1788–89 United States Senate elections

none January 2026 December 2020 1788–89 United States Senate elections United States 1777 legislative no 1790–91 United States Senate elections 1790 & 1791 All 26 seats in the United States Senate 14 September 30, 1788-January 22, 1789 Pro-Administration Party (US) 13 Anti-Administration Party (US) 7 File:Senate1788Elections.svg 320px Results of the elections:#00BA44 Pro-Administration #C0FB86 Anti-Administration#808080 Territories Majority Faction Pro-Administration Party The 1788–1789 United States Senate elections were the first U.S. Senate elections following the adoption of the Constitution of the United States. They coincided with the election of George Washington as the first president of the United States. As these elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Events of the election Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1788 and 1789. Pennsylvania was the first state to select its senators on September 30, 1788, and South Carolina was the last state on January 22, 1789. New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island elected their senators between July 16, 1789, and June 12, 1790, after the convening of Congress.Jensen Becker 1976 XXV-XXVI Among the original 13 states, ten of them selected their senators prior to the official start of the 1st United States Congress on March 4, 1789, ranging from Pennsylvania in September 1788 to South Carolina in January 1789. New York failed to elect its senators until July 1789. North Carolina and Rhode Island did not ratify the Constitution until after the 1st Congress began; North Carolina then elected its senators in November 1789, but Rhode Island failed to ratify the Constitution until 1790. Under ArticleI, Section 3, Clause2 of the U.S. Constitution, the actual division of the Senate's seats into the three classes was not performed until after the 1st Congress convened. Thus, the 20 elected senators from the ten initial states did not know ahead of time whether they would serve Class1's interim two-year term, Class2's interim four-year term, or the full six-year term of Class3. Then starting with New York, a random draw determined which classes each new state's seats would belong to while keeping the three classes as close to the same size as possible. As of these elections, formal organized political parties had yet to form in the United States, but two political factions were present: The coalition of senators who supported President George Washington's administration were known as the Pro-Administration Party, and the senators against him as the Anti-Administration Party. Among the initial 20 senators elected before the 1st Congress began on March 4, 1789, 13 of them were Pro-Administration. Resulting composition Note: There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress Martis Kenneth C. Beginning of the 1st Congress New York failed to elect its senators until after the Congress began, so its seats are labelled here as "Vacant." North Carolina and Rhode Island did not ratify the Constitution until after the Congress began, so their seats are not included here. V1N.Y. A1Del. A2Ga. A3Ga. A4N.H. A5Penn. A6Va. A7Va. P13S.C. P12S.C. P11Penn. Majority → P1Conn. P2Conn. P3Del. P4Md. P5Md. P6Mass. P7Mass. P8N.H. P9N.J. P10N.J. V2N.Y. Key: A# Anti-Administration Party (US) P# Pro-Administration Party (US) V# Vacant Division into the three classes Classes of United States senators#Constitutional footing ArticleI, Section 3, Clause2 of the U.S. Constitution specified that the actual division of the senate seats into the three classes was to be performed after these initial states elected their senators: Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year. The allocation of the classes by lot then took place in May 1789, two months after the first Congress began in March 1789.Senators Receive Class Assignments https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/senators-receive-class-assignments.htm Senate History United States Senate May 1, 2022Journal of the Senate of the United States of America http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28sj00143%29%29 Journal of the Senate of the United States of America, 1789–1793 Library of Congress June 11, 2013 May 14, 1789 New York was then the first to be treated as a "new state admitted to the Union" under this process when they elected their senators in July 1789, drawing lots to determine which classes their seats would belong to while keeping the three classes as close to the same size as possible.https://www.senate.gov/general/common/generic/NewCongress_faq.htm Frequently Asked Questions about a New Congress United States Senate June 11, 2013Power Nicholas August 4, 1789 New-York, July 29 https://www.newspapers.com/image/114420016/ Poughkeepsie Journal Poughkeepsie, NY 2 newspapers.com subscription Race summaries Races leading to the 1st Congress In these general elections, the winners were elected in advance of March 4, 1789, the date set to be the beginning of the 1st Congress. Ordered by state, then by the class that they were eventually assigned in May 1789. State Result Candidates Connecticut(Class 1) Winner elected October 16, 1788. Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, Vol. 2 28Pro-Administration win. Pro-Administration Party (US) Oliver Ellsworth (Pro-Admin.) February 2020 Connecticut(Class 3) Winner elected October 16, 1788. Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, Vol. 2 28Pro-Administration win. Pro-Administration Party (US) William S. Johnson (Pro-Admin.) February 2020 Delaware(Class 2) Winner elected October 25, 1788. Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, Vol. 2 74Anti-Administration win. Anti-Administration Party (US) Richard Bassett (Anti-Admin.) February 2020 Delaware(Class 1) Winner elected October 25, 1788. Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, Vol. 2 74Pro-Administration win. Pro-Administration Party (US) George Read (Pro-Admin.) February 2020 Georgia(Class 2) Winner elected January 17, 1789. Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, Vol. 2 451Anti-Administration win. Anti-Administration Party (US) William Few (Anti-Admin.) February 2020 Georgia(Class 3) Winner elected January 17, 1789. Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, Vol. 2 451Anti-Administration win. Anti-Administration Party (US) James Gunn (Anti-Admin.) February 2020 Maryland(Class 1) Winner elected December 10, 1788, on the third ballot "to represent the western shore." Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, Vol. 2 153Pro-Administration win. First ballot (December 11, 1788)A New Nation Votes https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/4b29b6406 Unknown Uriah Forrest (Unknown) 49.40% (41 votes) Pro-Administration Party (US) Charles Carroll (Pro-Administration) 48.19% (40 votes) Scattering 2.41% (2 votes) Second ballot (December 11, 1788)A New Nation Votes https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/gh93h1094 Pro-Administration Party (US) Charles Carroll (Pro-Administration) 50.00% (41 votes) Unknown Uriah Forrest (Unknown) 50.00% (41 votes) Third ballot (December 11, 1788) Pro-Administration Party (US) Charles Carroll (Pro-Admin.) 51.85% (42 votes) UnknownUriah Forrest (Unknown) 48.15% (39 votes) Tufts University Tufts Digital Collations and Archives A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 February 15, 2018 Maryland 1788 U.S. Senate, Ballot 3 https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:md.ussenator.thirdballot.1788 March 20, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200320131954/https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:md.ussenator.thirdballot.1788 dead Maryland(Class 3) Winner elected December 10, 1788, on the second ballot "to represent the eastern shore." Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, Vol. 2 153Pro-Administration win. First ballot (December 11, 1788)A New Nation Votes https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/j3860845d Pro-Administration Party (US) John Henry (Pro-Administration) 49.40% (41 votes) Unknown George Gale (Unknown) 49.40% (41 votes) Unknown Scattering 1.20% (1 vote) Second ballot (December 11, 1788) Pro-Administration Party (US) John Henry (Pro-Admin.) 51.22% (42 votes) UnknownGeorge Gale (Unknown) 48.78% (40 votes) Tufts University Tufts Digital Collations and Archives A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 February 15, 2018 Maryland 1788 U.S. Senate, Ballot 2 https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:md.ussenator2.second.1788 June 2026 InternetArchiveBot Massachusetts(Class 1) Winner elected November 24, 1788, on the seventh ballot.Pro-Administration win. Pro-Administration Party (US) Tristram Dalton (Pro-Admin.) 53.79% (78 votes) UnknownOthers 46.21% (67 votes) UnknownNathan Dane (Unknown) Eliminated UnknownCharles Jarvis (Unknown) Eliminated UnknownAzor Orne (Unknown) Tufts University Tufts Digital Collations and Archives A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 February 15, 2018 Massachusetts 1788 U.S. Senate, Ballot 7 https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:ma.ussenate.ballot6.1788 March 20, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200320132005/https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:ma.ussenate.ballot6.1788 dead Jensen Becker 1976 520 Massachusetts(Class 2) Winner elected November 24, 1788.Pro-Administration win. * Pro-Administration Party (US) Caleb Strong (Pro-Admin.) 36.10% (152 votes) UnknownCharles Jarvis (Unknown) 18.76% (79 votes) Pro-Administration Party (US)Theodore Sedgwick (Pro-Admin.) 15.91% (67 votes) Pro-Administration Party (US)John Lowell (Pro-Admin.) 14.01% (59 votes) Unknown[FNU] Holten (Unknown) 9.26% (39 votes) Unknown[FNU] Gorham (Unknown) 5.46% (23 votes) Others 0.48% (2 votes)Jensen Becker 1976 520 Tufts University Tufts Digital Collations and Archives A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 February 15, 2018 Massachusetts 1788 U.S. Senate https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:ma.ussenate.1788 July 4, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160704213555/http://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:ma.ussenate.1788 dead New Hampshire(Class 3) Winner elected November 12, 1788.Pro-Administration win. Pro-Administration Party (US) John Langdon (Pro-Admin.) 95.24% (60 "aye", 3 "nay") Tufts University Tufts Digital Collations and Archives A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 February 15, 2018 New Hampshire 1788 U.S. Senate https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:nh.ussenate.1788 March 21, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200321233121/https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:nh.ussenate.1788 dead Jensen Becker 1976 772–773 New Hampshire(Class 2) Josiah Bartlett was at first elected November 12, 1788, but "declined the appointment." Tufts University Tufts Digital Collations and Archives A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 February 15, 2018 New Hampshire 1788 U.S. Senate, Ballot 3 https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:nh.ussenate.3.1788 March 17, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200317185846/https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:nh.ussenate.3.1788 dead Winner elected January 3, 1789.Anti-Administration win. