 1918 497 Son of Kaleb.Selassie 1972a 159-160 Governor of AdwaBudge 1928a 264–265 or Himyar before his accession to the throne.Selassie 1972a 159 Various sources suggest that there was a struggle for the throne between Israel and his brother Gabra Maskal after the death or abdication of their father.Selassie 1972a 159-160 One source claims that Israel usurped the throne but dropped dead when the priests announced that Kaleb had chosen Gabra Maskal as his successor.Selassie 1972a 160 Another source claims that Israel became the leader of the Zar cult after failing to usurp the throne after his father's abdication.Selassie 1972a 160 However, a different source claims that it was his brother who usurped the throne, and Israel returned to Ethiopia to try to regain it, resulting in a long-lasting conflict.Selassie 1972a 160 Possibly the king who made peace with Abraha and formally recognised him as king of Himyar.Morié 1904b 159 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 542–550. Peter Truhart dated this king's reign to either 533 or 534.Truhart 1984 101 – Gebru [sic?] 1 month 523 6023 An additional king named on Taye Gabra Mariam's version of this list. Could be Gebre Krestos, a son of Kaleb who is only recorded on one known regnal list and a Ge'ez inscription.Selassie 1972a 159 Alternatively, this could simply be a throne name of Gebre Meskel.Selassie 1972a 159 This king's name could be an error.Gabra Maryam 1987 107 234 Gabra Maskal II 14 years 523–537 6023–6037 Succeeded Israel on list C, reigning for 14 years, and succeeded Kaleb on lists A, B, D, E, F, and G.Edwards 1918 497 Second son of Kaleb.Selassie 1972a 159-160 This king's name means "Servant of the Cross".Budge 1928a 265 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 550–564. E. A. Wallis Budge also believed that this king's reign began around 550.Budge 1928a 265 Peter Truhart dated this king's reign to 534–548.Truhart 1984 101 Built the Abba Garima Monastery in 560 according to Morié.Morié 1904b 159-160 235 KostantinosSahel VI 28 years 537–565 6037–6065 Succeeded Gabra Maskal on lists A, B, D, and G. Also succeeded Gabra Maskal on list E, on which he is called Yeshaq.Edwards 1918 497 Eldest son of Gabra Maskal.Morié 1904b 161Truhart 1984 101 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 564–578. Peter Truhart dated this king's reign to 548–576.Truhart 1984 101 236 Wasan SagadMaharna Kristos II 15 years 565–580 6065–6080 Succeeded Constantinos on list B and succeeded Wasan Sagad on list E.Edwards 1918 497 Son of Gabra MaskalDillmann 1853 348Truhart 1984 101 or Kostantinos.Morié 1904b 161 Exiled to Arabia.Morié 1904b 161 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 578–591. Wasan Sagad could be the king named Saifu in Chinese sources based on dating and a possible similarity in the names. Stuart Munro-Hay identified "Saifu" as a grandson of Kaleb.Munro-Hay 1991 93 237 Fere Sanay 23 years 580–603 6080–6103 Name means "the good fruit".Ludolf 1684 168 Succeeded Wasan Sagad on list B and Jan Asgad on lists A, D, and G.Edwards 1918 498 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 591–601. 238 Aderaz 20 years 603–623 6103–6123 Succeeded Fere Sanay on lists A, B, D, and G.Edwards 1918 498 This king's reign coincided with the Muslim Migration to Abyssinia in 620 E.C..Gabra Maryam 1987 107 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 601–623. 239 Akala Wedem 8 years 623–631 6123–6131 Succeeded Aderaz on list B.Edwards 1918 498 Taye Gabra Mariam stated this king reigned for 10 years, from 623 to 633 (Ethiopian dates). Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 623–633.Truhart 1984 101 This king became blind.Morié 1904b 170 240 Germa Asfare II 15 years 631–646 6131–6146 Succeeded Akala Wedem on lists A, B, D, and G but directly preceded Akala Wedem on list E.Edwards 1918 498 Taye Gabra Mariam stated this king reigned from 633 to 648 (Ethiopian dates). Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 633–648.Truhart 1984 101 Could be Aksumite king Gersem, who ruled at the beginning of the 7th century. 241 Zergaz 10 years 646–656 6146–6156 Succeeded Germa Asfare on lists A, B, D, and G.Edwards 1918 498 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 648–656.Truhart 1984 101 Taye Gabra Mariam stated this king ruled for 8 years, from 648 to 656 (Ethiopian dates). August Dillmann suggested this king's name was an alternate version of "Cyriacus".Dillmann 1853 347-349 242 Degna Mikael 26 years 656–682 6156–6182 Succeeded Zergaz on lists A, B, D and G but preceded Zergaz on list E.Edwards 1918 498 Name means "Minister of Saint Michael".Morié 1904b 171 Taye Gabra Mariam stated this king ruled for 21 years, from 656 to 677 (Ethiopian dates). Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 656–677.Truhart 1984 102 A manuscript from Debre Markos claims this ruler was a contemporary of Heraclius, though the dates on this list contradict this.Selassie 1972a 202 243 Baher Ekla 19 years 682–701 6182–6201 Succeeded Degna Michael on lists B and G and Zergaz on list F.Edwards 1918 498 Taye Gabra Mariam stated this king ruled for 14 years, from 677 to 691 (Ethiopian dates). Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 677–696.Truhart 1984 102 244 Gum 24 years 701–725 6201–6225 Succeeded Baher Ekla on lists B, E and F.Edwards 1918 498 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 696–720.Truhart 1984 102 Also known as "Hezba Seyon".Truhart 1984 102 245 Asgomgum 5 years 725–730 6225–6230 Succeeded Gum on list B, E and F.Edwards 1918 498 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 720–725.Truhart 1984 102 246 Latem 16 years 730–746 6230–6246 Succeeded Asguamgum on list B, E and F.Edwards 1918 498 According to Alaqa Taye Gabra Mariam's History of the People of Ethiopia, it was in the tenth year of this king's reign that a second group of the Weyto tribe, who had split from the earlier group 3,100 years before and settled in Egypt and Sudan, arrived in Ethiopia.Gabra Maryam 1987 15 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 725–741.Truhart 1984 102 247 Talatam 21 years 746–767 6246–6267 Succeeded Latem on lists B, E and F.Edwards 1918 498 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 741–762.Truhart 1984 102 248 Gadagosh or Oda Gosh 13 years 767–780 6267–6280 Succeeded Talatam on lists B, E and F.Edwards 1918 498 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 762–775.Truhart 1984 102 Also known as "Lul Sagad".Truhart 1984 102 249 AyzorEskikatir IIName translates to "until nooon". 7 hoursHeruy Wolde Selassie specified this king reigned for 7 hours, while Taye Gabra Mariam simply stated this king's reign lasted "until noon". Tafari's list states "half a day". 780 6280 Succeeded Oda Gosh on lists B, E and F.Edwards 1918 498 This king died due to suffocation by a crowd on the same day he was crowned, which is why it became illegal afterward to approach the emperor.Molvaer Reidulf K. 1998 The Defiance of the Tenth-Century Empress Yodït (Judith) of Ethiopia from an Unpublished Manuscript by Aleqa Teklé (Tekle-Ïyesus) of Gojjam https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931182 Northeast African Studies 5 1 52f 41931182 A barrier was thereafter placed before the emperor to prevent this from happening again.Morié 1904b 171 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 775.Truhart 1984 102 One manuscript from Gojjam claims that this king was the father of Gudit and had a wife named Makia Maryam, who was Gudit's mother.Selassie 1972b 115 Like Tafari's list, this manuscript states that Aizar only reigned for half a day and reigned two decades before Wudme Asfare (who is claimed to be Gudit's grandfather in other sources).Selassie 1972b 115 250 Dedem 5 years 780–785 6280–6285 Succeeded Ayzur on lists B, E and F.Edwards 1918 499 Name means "new blood".Morié 1904b 171 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 775–780.Truhart 1984 102 Also known as "Almaz Sagad".Truhart 1984 102 251 Wededem 10 years 785–795 6285–6295 Succeeded Dedem on lists B and F.Edwards 1918 499 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 780–790.Truhart 1984 102 252 Wudme Asfare 30 years 795–825 6295–6325 Succeeded Wededem on lists B and E.Edwards 1918 499 Some chronicles claim this king ruled or lived for 150 years.Selassie 1972b 115Dillmann 1853 349Basset 1882 98 An unpublished chronicle from Axum states that this king was the grandfather of Gudit through his daughter.Selassie 1972b 115Truhart 1984 102 Ethiopian historian Sergew Hable Selassie estimated that Wudme Asfare's 30-year reign took place from 792 to 822 AD.Selassie 1972b 115 Selassie felt that the actual reign dates could differ by as much as 100 years compared to written sources.Selassie 1972b 115 According to Morié, this king governed as a tyrant and was assassinated by a Muslim named Sindbad, who crushed his head with a large stone while he slept after getting drunk.Morié 1904b 171 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 790–820.Truhart 1984 102 253 Armah II 5 years 825–830 6325–6330 Succeeded Wedem Asfare on lists B and E.Edwards 1918 499 Also known as "Remha" or "Rema".Truhart 1984 102 According to Morié, Ethiopia suffered from plague, famine, and war during this king's reign. The king was also contemporary with Pope Jacob of Alexandria, who ordained Abuna Yohannes as the head of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, but he was forced to go back to Egypt.Morié 1904b 176-177 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 820–825.Truhart 1984 102 254 Degnajan 19 years and 1 monthTafari's list does not add month to this king's reign. 830–849 6330–6349 Succeeded Armah on lists B and E.Edwards 1918 499 At least one version of list B stated he reigned for 12 years.Edwards 1918 499 Knud Tage Anderson estimated this king's reign lasted from c. 925 to c. 945. One tradition claims this king died of thirst while visiting an Arab country.Anderson 2000 42 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart and Peter Truhart: 825–845.Truhart 1984 102 255 Gedajan 10 monthsReigned for a full year according to Tafari's list.> 849–850 6349–6350 Succeeded Degna Djan on list B.Edwards 1918 499 At least one version of list B stated he reigned for 9 years.Edwards 1918 499 Possibly an alternate name for Degnajan.Tamrat 1972 55 One tradition claims that Gedajan or Gidajan was the name of Anbase Wedem before he became king.Anderson 2000 43 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 845–846. Queen Gudit and her successors "Of the Reign of Gudit."Gabra Maryam 1987 109 Taye Gabra Mariam's list did not insert a break between Tazena and Kaleb and instead inserted one between Gedajan and Gudit.Gabra Maryam 1987 107, 109 According to legend, Gudit was a Jewish queen who usurped the throne for 40 years and destroyed churches in Axum. According to some traditions and regnal lists, she brought an end to the old Aksumite line and reigned after Dil Na'od.Henze Paul B. Layers of Time, A History of Ethiopia Palgrave 2000 1-4039-6743-1 New York 48Bruce Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile 1805 2 451–453 However some lists treat her reign as an interruption before the line was restored after her death.Anderson 2000 39 This regnal list follows the latter tradition and continues with two further kings of the old line before the Zagwe dynasty comes to power. Some traditions hold that Gudit is descended from the Aksumite line. Tafari's version of the list includes these three monarchs at the end of the previous section "Dynasty of Atse (Emperor) Kaleb until Gedajan" despite the heading clearly naming Gedajan as the end of this line.Rey 1927 271 1922 regnal list Notes No.Rey 1927 271 Name(s)Rey 1927 271 Reign lengthRey 1927 271 Reign datesRey 1927 271 E.C. A.M. 256 Gudit(Queen) 40 years 850–890 6350–6390 Also known as Esato, which means "Fire".Selassie 1972b 115 A regnal list quoted by Pedro Páez stated that Esato was a Jewish queen who reigned in Amhara while Gudit was a different queen who reigned in Tigray for 40 years and destroyed Churches in the region.Páez 2008 109 However, a different list quoted by August Dillmann instead claimed that Esato and Gudit were the same woman, and that the names were what they were known as in Amhara and Tigray respectively.Dillmann 1853 349-350 Sometimes known as Terdai Gobaz.Budge 1928a 214Truhart 1984 102 However, a list quoted by August Dillmann named her separately from Gudit/Esato and lists her after Del Naad and directly before the Zagwe dynasty.Dillmann 1853 350 This suggests that Terdai Gobaz is the same person as Masoba Warq. Moved the capital of Ethiopia to Lasta after sacking Axum.Salt 1814 472 Some Ethiopian traditions state that Gudit was a granddaughter of Wudme Asfare.Truhart 1984 102 Also known as Yodït, which may have been her real name.Molvaer Reidulf K. 1998 The Defiance of the Tenth-Century Empress Yodït (Judith) of Ethiopia from an Unpublished Manuscript by Aleqa Teklé (Tekle-Ïyesus) of Gojjam https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931182 Northeast African Studies 5 1 53f 41931182 The name "Gudit" is likely a nickname, as it means "the freak, the monster, the unnatural or unusual or surprising or strange one". Knud Tage Anderson argued that Gudit was the same woman as Masoba Warq, a daughter of Del Naad who married Mara Takla Haymanot, the founder of the Zagwe dynasty.Anderson 2000 31 However, he notes that a crucial difference is that Gudit is considered to be the predecessor of Anbase Wedem while Masoba Warq followed Dil Na'od, the last Axumite king.Anderson 2000 43 Scottish traveler James Bruce noted a version of the story of Gudit in which she was a cousin of Mara Takla Haymanot, who took over the rule of Ethiopia following the reigns of Gudit's successors and founded the Zagwe dynasty.Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (1805 edition), vol. 2, pp. 451–453 Bruce also recorded one legend that stated that Gudit was a princess and the wife of a governor of the district of Bugna who wanted to overthrow the Christian religion and place her infant son on the throne. According to this version of the story, Gudit had 400 royal princes killed, and Del Naad (who was an infant) was taken to Shewa as the last survivor of his line.Budge 1928a 213 Pedro Páez and Manuel de Almeida mentioned a different version of the legend where Gudit was a woman who ruled the kingdom of Tigray for 40 years, destroying all the churches there and was followed by Anbase Wedem.G.W.B. Huntingford, "'The Wealth of Kings' and the End of the Zāguē Dynasty", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 28 (1965), p. 6 A different queen named Esato was said to have ruled in Amhara and was part of "a generation of traitors". Esato however does not appear on the 1922 regnal list. Yet another legend claims that Gudit was a poor girl who came to Axum and became a prostitute. A priest who slept with her stole a piece of golden curtain from the Siyon church's treasury, turned it into golden shoes, and gave them to her. The priest was declared innocent of this theft because Gudit was blamed for tempting him, and she was then punished to have her right breast removed and be exiled. She met a Jewish Syrian prince named Zanobis, who pitied her and married her; she then converted to Judaism. Together, they destroyed the city of Axum and were able to do so because the king, Degnajan, had perished of thirst while visiting an Arab country.Anderson 2000 40 Gudit's historicity is confirmed in the writings of the traveller Ibn Hawqal, who mentions that Ethiopia (called "the country of the Habasha") had been ruled by a woman for many years by the time of his visit and that she assumed power after killing the previous king.Tamrat 1972 39 Ibn Hawqal's travels took place between 943 and 977, which would mean that Gudit's reign is dated later than what is suggested on this list. Ibn Hawqal stated the queen had ruled for around 30 years by the time of his travels, meaning her reign began by 947 at the latest.Anderson 2000 33 A chronicle called History of the Patriarchs of the Egyptian Church also confirms Gudit's historicity. The chronicle quotes a letter written in c. 980 to the patriarch of Alexandria that refers to a "Queen of the Bani al-Hamwiah" who imprisoned many Ethiopians and destroyed churches. The Ethiopian king had also been driven out. The queen's reign came to an end when the patriarch Philotheos sent a new Metropolitan bishop to Ethiopia.Anderson 2000 31–34 Knud Tage Anderson argued that the negative portrayal of Gudit was a creation of later times. He believed that Gudit/Yodit had been a member of the royal family and had taken power after the disappearance of King Degnajan's army and his death of thirst in Arabia. He also argued that she may have saved the country from political disaster, just as the biblical Judith had saved her people from disaster. He noted that Ibn Haqwal's description of Gudit/Yodit was positive and even in admiration of this queen.Anderson 2000 42 E. A. Wallis Budge dated Gudit's accession to roughly 300 years before the beginning of Yekuno Amlak's reign (c. 970).Budge 1928a 154 Taddesse Tamrat dated the beginning of Gudit's reign to c. 945.Anderson 2000 33 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 846–885. Sometimes known as "Ga'wa", but this is likely a conflation with the much later Tigray queen Ga'ewa from the sixteenth century.Selassie 1972b 115 257 Anbase Wedem 20 years 890–910 6390–6410 Succeeded Degna Djan on lists A, D, E, and G and Geda Djan on list B.Edwards 1918 499 Last ruler of Axum before the Zagwe dynasty according to list A.Edwards 1918 499 One tradition states he succeeded his father Degnajan but roamed from mountain to mountain to escape Gudit.Anderson 2000 43 According to Taye Gabra Mariam's History of the People of Ethiopia, this king took revenge against the Ethiopian Jews after they had helped Gudit burn churches in Aksum and overthrow the kingdom.Gabra Maryam 1987 53 A group of Jews had entered Ethiopia from Egypt before Gudit's reign.Gabra Maryam 1987 53 Peter Truhart stated this king had been a "pretender" to the throne from 875 until his accession in 885.Truhart 1984 102 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 885–905. 258 Dil NaadMaday 10 years 910–920 6410–6420 Succeeded Anbasa Wedem on lists B, D, E, and G, reigning for 40 years on list E.Edwards 1918 499 Last ruler of Axum according to lists B, D, E, F, and G.Edwards 1918 499 Son of Anbase Wedem according to the Tarika Nagast. Some traditions, however, state he was a son of Degennajan and a younger brother of Anbase Wedem. Maiday is a name that appears on some regnal lists, usually those which name further Axumite kings after Del Naad.Dillmann 1853 349-350 Alternate reign dates (Gregorian) from John Stewart: 905–c. 950. James Bruce stated that this king's reign ended in 960.Budge 1928a 211 Henry Salt dated the end of this king's reign to c. 925.Salt 1814 472 Zagwe Dynasty thumb|The Zagwe kingdom in c. 1200 "Sovereigns issued from Zagwe."Rey 1927 271 This dynasty was of Agaw descent and assumed power after the Aksumite line ended.Munro-Hay 2006 75 In Ethiopian tradition, they are not considered to be descendants of Solomon and are therefore considered illegitimate, being omitted from some regnal lists altogether.Budge 1928a 205, 213 Ghelawdewos Araia disagreed with the idea that the Zagwe kings were usurpers and instead argued that they "continued the material and spiritual culture" of Axum. Sergew Hable Selassie noted that lists of Zagwe kings often fall into three categories, which he called the "short", "long", and "longer" versions, which contain 5, 9, 11, or 16 names.Selassie 1972a 240-241 The total duration of the Zagwe dynasty ranges from 143 to 354 years across these lists.Selassie 1972a 240-241 The 1922 list uses the "long" version with 11 names and totals 333 years for this dynasty. Carlo Conti Rossini theorized that the Zagwe dynasty was founded shortly before 1150, rather than in the 10th century.G.W.B. Huntingford, "'The Wealth of Kings' and the End of the Zāguē Dynasty", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 28 (1965), p. 8 James Bruce theorized that five kings of this dynasty were Jewish and descendants of Gudit, while the other six kings were Christians and originated from Lasta.Budge 1928a 214 Bruce specifically named Tatadim, Jan Seyum, Germa Seyum, Harbai and Mairari as the "Pagan" or Jewish kings, while Mara Takla Haymanot, Kedus Harbe, Yetbarak, Lalibela, Yemrehana Krestos and Na'akueto La'ab (in these chronological orders) were Christians.Budge 1928a 218 One tradition claims that Na'akueto La'ab abdicated the throne in favour of Yekuno Amlak. If this were the case, then, according to Budge's theory, the dynasty may have continued to claim the title of Negus until c. 1330, with their descendants governing Lasta for centuries thereafter.Budge 1928a 284 The following list includes seven consecutive kings ruling for 40 years each. This is also reported in other regnal lists, although there is no definitive evidence that these seven kings ruled for exactly this number of years. The suspiciously round numbers given for their reign lengths suggest certain gaps in Ethiopia's history that were filled in by extending the reigns of the Zagwe kings. See Zagwe regnal lists for more information on the alternate lines of succession for this dynasty. 1922 regnal list Notes No.Rey 1927 265–266 Name(s)Rey 1927 265–266 Reign lengthRey 1927 265–266 Reign datesRey 1927 265–266 E.C. A.M. 259 Mara Takla HaymanotZagwe 13 years 920–933 6420–6433 Reigned for 3, 15, or 40 years according to some earlier lists.Selassie 1972a 240-241 Ethiopian traditions differ on the exact circumstances around the rise of the Zagwe dynasty. One tradition states that Mara married Masoba Warq, a daughter of Dil Na'od, and overthrew him to become king. According to this tradition, Mara Takla Haymanot was a high-ranking official before taking the throne.Tamrat 1972 53Anderson 2000 31 Another tradition states that Dil Na'od was instead overthrown by Gudit, and she was succeeded by several of her own family before her cousin Mara ascended to the throne.James Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (1805 edition), vol. 2 pp. 451–453 Knud Tage Anderson argued that Masoba Warq and Gudit were the same woman.Anderson 2000 31 According to Taye Gabra Mariam's History of the People of Ethiopia, the Oromo people arrived in Ethiopia in the tenth year of this king's reign.Gabra Maryam 1987 63 According to Morié, this king moved the capital to Roha, which later became Lalibela.Morié 1904b 184 It was during this king's reign that a new Abuna was ordained by Coptic Patriarch Philotheos for the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.Morié 1904b 184 260 Tatawdem 40 years 933–973 6433–6473 Elder son of Mara Takla Haymanot.Tamrat 1972 56n Reigned for 10 years according to some earlier lists.Selassie 1972a 240-241 E. A. Wallis Budge dated the reigns of the first two kings of this dynasty to c. 992–1030 based on the reign lengths of 3 and 40 years that are given for these kings on some regnal lists.Budge 1928a 279 Name means "Blood of the Sun".Morié 1904b 185 According to Morié, the Abuna Daniel refused to crown Tatadim upon his accession due to considering him a usurper.Morié 1904b 185 This resulted in Tatadim asking Philotheos for a new Abuna, but this could not be done without the consent of the current Abuna.Morié 1904b 185 Abuna Daniel was later thrown in prison by the vizier of the Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah of Egypt.Morié 1904b 185 261 Jan Seyum 40 years 973–1013 6473–6513 Son of Mara Takla Haymanot.Tamrat 1972 56 Reigned for 20 years according to some lists.Selassie 1972a 240-241 Name means "Fear of the Divine majesty".Morié 1904b 189 According to Morié, this king had a wife named Masqal Gabra, and they had three children, two sons named Kedus Harbe and Lalibala and one daughter.Morié 1904b 189 262 Germa Seyum 40 years 1013–1053 6513–6553 Son of Mara Takla Haymanot.Tamrat 1972 56 Reigned for 20 years according to some lists.Selassie 1972a 240-241 Name means "Fear of the Divine name".Morié 1904b 187 263 Yemrhana Kristos 40 years 1053–1093 6553–6593 Son of Germa Seyum. Name means "May Christ forgive us".Morié 1904b 187 According to Morié, in 1060 Pope Cyril II of Alexandria ordained Abuna Sawiros as the head of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church after being forced to do so by Badr al-Jamali, the vizier of Caliph al-Mustansir Billah in Egypt.Morié 1904b 187 The Pope had initially chosen a different man named Cyril, but he was accused by Badr al-Jamali as bringing Muslims into his home for drinking wine, which is forbidden in Islam.Morié 1904b 187 The Pope then sent a different man named Severus, who Morié describes as a "protege" of Badr al-Jamali.Morié 1904b 187–188 Upon the arrival of Severus, Bishop Cyril took his belongings and fled to Dahlak, only to be found and sent to Cairo in 1086 to be executed.Morié 1904b 188 Severus attempted to convert Abyssinia to Islam and had seven mosques built, but these were later demolished.Morié 1904b 188 Morié dated his birth to 1030 and his death at the age of 80 to 1110.Morié 1904b 188 264 Kedus ArbeKnown as Saint Arbe on Taye Gabra Mariam's list.Gabra Maryam 1987 109 40 years 1093–1133 6593–6633 Son of Jan Seyum. Name means "Holy Warrior". Had a son named Na'akueto La'ab with a Lasta princess.Morié 1904b 189 265 Lalibala 40 years 1133–1173 6633–6673 Son of Jan Seyum. His throne name was Gebre Meskel. 266 Nacuto Laab 40 years 1173–1213 6673–6713 Son of Kedus Harbe. Reigned for 48 years according to some earlier lists.Selassie 1972a 240-241 This king's name means "Let us give thanks to the Father".Budge 1928a 283 According to Morié, the king usurped the throne after the death of Lalibala and later died at the age of 70 in 1268.Morié 1904b 194 267 Yatbarak 17 years 1213–1230 6713–6730 Son of Lalibala.Tamrat 1972 56 Reigned for 9 or 40 years according to some earlier lists.Selassie 1972a 240-241 Heruy Wolde Selassie believed this king was the last of the Zagwe line. E. A. Wallis Budge theorized this king died in c. 1290 after a reign of 22 years if the tradition of Na'akueto La'ab abdicating in favour of Yekuno Amlak is to be believed.Budge 1928a 284 268 Mayrari 15 years 1230–1245 6730–6745 Son of Yetbarak.Morié 1904b 198 E. A. Wallis Budge theorized that this king died in c. 1308 after a reign of 15 or 18 years if the tradition of Na'akueto La'ab abdicating in favour of Yekuno Amlak is to be believed.Budge 1928a 284 269 Harbay 8 years 1245–1253 6745–6753 Taye Gabra Mariam stated this king ruled for 10 years, from 1245 to 1255. E. A. Wallis Budge theorized that this king died in c. 1330 after a reign of 20 or 23 years if the tradition of Na'akueto La'ab abdicating in favour of Yekuno Amlak is to be believed.Budge 1928a 284 Possibly the same king as Kedus Harbe.Morié 1904b 189 Claimants during the Zagwe period thumb|150px|The Shewa province in Ethiopia "Chronological table of the 8 generations of an Israelitish dynasty, who were not raised to the throne, during the period of the reign of the posterity of the Zagwe."Rey 1927 271 This section does not appear in Taye Gabra Mariam's version of the list but is included in Tafari's. Tafari, however, provided no background information, reign dates, or lengths for this line of kings. E. A. Wallis Budge explained these kings reigned at