1905 Kangra earthquake

Disaster in Himachal Pradesh, India May 2021 July 2017 1905 Kangra earthquake 1905-04-04 00:50:00 iscgem16957848 16957848 yes 1905 04 04 Early morning India 7.8 Ms 33.0 N 76.0 E type:event_region:IN-HP inline,title Colonial India Main Himalayan Thrust IXXSharma, B. Chopra, S. Kumar, V. Simulation of strong ground motion for 1905 Kangra earthquake and a possible megathrust earthquake (Mw 8.5) in western Himalaya (India) using Empirical Green's Function technique Natural Hazards 2016 80 1 487–503 10.1007/s11069-015-1979-0 2016NatHa..80..487S 129961165 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11069-015-1979-0 18 March 2021 subscription Ghosh GK, Mahajan AK Intensity attenuation relation at Chamba–Garhwal area in north-west Himalaya with epicentral distance and magnitude Journal of Earth System Science 2013 122 1 107–122 10.1007/s12040-012-0261-z 2013JESS..122..107G 140177028 https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Volumes/jess/122/01/0107-0122.pdf 18 March 2021 >20,000 Photograph of the ruins of Bajreshwari Mata Temple, Kangra taken in the aftermath of the 1905 Kangra earthquake.jpg Photograph of the ruins of Bajreshwari Mata Temple, Kangra taken in the aftermath of the 1905 Kangra earthquake 1905 Kangra earthquake.jpg USGS ShakeMap The 1905 Kangra earthquake occurred in the Kangra Valley and the Kangra district of the Himachal Pradesh, in India on 4 April 1905. The earthquake measured 7.8 on the surface-wave magnitude scale and killed more than 20,000 people. Apart from this, most buildings in the towns of Kangra, Mcleodganj and Dharamshala were destroyed. The earthquake also had a widespread impact in Jammu and Kashmir particularly in the densely populated Kashmir valley. A total of 7,000 to 8,000 people were killed in Jammu and Kashmir with 4,000 to 5,000 deaths occurring in the Kashmir valley. Widespread structural damage was reported across Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Uttrakhand. Dharamsala Earthquake 1905 – ImagesHistory https://web.archive.org/web/20071221063405/https://www.hpkangra.nic.in/history.htm 2007-12-21 Kangra district Official website.Earthquakes https://web.archive.org/web/20210728093723/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V01_128.gif 28 July 2021 The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 1, p. 98. Background The calculated epicenter of the earthquake lies within the zone of thrusts along the front of the Himalayas formed by the continuing collision of the Indian plate into the Eurasian plate.Geodetic Study of the Kangra Earthquake 1905 http://www.unavco.org/pubs_reports/proposals/2007/facility2007/section3/UNV-GRID-SPREAD-EC_31.pdf Wallace K. Gaur V. Blume F. Hough S. Susan Hough Bilham R. 13 October 2009 13 May 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120513055412/http://www.unavco.org/pubs_reports/proposals/2007/facility2007/section3/UNV-GRID-SPREAD-EC_31.pdf dead Underthrusting of the Indian subcontinent beneath Tibet along a 2,500 km long convergent boundary known as the Main Himalayan Thrust has resulted in the uplifting of the overriding Eurasian plate, thus creating the long mountain range parallel to the convergent zone.Jade S. Shrungeshwara T.S. Kumar K. India plate angular velocity and contemporary deformation rates from continuous GPS measurements from 1996 to 2015 Scientific Reports 2017 7 1 11439 10.1038/s41598-017-11697-w free 28900236 5595902 2017NatSR...711439J Earthquake characteristics The magnitude 7.8–7.9 earthquake struck the western Himalaya in the state of Himachal Pradesh at an estimated depth of 6 km along a very shallow dipping thrust fault, likely on the Main Himalayan Thrust detachment. The rupture area is calculated at 280 km × 80 km.Gahalaut V.K. Gupta P.K. Chander R. Minimum norm inversion of observed ground elevation changes for slips on the causative fault during the 1905 Kangra earthquake Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences – Earth and Planetary Sciences 1994 103 3 401–411 10.1007/BF02841529 1994InEPS.103..401G 127752208 https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/jess/103/03/0401-0411 18 March 2021 free subscription The rupture did not reach the surface, therefore, is considered a blind thrust earthquake. A more recent study in 2005 estimated the rupture zone at 110 km × 55 km while still not breaking the surface.Bilham R, Wallace K Future Mw 8 earthquake in Himalaya: Implication for the 26 December, 2004 M = 9 earthquake on eastern margin Geological Survey India 2005 85 1–14 Damage thumb|Photograph of the Golden Temple in Amritsar after the earthquake. The top dome of the Ramgarhia Bunga's burj watchtower to the left was destroyed due to the earthquake. The earthquake reached its peak Rossi–Forel intensity of X in Kangra. About 150 km away from this zone to the southeast, an area of increased intensity reaching VIII was recorded. This unusually high intensity away from the earthquake in the Indo-Gangetic Plain included the cities Dehradun and Saharanpur. It was felt VII in towns like Kasauli, Bilaspur, Chamba, and Lahore.Significant Earthquake Information INDIA: KANGRA https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/2709 NGDC NCEI NCEI 18 March 2021 The Ramgarhia Bunga in Amritsar suffered damages, especially to the top domes of its two burj watchtowers.Teja Charanjit Singh 7 June 2025 In photos: Echoes of valour & faith resound at grand Sikh structure Ramgarhia Bunga https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/echoes-of-valour-faith-resound-at-ramgarhia-bunga/ 20 August 2025 The Tribune Over time, the building suffered damage, especially during the 1905 earthquake and the 1984 Operation Blue Star.6 June 2014 THEN TOP LOST IN 1905, MORE DAMAGE IN '84 https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-bathinda/20140606/281921656105755 20 August 2025 Hindustan Times (Bathinda) The old Nanakshahi bricks have been concealed with pink tiles on the outer walls of the two minarets of Ramgarhia Bunga. The top portion of the minarets was demolished after damage in earthquake in 1905. As many as 100,000 buildings were reported to have been demolished by the earthquake. At least 20,000 people are estimated to have been killed and 53,000 domestic animals were also lost. There was also major damage to the network of hillside aqueducts that fed water to the affected area. The total cost of recovering from the effects of the earthquake was calculated at 2.9 million (1905) rupees.A note on the Kangra Ms = 7.8 earthquake of 4 April 1905 http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jul102000/general%20articles3.pdf N. Ambraseys Nicholas Ambraseys R. Bilham 2000 Current Science Current Science Association 79 1 45–50 9 January 2014 4 March 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051935/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jul102000/general%20articles3.pdf dead See also 1897 Assam earthquake List of earthquakes in 1905 List of earthquakes in India References The Kangra Earthquake of April 4, 1905 Nature 1 March 1906 73 1896 418–419 10.1038/073418a0 1906Natur..73..418. 26641327 free A Catalog of Felt Intensity Data for 570 Earthquakes in India from 1636 to 2009 http://www.bssaonline.org/content/100/2/562.abstract S. Martin W. Szeliga 2010 Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America Seismological Society of America Electronic Supplement (table S2) 100 2 562–569 10.1785/0120080328 2010BuSSA.100..562M 19 February 2017 12 November 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161112172909/http://www.bssaonline.org/content/100/2/562.abstract dead subscription International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology Part A, Volume 81A A List of Deadly Earthquakes in the World: 1500–2000 T. R. Utsu 2002 Academic Press First 978-0124406520 702 Further reading Middlemiss Charles Stewart https://books.google.com/books?id=RmsRAAAAIAAJ The Kangra Earthquake of 4th April, 1905 1910 Geological survey of India Ambraseys N. N. Douglas J. 2004 Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes Geophysical Journal International 159 1 165–206 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02323.x 0956-540X 2004GeoJI.159..165A free Revisiting the 1897 Shillong and 1905 Kangra earthquakes in northern India: Site response, Moho reflections and a triggered earthquake Hough S. E. Susan Hough Bilham R. Ambraseys N. Nicholas Ambraseys Feldl N. Current Science 2005 88 10 1632–1638 24110489 Srivastava, H. N., Mithila Verma, and B. K. Bansal. "Seismological Constraints for the 1905 Kangra Earthquake and Associated Hazard in Northwest India." Current Science 99, no. 11 (2010): 1549–559. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24069452. External links 16957848 1905 Kangra Kangra Earthquake, 1905 Category:Kangra district Category:Disasters in Himachal Pradesh Category:1905 earthquakes Category:April 1905 in Asia Category:Buried rupture earthquakes Category:1905 disasters in India