Shewa and were descendants of Dil Na'od.Budge 1928a 218 Henry Salt likewise noted the Axumite royal family fled to Shewa after Axum was destroyed by Gudit and reigned there for 330 years until the accession of Yekuno Amlak.Salt 1814 472 A manuscript from Dabra Libanos included a list that numbered a total of 44 kings and a woman named Masoba Warq.Budge 1928a 218–219 In some traditions, Masoba Warq, whose name means "golden basket",Anderson 2000 42 is claimed to be a daughter of Dil Na'od who married Mara Takla Haymanot.Tamrat 1972 53 She supposedly married him against her father's will, and together they took the throne.Anderson 2000 31 A different regnal list from Debre Damo lists all of these kings as rulers of the Zagwe dynasty instead. This list begins the dynasty with a king named "Zagwe", followed by king named "Del Na'ad" (apparently different from the Axumite king of the same name) and then provides the following eight kings as his successors. The description of this dynasty as an "Israelitish" dynasty refers to the Ethiopian monarchy's claimed descent from Solomon. Yekuno Amlak would claim his descent from king Solomon through this line of kings (see Emperors of Ethiopia Family Tree). Each king is the son of the previous one.Morié 1904b 182 NameRey 1927 271 Notes Mahbara Wedem Son of Dil Na'od.Morié 1904b 182 The Debre Damo regnal list instead claims this king's father was called Del Na'ad, but was a different man from the Axumite king of the same name. Peter Truhart dated the beginning of this king's reign to c. 920Truhart 1984 102 while Louis J. Morié believed his reign did not begin until after 980.Morié 1904b 182 Name means "blood abundant in riches".Morié 1904b 182 Agba Seyon Name means "Restore Zion".Morié 1904b 182 Senfa Arad Morié dated this king's reign to c. 1110.Morié 1904b 182 Nagash Zare Name means "Royal seed".Morié 1904b 182 Peter Truhart dated this king's reign to after 1000.Truhart 1984 103 Morié dated this king's reign to c. 1150–1190 and claimed he sent an embassy to Pope Alexander III in 1177.Morié 1904b 182 Asfeh Peter Truhart dated this king's reign to after 1000.Truhart 1984 103 Morié dated this king's reign to c. 1200.Morié 1904b 182 Yakob Son of Asfeh.Morié 1904b 182 Bahar Asagad Name means "Venerable as the sea" or "Who guards the sea".Morié 1904b 182 Peter Truhart dated this king's reign to after 1100.Truhart 1984 103 Henry Salt listed an additional king named "Asgud" between Bahr Asagad and Edem Asagad.Henry Salt https://archive.org/details/voyageAbyssinia00Salt/mode/2up A Voyage to Abyssinia W. Bulmer and Co. 1814 London 473 Morié also mentioned a king named "Asged" who, on some regnal lists, was confused with his predecessor under the name "Birasgud-Asgud".Morié 1904b 182 Edem Asagad Reigned directly before Yekuno Amlak.Budge 1928a 218Truhart 1984 103Morié 1904b 182 Peter Truhart dated this king's reign to c. 1210–1255.Truhart 1984 103 Morié believed this king died in either 1255 or 1258.Morié 1904b 182 Dynasty of Yekuno Amlak Solomonic dynasty thumb|17th century painting of Yekuno Amlak. Heading on Tafari Makonnen's List: "Chronological table of the sovereigns from Yekuno Amlak, Emperor, and of his posterity, all issued from the ancient dynasties which were raised to the throne".Rey 1927 272 Heading on Taya Gabra Mariam's List: "Reign of As'e Yekuno Amlak and his descendants".Gabra Maryam 1987 109 Emperor Yekuno Amlak defeated the last king of the Zagwe dynasty in 1270 (G.E.). His dynasty claimed descent from Solomon, Makeda, and Menelik I through the line of kings of Shewa who reigned during the Zagwe period and were themselves descended from Dil Na'od. Historian Manfred Kropp de was sceptical of the way this dynasty is often referred to as the "Solomonic" or "Solomonid" dynasty, which he believes was a creation of European Renaissance scholars. He noted that Ethiopian chronicles refer to the throne of the monarchy as the "Throne of David", not Solomon.Kropp 2006 303 The 1922 regnal list makes no direct reference to this dynasty being called the "Solomonic" line, only that it was descended from earlier ancient dynasties. The so-called Solomonic dynasty is historically verified. Still, the dates on this regnal list do not always align with the dates generally accepted by historians, even when accounting for the 7- or 8-year gap between the Ethiopian calendar and the Gregorian calendar. The page for the List of Emperors of Ethiopia contains the conventional dates used by historians for the reigns of individual monarchs. 1922 regnal list Notes No.Rey 1927 272 NameRey 1927 272 Reign lengthRey 1927 272 Reign datesRey 1927 272 E.C. A.M. 270 Yekuno Amlak 15 years 1253–1268 6753–6768 Son of Edem Asagad. Name means "There shall be to him sovereignty".Budge 1928a 285 While many historians accept that Yekuno Amlak became ruler of Ethiopia after defeating the last Zagwe king at the Battle of Ansata, James Bruce related a different tradition where the monk Tekle Haymanot persuaded Na'akueto La'ab to abdicate in favour of Yekuno Amlak, who was reigning at Shewa, where a line of princes from Dil Na'od had continued to rule after the original Solomonic line was deposed by Gudit.Budge 1928a 216 Taye Gabra Mariam stated this king ruled for 13 years, from 1255 to 1268. 271 Yagbeo Seyon 9 years 1268–1277 6768–6777 Son of Yekuno Amlak. Name means "He [God] shall bring back Zion".Budge 1928a 287 272 Senfa Arad II 1 year 1277–1278 6777–6778 Son of Yagbe'u Seyon. E. A. Wallis Budge called this king Senfa 'Ar'ed IV, acknowledging the reigns of Akaptah Tsenfa Ared (no. 167), Atsgaba Seifa Arad (no. 195), and the unnumbered Tsinfa Arad from the Israelite dynasty on Tafari's list.Budge 1928a 287 273 Hesba Asagad 1 year 1278–1279 6778–6779 Son of Yagbe'u Seyon. 274 Qedma Asagad 1 year 1279–1280 6779–6780 Son of Yagbe'u Seyon or Yekuno Amlak. 275 Jan Asagad II 1 year 1280–1281 6780–6781 Son of Yagbe'u Seyon. Name means "venerable majesty".Morié 1904b 169 276 Saba Asagad II 1 year 1281–1282 6781–6782 Son of Yagbe'u Seyon. E. A. Wallis Budge called this king Sab'a Asgad (II), acknowledging the reign of Gafali Seb Asagad (no. 186).Budge 1928a 287 277 Wedma Arad 15 years 1282–1297 6782–6797 Son of Yekuno Amlak. 278 Amda Seyon I 30 years 1297–1327 6797–6827 Son of Wedem Arad. Name means "Pillar of Zion".Budge 1928a 287 279 Saifa Arad II 28 years 1327–1355 6827–6855 Son of Amda Seyon I. More commonly known as Newaya Krestos. "Saifa Ared" was his throne name. 'Newaya Krestos' means "Vessel of Christ".Budge 1928a 298 280 Wedma Asfare 10 years 1355–1365 6855–6865 Son of Newaya Krestos. More commonly known as Newaya Maryam. "Wedma Asfare" was his throne name. 281 Dawit IV 30 years 1365–1395 6865–6895 Son of Newaya Krestos. 282 Tewodros I 4 years 1395–1399 6895–6899 Son of Dawit I. 283 Yishaq 15 years 1399–1414 6899–6914 Son of Dawit I. 284 Andreyas 6 months 1414 6914 Son of Yeshaq I. 285 Hezba Nan 4 years and 6 months 1414–1418 6914–6918 Son of Dawit I. More commonly known as Takla Maryam. "Hezbe Nañ" was his throne name. 'Takla Maryam' means 'Plant of Mary'.Budge 1928a 302 286 Badel Nan 6 months 1418–1419 6918–6919 Son of Takla Maryam. This emperor's actual name was "Sarwe Iyasus" and his throne name is usually known to be "Mehreka Nan". The name "Badel Nan" is, however, used in some sources, such as a manuscript held in the Debre Damo monastery. "Sarwe Iyasus" means "Prop of Jesus".Budge 1928a 303 Taye Gabra Mariam stated this king ruled for 1 year and 6 months, from 1418 to 1419. 287 Amda IyasuMistakenly named Amde Tseyon on Tafari's list.Rey 1927 272 7 years 1419–1426 6919–6926 Son of Takla Maryam. This emperor is usually known as "Amda Iyasus"; however, some sources, such as a manuscript held in Debre Damo, give the name "Amda Seyon". Amda Iyasus likely only reigned for less than a year, but some sources have listed a longer 7-year reign. 288 Zara Yaqob 34 years 1426–1460 6926–6960 Son of Dawit I. 289 Baida MaryamKnown as Bede Mariam on Taye Gabra Mariam's list. 10 years 1460–1470 6960–6970 Son of Zara Yaqob. "Baeda Maryam" means "he who is in the hand of Mary".Budge 1928a 312 290 Eskender 16 years and 5 monthsTafari's list does not list any additional months to the reign years. 1470–1486 6970–6986 Son of Baeda Maryam I. 291 Amda Seyon II 1 year and 6 monthsTafari's list does not list any additional months to the reign years. 1486–1487 6986–6987 Son of Eskender. 292 Naod 13 years 1487–1500 6987–7000 Son of Baeda Maryam I. The Ethiopian-Adal war thumb|The Horn of Africa in c. 1540, at the height of the Ethiopian-Adal war. Ethiopian-Adal war Text accompanying this section on Tafari's list:Rey 1927 272 "Elevation to the throne of Atse (Emperor) Lebna Dengel, and the invasion of Ethiopia by Gran" "Fifteen years after Atse (Emperor) Lebna Dengel came to the throne Gran devastated Ethiopia for fifteen years." The following three kings were placed in a separate section on Tafari's list, likely because Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi conquered three-quarters of Ethiopia during this period. Taye Gabra Mariam's list, however, made no such break.Gabra Maryam 1987 110-111 Tafari's list states that 15 years after Lebna Dengel ascended the throne, "Gran devastated Ethiopia for fifteen years".Rey 1927 272 Taye Gabra Mariam used the same dating.Gabra Maryam 1987 81 Historians, however, accept the Gregorian dates for the Ethiopian–Adal war as 1529–1543, beginning 22 years after the start of Lebna Dengel's reign instead. 1922 regnal list Notes No.Rey 1927 272 NameRey 1927 272 Reign lengthRey 1927 272 Reign datesRey 1927 272 E.C. A.M. 293 Lebna Dengel 32 years 1500–1532 7000–7032 Son of Na'od. "Lebna Dengel" means "incense of the virgin".Budge 1928a 325 Taye Gabra Mariam stated this king ruled for 30 years, from 1500 to 1530. This results in all kings until Sarsa Dengel having their reign dates pushed back by 2 years compared to Tafari's list. 294 Galawdewos 19 years 1532–1551 7032–7051 Son of Lebna Dengel. 295 Minas 4 years 1551–1555 7051–7055 Son of Lebna Dengel. Gondarine period thumb|Fasil Ghebbi in Gondar, founded by Emperor Fasilides Gondar was chosen by Emperor Fasilides to be the capital of the Ethiopian empire in 1636. The so-called "Gondarine period" usually refers to the period between Fasilides' accession in 1632 and the Zemene Mesafint in 1769. Some historians choose to begin the "Gondarine line" of the Solomonic dynasty with Susenyos I. Tafari's version of this regnal list places the rulers from Sarsa Dengel to Tekle Giyorgis I into a separate dynasty called the "House of Gondar".Rey 1927 273 The emperors from Sarsa Dengel to Za Dengel were grouped with the Gondarine emperors likely because Sarsa Dengel moved the centre of the Ethiopian empire away from Shewa to the Begemder province, where Gondar is located.Kaplan Steven The Beta Israel July 1992 88 NYU Press 9780814748480 https://books.google.com/books?id=nIfvG-3mcK0C Taye Gabra Mariam's version of this list did not place these emperors into a separate dynasty and instead simply stated that Fasilides founded Gondar.Gabra Maryam 1987 111 The two versions of this list by Tafari Makonnen and Taye Gabra Mariam differ noticeably in the dating of the Gondarine monarchs' reigns. The table below contains both sets of dates. The regnal list omitted Susenyos II, who reigned briefly in 1770 (G.C.). Susenyos II was said to be an illegitimate son of Iyasu II, but his claims were dubious, and this is the most likely reason for his omission. 1922 regnal list Notes No.Rey 1927 273 Name(s)Rey 1927 273 Reign lengthRey 1927 273 Reign datesRey 1927 273 E.C. A.M. 296 Sarsa Dengel 34 years 1555–1589 (T.M.)1553–1587 (G.M.) 7055–7089 (T.M.)7053–7087 (G.M.) Son of Menas. "Sarsa Dengel" means "sprout of the virgin".Budge 1928b 359 297 Yaqob II 9 years (T.M.)7 years (G.M.) 1589–1598 (T.M.)1587–1594 (G.M.) 7089–7098 (T.M.)7087–7094 (G.M.) Son of Sarsa Dengel. Yakob's reign was divided into 2 parts, interrupted by the brief reign of Za Dengel. However, this regnal list places Za Dengel as a direct successor at the end of Yakob's uninterrupted 9-year reign. 298 Za Dengel 1 year 1598–1599 (T.M.)1594–1595 (G.M.) 7098–7099 (T.M.)7094–7095 (G.M.) Nephew of Sarsa Dengel. 299 Susenyos 28 years 1599–1627 (T.M.)1595–1623 (G.M.) 7099–7127 (T.M.)7095–7123 (G.M.) Grandson of Lebna Dengel. 300 Fasil 35 years (T.M.)36 years (G.M.) 1627–1662 (T.M.) 1623–1659 (G.M.) 7127–7162 (T.M.) 7123–7159 (G.M.) Son of Susenyos I. 301 Yohannes IKnown as Degu-Johannis on Tafari's list, meaning "Yohannes the Good".Rey 1927 273 Known as Yohannes the Kind on Taye Gabra Mariam's list.Gabra Maryam 1987 111 15 years 1662–1677 (T.M.)1659–1674 (G.M.) 7162–7177 (T.M.)7159–7174 (G.M.) Son of Fasilides. 302 Adyam SagadIyasu I 25 years (T.M.)24 years (G.M.) 1677–1702 (T.M.)1674–1698 (G.M.) 7177–7202 (T.M.)7174–7198 (G.M.) Son of Yohannes I. 303 Takla Haymanot I 2 years 1702–1704 (T.M.)1698–1700 (G.M.) 7202–7204 (T.M.)7198–7200 (G.M.) Son of Iyasu I. 304 Tewoflos 3 years 1704–1707 (T.M.)1700–1703 (G.M.) 7204–7207 (T.M.)7200–7203 (G.M.) Son of Fasilides. 305 Yostos 4 years (T.M.)5 years (G.M.) 1707–1711 (T.M.)1703–1708 (G.M.) 7207–7211 (T.M.)7203–7208 (G.M.) Great-grandson of Yohannes I. 306 Dawit V 5 years 1711–1716 (T.M.)1708–1713 (G.M.) 7211–7216 (T.M.)7208–7213 (G.M.) Son of Iyasu I. 307 Bakaffa 9 years 1716–1725 (T.M.)1713–1722 (G.M.) 7216–7225 (T.M.)7213–7222 (G.M.) Son of Iyasu I. 308 Alam Sagad or Birhan SagadIyasu II 24 years (T.M.)25 years (G.M.) 1725–1749 (T.M.)1722–1747 (G.M.) 7225–7249 (T.M.)7222–7247 (G.M.) Son of Bakaffa. 309 Iyoas 15 years 1749–1764 (T.M.)1747–1762 (G.M.) 7249–7264 (T.M.)7247–7262 (G.M.) Son of Iyasu II. 310 Yohannes II 5 months and 5 days (T.M.)5 months (G.M.) 1764 (T.M.)1762 (G.M.) 7264 (T.M.)7262 (G.M.) Son of Iyasu I. 311 Takla Haymanot II 8 years (T.M.)7 years and 7 months (G.M.) 1764–1772 (T.M.)1762–1770 (G.M.) 7264–7272 (T.M.)7262–7270 (G.M.) Son of Yohannes II. 312 Salomon 2 years 1772–1774 (T.M.)1770–1772 (G.M.) 7272–7274 (T.M.)7270–7272 (G.M.) Grandson of Iyasu II. 313 Takla Giyorgis I 5 years 1774–1779 (T.M.)1772–1777 (G.M.) 7274–7279 (T.M.)7272–7277 (G.M.) Son of Yohannes II. Regency of the Warra Sehs in Gondar Tafari's regnal list concludes with the end of the first reign of Tekle Giyorgis I, after which the Emperors of Ethiopia had significantly diminished power compared to before. By the time Tekle Giyorgis I began his reign, Ethiopia had already entered the "Zemene Mesafint" or Era of the Princes, during which the emperor was merely a figurehead. Tekle Giyorgis I himself received the nickname Fiṣame Mengist ("the end of the government"), reflecting his status as the last emperor to exercise authority on his own. Rubenson Sven King of Kings: Tewodros of Ethiopia 1966 Haile Selassie I University Addis Ababa 18 Taye Gabra Mariam's list, however, extends beyond the reign of Tekle Giyorgis to include influential Rases who held de facto power during the Zemene Mesafint. This section of Taye's list also includes three emperors who held de facto as well as de jure power beginning with Tewodros II, whose reign brought an end to the "Era of the Princes". No. Title NameGabra Maryam 1987 113 Length of ruleGabra Maryam 1987 113 Reign DatesGabra Maryam 1987 113 E.C. A.M. – Ras Ali the Greater 4 years 1777–1781 7277–7281 – Ras Aligaz 5 years 1781–1786 7281–7286 – RasAsratandWalda Gabriel 6 years 1786–1792 7286–7292 – Ras Gugsa 26 years 1792–1818 7292–7318 – Ras Yimam 2 years 1818–1820 7318–7320 – Ras Mariyya 3 years 1820–1823 7320–7323 – Ras Dori 3 months 1823 7323 – Ras Ali II 22 years 1823–1845 7323–7345 314 Emperor Tewodros II 15 years 1845–1860 7345–7360 315 Emperor Takla Giyorgis II 3 years 1860–1863 7360–7363 316 Emperor YohannesThird monarch named "Yohannes" on this list, but was fourth to reign under this name. Yohannes III was one of the emperors of the Zemene Mesafint who was omitted from this list. 18 years 1863–1881 7363–7381 Descendants of Prince Yakob in Shewa "Rule of the Descendants of the House of Ya'iqob in Shäwa".Gabra Maryam 1987 113 Taye Gabra Mariam included a list of rulers of Shewa who were descended from Prince Yakob, fourth son of Lebna Dengel, and were the ancestors of Emperor Menelik II, who succeeded Yohannes IV in 1889 (G.C.). Each king is named as the son of the previous king. Taye's list ignores the rulers after Haile Melekot. NameGabra Maryam 1987 113 Length of ruleGabra Maryam 1987 113 Reign DatesGabra Maryam 1987 113 E.C. A.M. Nagasi 7 years 1687–1693 7187–7193 Sibistyanos 15 years 1693–1708 7193–7208 Abiyya 25 years 1708–1733 7208–7233 Amiha Iyasus 34 years 1733–1767 7233–7267 Asfaw Wasan 33 years 1767–1800 7267–7300 Wasan Sagad 4 years 1800–1804 7300–7304 Sahla Selassie 34 years 1804–1838 7304–7338 Hayla Malakot 8 years 1838–1846 7338–7346 House of Menelik II thumb|Empress Zauditu, the incumbent Ethiopian monarch at the time the regnal list was written, pictured in 1921. Taye Gabra Mariam ended his regnal list with the then-current dynasty, consisting of Menelik II, his grandson Lij Iyasu, and Menelik's daughter, Empress Zewditu, who was in power at the time the regnal list was written. No. NameGabra Maryam 1987 115 TitleGabra Maryam 1987 115 Length of ruleGabra Maryam 1987 115 Reign DatesGabra Maryam 1987 115 E.C. A.M. – Menelik II King of Shewa 23 years 1857–1881 7357–7381 317 Emperor of Ethiopia 24 years 1882–1906 7382–7406 318 Lij Iyasu Emperor of Ethiopia 3 years 1906–1909 7406–7409 319 Zauditu Empress of Ethiopia Ascended the throne in 1909 A.D./7409 A.M. on the 22nd day of Maskaram.Gabra Maryam 1987 115 Sources of information from Louis J. Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie The following collapsible tables compare the list of kings found in Louis J. Morié's Histoire de l'Éthiopie (Volumes 1 and 2) with the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list. In the first volume, after the so-called "Blemmyes dynasty", Morié continued naming kings of Nubia, grouped as the "Nobate dynasty" (548–c 1145), the "kings of Dongola" (i.e., Makuria) (c. 1145–1820), and the "kings of Sennar" (i.e., Funj Sultanate).Morié 1904a 409–432 However, the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list ignores Nubian and Sudanese kings after the fall of the Kingdom of Kush. Comparison between Louis J. Morié's Nubian regnal list and the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list Louis J. Morié 1922 regnal list Name/dynasty Reign dates and length Ref. Name Reign length Numbered position Pre-Flood Kings of Africa — 8544–6282 BCMorié 1904a 156–157Tribe of Ori or Aram — 4530–3244 BC Aram c. 8300–8200 BC (100 years) Morié 1904a 158 Ori I or Aram I 60 years 1 Gariak I c. 8200 BC Gariak I 66 years 2 Gankam – Gannkam 83 years 3 Borsa (Queen) – Morié 1904a 158 Borsa 67 years 4 Gariak II – Gariak II 60 years 5 Djan I – Morié 1904a 159 Djan I 80 years 6 Djan II – Djan II 60 years 7 Zeyn al-Zaman – Zeenabzamin 58 years 9 Sehelan – Sahlan 60 years 10 El-Rian I – Elaryan 80 years 11 Nimroud – Nimroud 60 years 12 Daloukah (Queen) – Eylouka 45 years 13 Sahloug c. 6700–6672 BC (28 years) Saloug 30 years 14 Scharid I c. 6672–6600 BC (72 years) Kharid 72 years 15 Houjib c. 6600–6500 BC (100 years) Morié 1904a 160 Hogeb 100 years 16 Makaos c. 6500–6400 BC (100 years) Makaws 70 years 17 Aphar c. 6400–6350 BC (50 years) Affar 50 years 19 Malinos c. 6350–6282 BC (68 years) Milanos 62 years 20 Soleyman Tchaghi c. 6282 BC Morié 1904a 161 Soliman Tehagui 73 years 21 The God-Kings or Divine Dynasty — 5880–c. 5500 BC Morié 1904a 203–227Tribe of Kam — 2713–1985 BC Kham 5880–5802 BC (78 years) Morié 1904a 203–227 Kam 78 years 22 Kousch5802 BC to between 5750 and 5600 BCMorié 1904a 224Morié 1904a 207–224 Kout 50 years 23 Asoun (Kasiyope I) (Queen) Nehasset NaisTaye Gabra Mariam used the name "Kasiyoni" for this queen.Gabra Maryam 1987 9 30 years 29 Mazig – – – Hathor (Queen) – – – Habeschc. 5600 BCMorié 1904a 224–226 Habassi 40 years 24 Raema(Hor-ka-am) Horkam 29 years 30 Rehoum – – – Naphtoukh – – – Loud – – – Tetoun – – – Ankh (Queen) – – – Selk (Queen) – – – Scheba II c. 5550 BC Morié 1904a 226–227 Saba I 30 years 31 Iehouda – – – Malouli Lakendun I (?)Heruy Wolde Selassie's list added "Malis" to this king's name.Kropp 2006 321 25 years 37 The Meroites — c. 5500–c. 1800 BCMorié 1904a 227–229––– Mentou-Rai c. 5500–5450 BC (50 years) Manturay 35 years 38 Ra-khou c. 5450 BC Rakhu 30 years39 Sebi I (Képhée) Between 4360 and 4100 BC Sabe I 30 years40 First conquest of Egypt during the Eighth dynasty — Between 3491 and 3358 BCMorié 1904a 230–233–––7 or 8 Aethiopian kings ruled Thebes during the time of the Eighth dynasty, but their names are not known.Morié 1904a 230––– Second conquest of Egypt during the Thirteenth dynasty — 2398 BCMorié 1904a 233–235––– Snouka I Menken (Attozanes) 2398–2385 BC (in Egypt) (13 years) Sousel Atozanis 20 years 42 Her-Hathor I (Erythras) c. 2150 BC Morié 1904a 235 – – – Ba-en-Khons (Kambysès) 2072–2059 BC (13 years) Morié 1904a 236–237 – – – Poeri I Between 3817 and 1800 BC Morié 1904a 237–239 Piori I 15 years46 The Invasion of Rama — The Hyksos — c. 1914–c. 1700 BCAg'azyan Dynasty —1985–982 BC Ankhnas c. 1914–1885 BC (29 years) Morié 1904a 239–240 Akhunas Saba II 55 years47 Nekhti I (Nyktée) c. 1885–1830 BC (55 years) Nekate I 40 years48 Sebi II (Képhée) c. 1830–1815 BC (15 years) Sabe II 15 years50 Nekhti II c. 1815–1760 BC (55 years) – –– Atew I (Ethiops) c. 1760–1700 BC (60 years) Etiyopus I 56 years51 The Meroites — c. 1700–c. 1650 BCMorié 1904a 240–245––– Nower-Ari c. 1700–1670 BC (30 years) Lakendun II Nowarari 30 years52 Thout-em-heb c. 1670–1650 BC (20 years) Tutimheb 20 years53 The Jethrides — c. 1650–c. 1515 BCMorié 1904a 245–254––– At-Hor c. 1650–1625 BC (25 years) Morié 1904a 245–252 Her Hator II 20 years54 Kheb-ab c. 1625–1572 BC (53 years) – –– Atew II (Ethiops) c. 1572–1570 BC (2 years) Morié 1904a 252–254 Etiyopus II 30 years55 Nekhti III c. 1570–1515 BC (55 years) – –– Third conquest of Egypt during the Eighteenth dynasty — 1512 BC and 1477 BCMorié 1904a 255––– The Meroites — c. 1515–c. 1365 BCMorié 1904a 255–264––– Snouka II Menken (Raskhoperen) c. 1515–1499 BC (in Aethiopia) (16 years)1512–1499 BC (in Egypt) (13 years) Morié 1904a 255 Senuka I Menkon 17 years56 Bennou I 1499–1491 BC (8 years) Morié 1904a 256–258 Bonu I 8 years57 Moumeses (Moso) (Queen) 1491–1487 BC (4 years) Mumazes 4 years58 Aruas 1487 BC (7 months) Aruas 7 months59 Amen-as-ro I 1487–c. 1470 BC (17 years) Amen Asro I 30 years60 Poeri II Between 1460 and 1400 BC Morié 1904a 258–263 Piori II 15 years62 Amen-em-hat I c. 1375–1370 BC (5 years) Amen Emhat I 40 years63 Khonsi (Ganges) c. 1370–1365 BC (5 years) Morié 1904a 263–264 Konsi Hendawi 5 years69 The Bennides — 1365–1314 BCMorié 1904a 264–277––– Bennou II c. 1365–1363 BC (2 years) Morié 1904a 264–266 Bonu II 2 years70 Sebi III 1363–1348 BC (15 years) Morié 1904a 266–274 Sabe III 15 years71 Se-Khons 1348–1327 BC (21 years) Morié 1904a 275 Sekones 20 years72 Fourth conquest of Egypt during the Nineteenth dynasty — 1327 BCMorié 1904a 276––– Snouka III Menkon (Raskhoperen) 1327–1314 BC (in Aethiopia) (13 years)1327–1324 BC (in Egypt) (3 years) Morié 1904a 276–277 Senuka II 10 years73 The Perseides (Meroites) — 1314–1280 BCMorié 1904a 278–284––– Her Hathor II (Erythras) 1314–1285 BC (29 years) Morié 1904a 278–279 Her Hator II 30 years78 Her Hathor III 1285–1284 BC (1 year) Morié 1904a 279 Her Hator III 1 year79 Nekhti IV 1284–1280 BC (4 years) Morié 1904a 279–284 Nekate II 20 years80The Tithonides (Meroites) — 1280–c. 1230 BCMorié 1904a 284–297––– Tetouni 1280–1270 BC (10 years) Morié 1904a 284–290 Titon 10 years81 Her-Mentou 1270 BC Morié 1904a 290–291 Hermantu 5 months82 Amenemhat II 1270–1265 BC (5 years) Morié 1904a 291–292 Amen Emhat II 5 years83 Khons-Ab I 1265–1260 BC (5 years) Morié 1904a 292–295 Konsab I 5 years84 Khons-Ab II 1260–c. 1255 BC (5 years) Konsab II 5 years85 Snouka IV Menkon c. 1255–1240 BC (15 years) Morié 1904a 295–297 Senuka III 5 years86 Amen-As-Tat c. 1240–1230 BC (10 years) Amen Astate 30 years88 Ammonian dynasty (Napatite Branch) — 1100–541 BC––– Her-Hor 1110–1100 BC (In Egypt) (10 years)1100–1094 BC (In Aethiopia) (16 years) Morié 1904a 298–303 Herhor 16 years89 Piankhi I 1094–1085 BC (9 years) Morié 1904a 303–306 Piyankihi I 9 years90 Pinotsem I 1085–1069 BC (16 years) Pinotsem I 17 years91 Pinotsem II 1069–1028 BC (41 years) Pinotsem II 41 years92 Masaherta 1028–1012 BC (16 years) Massaherta 16 years93 Ra-men-khoper 1012–998 BC (14 years) Ramenkoperm 14 years94 Pinotsem III 998–992 BC (6 years) Pinotsem III 7 years95 Sebi IV 992–983 BC (9 years) Morié 1904a 306 Sabe IV 10 years96 Ro-ke-Amen(Luqman / Menelik I) 983–958 BC (25 years) Morié 1904a 306–308 Menelik I 25 years99 Fifth conquest of Egypt during the Twenty-second dynasty — 994 BCDynasty of Menelik I — 982 BC–920 AD Atserk-Amen I (Zerakh I) 958–943 BC (15 years) Morié 1904a 308–315 Sera I 26 years101 Amenhotep 943–884 BC (59 years) Morié 1904a 315–317 Amen Hotep 31 years102 Ramessou (Ramses) 884–857 BC (27 years) Ramissu 20 years103 Atserk-Amen II (Zerakh II) 857–818 BC (39 years) Morié 1904a 318–319 Sera II 38 years104 Shabaka I 780–768 BC (12 years) – –– Sixth conquest of Egypt – 741 BCMorié 1904a 319––– Piankhi II 761–731 BC (in Aethiopia) (30 years)741–731 BC (in Egypt) (10 years) Morié 1904a 319–323 Piyankihi II 32 years106 Kashta 731–725 BC (6 years) Morié 1904a 323–325 Kashta I 13 years108 Seventh and last conquest of Egypt – 725 BCMorié 1904a 325––– Shabaka II 725–715 BC (in Aethiopia) (10 years)725–713 BC (in Egypt) (12 years) Morié 1904a 325–332 Sabaka 12 years109 Shabatoka 713–692 BC (in Egypt only) (21 years) Morié 1904a 332–336 – –– Tahraka 715–666 BC (in Aethiopia) (49 years)692–666 BC (in Egypt) (26 years) Morié 1904a 337–342 Terhak 49 years111 Ourd-Amen I 666–660 BC (in Aethiopia) (6 years)666–665 BC (in Egypt) (1 year) Morié 1904a 342–345 Erda Amen 6 years112 Nouat-Meiamoun 660–657 BC (in Aethiopia and Egypt) (3 years) Morié 1904a 345–347 Nuatmeawn 4 years114 Piankhi III 657–652 BC (in Aethiopia and Thebes) (5 years) Morié 1904a 348 Piyankihi III 12 years115 Amen-as-ro II 652–651 BC (in Egypt) (1 year)652–650 BC (in Aethiopia) (2 years) Morié 1904a 348–355 Amen Asro II 16 years116 Piankhi IV 650–616 BC (34 years) Morié 1904a 355 Piyankihi IV 34 years117 Aspourta 616–575 BC (41 years) Morié 1904a 355–358 Aspurta 41 years118 Hor-se-atew I 575–541 BC (34 years) Morié 1904a 358–359 Harsiatew 12 years119 Ammonian dynasty (Meroite Branch) — 541 BC to Between 105 and 30 BCMorié 1904a 360–394––– Nastosenen 541–525 BC (16 years) Morié 1904a 360–368 Nastossanan 14 years120 Houd-as-ew 525–498 BC (27 years) Morié 1904a 368–382 Handu 11 years121 Beroua-em-heb (nephew of predecessor) 498 BC–? Morié 1904a 382–384 – –– Taaaken c. 450 BC Elalion Taake 10 years129 Amenou-khroud Between c. 450 BC and c. 340 BC – –– Kantakeh II (Queen) c. 340–320 BC (20 years) Morié 1904a 384–386 Nikawla Kandake II 10 years135 Atserk-Amen III c. 300–250 BC (50 years) Morié 1904a 386–387 Atserk Amen III 10 years130 Erk-Amen I c. 250–230 BC (20 years) Morié 1904a 387–391 Arkamen I 10 years138 Atserk-Amen IV c. 230–215 BC (15 years) Morié 1904a 391–392 Atserk Amen IV 10 years131 Arou-Amen c. 215–204 BC (9 years) Morié 1904a 393 Aruwara 10 years139 Ankh-em-akhouti c. 204–184 BC (20 years) – –– Hor-em-akhouti c. 184 BC – –– Hor-se-atew II Between 105 and 30 BC Morié 1904a 393–394 – –– The Blemmyes dynasty — From between 105 and 30 BC to 548 ADMorié 1904a 395–408––– Kantakeh III (Queen) c. 30–20 BC (10 years) Morié 1904a 395–397 Akawsis Kandake III 10 years137 Kantakeh IV (Queen) c. 10 BC Morié 1904a 398 Nikosis Kandake IV 10 years 144 Erk-Amen II c. 20–30 AD (10 years) Arkamen II 10 years 145 Raoura (Queen) c. 30–35 AD (5 years) – –– Cleopatra (Queen) (daughter of predecessor) c. 35–40 AD (5 years) – –– Hakaptah c. 40–50 AD (10 years) Morié 1904a 398–401 Akaptah 8 years 167 Hor-em-tekhou c. 50–60 AD (10 years) Horemtaku 2 years168 Kandake V (Queen) c. 60–80 AD (20 years) Morié 1904a 401–402 Garsemot Kandake VI 10 years169 Erk-Amen III (son of predecessor) c. 80 AD – –– Hor-nekht-atew c. 192–229 AD (37 years) Morié 1904a 402–408 Hernekhit 15 years146 Ouikera c. 229–250 AD (11 years) Awkerara 20 years147 Psheraan c. 250–268 AD (18 years) Baseheran 10 years148 Khouwoumenou c. 300 AD Kawawmenun 20 years149 Tereremen c. 373–381 AD (8 years) Kerarmer 8 years150 Psentes Between 450 and 530 AD Bsente 10 years151 Berou-Kanower Between 450 and 530 AD Etbenukawer 10 years152 As-a-ran After 530 AD – –– Ab-ra-amen After 530 AD (at least 2 years) Abramen 20 years153 Comparison between Louis J. Morié's Abyssinian regnal list and the 1922 Ethiopian regnal list In many cases, Morié follows the regnal order and reign lengths found on various Ethiopian regnal lists recorded before the 20th century. Morié's list can be compared with those included in the Wikipedia article for Regnal lists of Ethiopia. Louis J. Morié 1922 regnal list Information from Morié's narrative Name/dynasty Reign dates and length Ref. Name Reign length Numbered position The First Dynasties — 5802–1776 BCTribe of Kam — 2713–1985 BCKush c. 5802 BC–?Morié 1904b 72–73Kout50 years 23 Habesch I –Habassi40 years24 Habesch II – The Arwe Dynasty — 1776–1376 BC––– Arwe I 1776 BC–?Morié 1904b 74–76 –– – Arwe II – –– – Arwe III c. 1400 BC –– – The Angaban Dynasty — 1376–955 BC(421 years between Angabo I and Makeda)Ag'azyan Dynasty — 1985–982 BC(426 years between Angabo I and Makeda) Za Baesi Angabo I 1376 BC–?Morié 1904b 76–77 Angabo I50 years 74 Za Gedour I 1176 BC–? Zagdur I40 years 77 Za Sebadho 1076–1026 BC (50 years) Za Sagado20 years 80 Za Qaouasya 1026–1005 BC (21 years) Tawasya I13 years 97 Za Makeda (Queen) 1005–955 BC (50 years)Morié 1904b 77–88 Makeda31 years98The Solomonic dynastyDynasty of Menelik I (Before the birth of Christ) — 982 BC–9 ADThe Za Kings – 955 BC–162 ADMorié 1904b 93–96Menelik I955–930 or 926 BC (25 or 29 years)Menelik I25 years99Tomai or Za Handadyo930–929 or 926–925 BC (1 year)Morié 1904b 97Handeyon I and Tomai1 year / 26 years100 and 101Za Gedur or Barakid929–926 or 925–922 BC (3 years)Zagdur II31 years102'Aouda-'Amat926–915 or 922–911 BC (11 years)Aksumay I20 years103Za-Aousanya I915–912 or 911–908 BC (3 years)Awseyo38 years104Za Tahaouasya912–881 or 908–877 BC (31 years)Tawasya II21 years105Abreham I881 or 877–c. 850 BC (4 to 31 years)Abralyus32 years106Tazena IAfter c. 850 BC–––Tazena II or Bazen I–––Qualiza–––Ouarada-TsahaiWarada Tsahay23 years107Handadyo IIHandeyon II13 years108Ouarada-NegoucAfter c. 850 BCMorié 1904b 97Warada Nagash I49 years111Aousanya II or Tazena IIIAwseya II6 years112Ela-Syon or Tazena IV or Bazen II(Elalyon)Elalion10 years129Unknown informationc. 850–180 BCMorié 1904b 98–99–––Toma-Seyon or Germa Asfar I?–c. 172 BCToma Seyon and Germa Asfare I12 years / 9 years115 and 172Syon-Geza I or Fasil IReigned for one day or half a dayGasyo–113Za Aoutet I or Leb-Dakhare (Za-Maoute)171–162 BC (8 years and 4 months)Nuatmeawn and Awtet I4 years / 34 years114 and 117Zarea-Nebrat or Za-Bahas or Enza-Yeqre162–152 BC (9 years)Zaware Nebrat I and Baseheran41 years / 10 years118 and 148Senfai or Qaouda152–149 BC (3 years)Safay I and Kawawmenun12 years / 20 years119 and 149Ramhai or Qanaz or Negouc-Area149–138 BC (11 years)Ramhay I and Kanaz14 years / 13 years120 and 126Handadyo III138–128 BC (10 years)Handu11 years121Za-Ouasan I or Hezba Aradc. 128–126 BC (2 years)–––Za-Handadyo IV or Bahr-Aredc. 126–123 BC (3 years)–––Maekala-Ouedem (Kalas)c. 123–115 BC (8 years)Morié 1904b 98–99Kolas10 years140Za-Sendo I (Satyo)c. 115–97 BC (18 years)Satyo II14 years142Za Felekac. 97–70 BC (27 years)Morié 1904b 98–99Feliya II15 years146Agleboul70–67 BC (3 years)Aglbul8 years157Baouaoual or Za Aousanya III67–66 BC (1 year)Bawawl and Awsena10 years158 and 155Za Baoua-Area or Bahr-Ouedem66–37 BC (29 years)Barawas10 years159Za-Masih I37–36 BC (1 year)Mahasse5 years161NalkeBetween 36 and 8 BCMorié 1904b 98–99Nalke5 years163Za-Beesi-Bazen III8 BC–9 AD (17 years)Bazen17 years165–––Dynasty of Menelik I (After the birth of Christ) — 9–306Senfa-Ared I or Senfa-Asged or Za-Sendo II9–35 (26 years)Morié 1904b 100–101Tsenfa Asagad21 years166Za-Laeka35–45 (10 years)–––Za-Masih II45–51 (6 years)Mesenh7 years171Za-Sendo III (Za-Setoua)51–60 (9 years)Sutuwa9 years172Bahr-Asged I or Bahr-Sagad I or Za-Adgala or Adgaba60–70 (10 years and 7 months or 10 years and 10 months)Adgala II10 years and 6 months173Judith (Queen Regent)c. 70Garsemot Kandake VI10 years169Germa-Sor or Za-Agbea70 (6 or 26 months)Agba6 months174Germa-Asfare II or Bahr-Sor or Za-Masih III70–74 (4, 6 or 7 years)Germa Asfare I9 years172Za Hailou-Syon I or Serad (Hakli)74–87 (13 years)Nasohi Tseyon, Serada and Hakali6 years / 16 years / 12 years177, 175, and 178Za-Demabe87–97 (10 years)Morié 1904b 103Demahe II10 years179Za-Aoutet II97–99 (2 years)Awtet III2 years180Za-Aouda I99–129 (30 years)Awadu30 years182Za-Zagen and Rema129–133 (4 or 8 years)Morié 1904b 104Zagun and Rema5 years / 3 years183 and 184Za-Hafala133–134 (1 year)Gafale1 year186Za-Beesi-Saroue-Syon(4 years)Louis J. Morié did not provide reign dates for this king for unclear reasons.Beze Wark4 years187Zareai or Zarea-Syon or Za-Ela-Asguagua I134–141 (7 years)Morié 1904b 104–105Zaray and Asgwegwe10 years / 8 years179 and 189Bagam Jan or Ela-Arka141–162 (21 years) Morié 1904b 105Alaly Bagamay7 years181Sabea Asged I or Jan Asged I or Za-Beesi Ouasan II162 (6 months or 1 year)Jan Asagad I30 years182Syon-Geza II or Za-Ouakana162 (1, 2, or 20 days or 2 months)Wakana2 days191Za-Maoual or Za-Hadaous162 (1 or 4 months)Hadawz4 months192Genha or Ela-Sagal (Same as Moal Genba)— (3 years)Sagal3 years193The El or Ela branch – 162–328————Ela-Asfeha I or El-Asfeh162–176 (14 years)Morié 1904b 106–107Asfeha I14 years194Za-Gedour III or Ela-Tzegab176–199 (23 years)Atsgaba Seifa Arad I6 years195Senfa Ared II or Ela-Samera199–202 (3 years)El Aiba or Ela Aiba202–218 (16 years)Ayba II17 years196Ela-Eskender I or Sara-Diu218–254 (36 or 37 years)–––Ela-Sehma or Tesama I(Son of predecessor)254–263 (9 years)Tsaham I9 years197El Ouasan I or Ela-Ouasan I(Brother of predecessor)263–276 (13 years)–––El Aiga or Ela-Aiga276–294 (18 years)–––Ela-Ameda I or Tazena V(Grandfather or uncle of Abreha and Atsbeha)294–325 (30 years and 8 months)Tazer (Wozena)10 years199Ela-Ahiaoua, Bakhas, Bakhasa or Ela-Asguagua II325–328 (3 years)Ahywa Sofya7 years200From the Christianisation of Ethiopia until the usurpation of the Falashas – 328–937Morié 1904b 108Dynasty of Menelik I (Christian Sovereigns) — 306–493El-Abreha I (Sole rule)328–343 (15 years)Abreha and Atsbeha38 years201 and 202El-Abreha I and Ela-Asbeha I (Joint rule)(Ezana and Saizana)343–356 (13 years)Morié 1904b 136El-Abreha II, Ela-Asfeha-Masqal and Ela-Shahl I (Asael I) (Joint rule)(Sons of Abreha I)356–370 (14 years)Morié 1904b 137–138–––––––––El-Abreha II356–359 or 363 (3 or 7 years)–––Ela-Asfeha-Masqal356–368 (12 years)AsfehII and Arfed Gabra Maskal I7 years / 4 years203 / 205Ela-Shahl (Asael I)356–370 (14 years)Sahle II14 years204Ela-Addana I(Identical to one of the preceding three kings)– (14 years)Morié 1904b 138Adhana I5 years206Ela-Retana370–371 (1 year)Riti1 year207Ela-Asfeha II or Asged I(Same as Ela-Retana)– (1 year)Asfeh III1 year208Ela-Asbeha II371—376 (5 years)Atsbeha II5 years209Ela-Ameda II376—392 (16 years)Ameda II15 years210Ela-Abreha III392 (2 or 6 months)Abreha II7 months211Ela-Shahl II(Same as Ela-Abreha III)Morié 1904b 139Sahle III2 months212Ela-Gobaz I392–394 (2 years)Morié 1904b 139–140(Ela) Gabaz I2 years213Ela-Shahl III394–395 (1 year)Morié 1904b 140Sahle IV4 years214Ela-Asbeha III395–398 (3 years)–––Ela-Abreha IV and Ela-Addana II (Joint rule)398–414 (16 years)Abreha III and Adhana II10 years / 6 years215 and 216Ela-Sehma or Tesama II414–442 (28 years)Tsaham II2 years218Ela-Ameda III442–454 (12 years)Ameda III1 year219Ela-Shahl IV (Asael IV) or Lalibala I454–456 (2 years)Sahle V2 years220Ela-Sabea(Same as Ela-Shahl IV)– (2 years)Tsebah3 years221Ela-Shema or Tesama III456–471 (15 years)Tsaham III2 years222Ela-Gobaz II(Same as Angabo II)– (21 years)Morié 1904b 140–141(Ela) Gabaz II6 years223Angabo II and Leui (Levi) (Joint rule)471–475 (4 years)Agabo and Lewi1 year / 2 years224 and 225Ela-Ameda IV475–486 (9 years)Morié 1904b 141–142(Al) Ameda V8 years230Yaqob I (Jacob I) and Daouit II (David II) (Joint rule)486–489 (3 years)Morié 1904b 142–143Yaqob I and Dawit II3 years / 14 years226 and 227Armakh I489–503 (14 years)Armah I14 years227Tazena VII503–505 (2 years)Ezana (sic)7 years231Aroue V, Yaqob II or Za-Sendo IV(Usurper)505–514 (9 years)–––———Dynasty of Atse (Emperor) Kaleb until Gedajan — 493—920Ela-Asbeha IV (Saint Elesbaan)(First Emperor)514–542 (28 years)Morié 1904b 144–158Kaleb30 years232Beta-Israel542–c. 545 (3 years)Morié 1904b 159Za Israel1 month233Gabra-Masqal I or Ela-Asbeha Vc. 545–c. 580 (35 years)Morié 1904b 159–160Gabra Maskal II14 years234Quastantinos IIc. 580–c. 615 (c. 35 years in total)Morié 1904b 161Kostantinos28 years235Ouasan-Sagad I, Asged II or BazagarWasan Sagad15 years236Ela-Asfeha III(Eldest son of predecessor)———Armakh II or Armah(Second son of Ouasan-Sagad I)(Najashi)c. 615–c. 645 (30 years)Morié 1904b 161–169———Jan-Asfeha(Son of predecessor)7th centuryMorié 1904b 169———Jan-Asged II———Fekra-Sena (Fre-Sennai)Fere Sanay23 years237Andryas I or Andre I (Aderaz)Advenz (Aderaz)20 years238Aizour I———This king was deceived by a woman named Sebat, who overthrew him and became queen.Morié 1904b 169–170 However, she only ruled for a short time and was driven out by Hailou-Ouedem.Morié 1904b 169–170 An invasion of locusts took place during Aizour's reign.Morié 1904b 170 Aizour's son suffered from an eye disease and feared blindness, and Aizour claimed he would share the throne and his wealth with whoever could cure his son.Morié 1904b 170 A man named Desta succeeded in curing the king's son, married the eldest daughter of the king, and was appointed co-regent with the king.Morié 1904b 170 The king's son's illness, however, relapsed after his father and Desta were both dead.Morié 1904b 170Hailou-Ouedem or Maedai (Akala-Ouedem)Morié 1904b 170Akala Wedem8 years239Galaoudeouos I or Germa-Asfare III8th centuryGerma Asfare II15 years240Zergaz IZergaz10 years241Degna-Mikael I, Bahr-Hailou or DalezMorié 1904b 171Dagena Mikael26 years242GoumGum24 years244AsguamgoumAsguagum5 years245Ela-Ouedem (Letem)Latem16 years246Del-Ouedem (Talatem)Talatam21 years247'Oda-Sasa, 'Oda-Guch or El-Abreha VIGadagosh13 years248Aizour II or GefaAyzurHalf a day249Addi-Ouedem or Badgeza (Dedem)Dedem5 years250Zergaz II———Oualda-Ouedem or Madmen (Ouededem)Wededem10 years251Ouedem-Asfare I?–c. 805Wudme Asfare30 years252Armakh IIIc. 830Armah II5 years253Yohannes I(Prester John) c. 770Morié 1904b 172–176———HazbaAfter 830Morié 1904b 177———Arni———Degna-JanDegennajan19 years254Geda-Janc. 923Morié 1904b 178Gedajan1 year255Anbasa-Ouedem(Usurper)924–925 (1 year)Anbase Wedem20 years257Del-Naad925–937 (12 years)Morié 1904b 179–180Del Naad10 years258The Jewish Falasha dynasty (937–977)———Yodit I937–977 (40 years)Morié 1904b 181–183Gudit40 years256Yodit II (Terda-Gabez)(Daughter of predecessor)977 (a few months)———The Christian Dynasty of the Zagwe (977–1331)Sovereigns issued from Zagwe (920—1253)Mara Takla Haimanot977–992 (15 years)Morié 1904b 184–185Mara Takla Haymanot13 years259Taitou-Ouedem992–1030 (38 years)Morié 1904b 185Tatawdem40 years260Germa Chioum1030–1070 (40 years)Morié 1904b 187–188Germa Seyum40 years262Yemrehana Krestos1070–1110 (40 years)Yemrhana Kristos40 years263Jan Chioum1110–1150 (40 years)Morié 1904b 188–194Jan Seyum40 years261Qedous Harbe Chioum I1150–1182 (32 years)Kedus Arbe40 years264Lalibala II1182–1220 (38 years)Lalibala40 years265Naakueto Laab1220–1268 (48 years)Morié 1904b 194–198Nacuto Laab40 years266The Zagwe dynasty only ruled at Lasta after 1268.Morié 1904b 198–200———Yetbarak1268–1290 (22 years)Yatbarak17 years267Marari1290–1308 (18 years)Mayrari15 years268Harbe Chioum II1308–1331 (23 years)Harbay8 years269 See also Regnal lists of Ethiopia Ethiopian historiography List of kings of Axum List of emperors of Ethiopia List of royal consorts of Ethiopia Notes Sources Bibliography Anderson Knud Tage 2000 The Queen of the Habasha in Ethiopian History, Tradition and Chronology https://www.jstor.org/stable/1559587 Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 63 1 31–63 10.1017/S0041977X00006443 1559587 subscription Études sur l'histoire d'Éthiopie René Basset Paris 1882 https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k104740t/f99.double Bruce James Travels to discover the source of the Nile, in the years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773: Volume II 1790 Edinburgh https://archive.org/details/travelstodiscov01bruc/page/480/mode/2up https://archive.org/details/kebranagast/mode/2up Kebra Nagast: The Queen of Sheba and Her Only Son Menyelek Budge E. A. 1922 Budge E. A. A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume I) Methuen & Co. 1928a London https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499166/mode/2up Budge E. A. A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume II) Methuen & Co. 1928b London Dillmann August Zur Geschichte des abyssinischen Reichs Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 7 338–364 1853 German https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/20825 Edwards Frederick A. The Early Kings of Axum The Asiatic Review 1918 14 438–503 https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.03653/page/483/mode/2up https://www.jstor.org/stable/44324719 Remarks on the Pre-Axumite Period in Northern Ethiopia Rodolfo Fattovich Journal of Ethiopian Studies 1990 23 1–33 44324719 Die traditionellen äthiopischen Königslisten und ihre Quellen Kropp Manfred IBAES 5 German 2005 https://www.ibaes.de/ibaes5/publikation/ibaes5_kropp_koenigslisten.pdf Kropp Manfred Julius Africanus und die christliche Weltchronistik Martin Wallraf Ein später Schüler des Julius Africanus zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts in Äthiopien Walter de Gruyter Berlin 2006 978-3-11-019105-9 German History of the People of Ethiopia Alaqa Tayya Gabra Maryam Amharic, English Grover Hudson Tekeste Negash 1987 Uppsala Centre for Multiethnic Research (Uppsala University – Faculty of Arts) 91-86624-12-1 0281-448X Ludolf Hiob https://archive.org/details/ANewHistoryOfEthiopia1684CopyTwo/ANewHistoryOfEthiopia1684CopyTwo/mode/2up A New History of Ethiopia 1684 London Mekuria Tekle Tsadik History of Nubia 1959 Histoire de L'Éthiopie (Nubie et Abyssinie): Tome Ier - La Nubie Louis J. Morié 1904a Paris https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NMZKEz4TtpQC/mode/2up French Histoire de L'Éthiopie (Nubie et Abyssinie): Histoire de L'Abyssinie Louis J. Morié 1904b Paris https://archive.org/details/lescivilisation01morigoog/page/n11/mode/2up French Morkot Robert G. Ancient Egypt in Africa David O'Conner Reid Andrew On the priestly origin of the Napatan kings: The adaptation, demise and resurrection of ideas in writing Nubian history UCL Press London 2003 154–156 1-84472-000-4 Munro-Hay Stuart https://archive.org/details/aksumafricancivi0000munr/page/12/mode/2up?q=atsbeha Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity Edinburgh University Press 1991 0-7486-0106-6 United Kingdom en The Quest for the Ark of the Covenant: The True History of the Tablets of Moses Stuart Munro-Hay 2006 I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. London História da Etiópia Pedro Páez Isabel Boavida Hervé Pennec Manuel João Ramos Assirio & Alvim 2008 Portuguese https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00688376/document Punt and Aksum: Egypt and the Horn of Africa Jacke Phillips The Journal of African History 38 3 1997 442 Cambridge University Press 10.1017/S0021853797007068 182543 161631072 https://www.jstor.org/stable/182543 subscription Unconquered Abyssinia as it is to-day Charles F. Rey 1924 J. B. Lippincott Company Philadelphia https://archive.org/details/unconqueredabyss00reyc/mode/2up Rey C. F. In the Country of the Blue Nile Camelot Press 1927 London https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54591 A Voyage to Abyssinia Henry Salt 1814 London W. Bulmer and Co. https://archive.org/details/voyageAbyssinia00Salt/mode/2up Selassie Sergew Hable Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1270 1972a Addis Ababa Selassie Sergew Hable The Problem of Gudit Journal of Ethiopian Studies 1972b 10 1 113–124 41965849 0304-2243 Taddesse Tamrat Church and State in Ethiopia Oxford Clarendon Press 1972 Regents of Nations (Part 1) Peter Truhart 1984 Munich K. G. Saur 3-598-10492-8 https://archive.org/details/regentsofnations0000truh/mode/2up Tubiana Joseph Quatre généalogies royales éthiopiennes French Cahiers d'Études Africaines 1962 2 7 491–508 4390812 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4390812 Further reading https://www.africanidea.org/Ethiopian_Chronology.html Brief Chronology of Ethiopian History Ghelawdewos Araia December 7, 2009 Huntingford G.W.B. The Wealth of Kings and the End of the Zāguē Dynasty https://www.jstor.org/stable/611706 Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 28 1965 1 1–23 10.1017/S0041977X00056731 611706 161195803 subscription Kass Fisseha Yaze የኢትዮጵያ ፭ ሺህ ዓመት ታሪክ Ethiopia's 5,000-year history http://books.good-amharic-books.com/fiveshe-1.PDF 2003 Amharic Ethiopia July 10, 2016 January 27, 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20160710191820/http://books.good-amharic-books.com/fiveshe-1.PDF dead External linkls Category:1922 documents Category:Emperors of Ethiopia Category:Ethiopian characters in Greek mythology Category:Ethiopian literature *Ethiopia Category:Regnal lists Category:Legendary Ethiopian people *Ethiopia * Category:Haile Selassie Category:Queen of Sheba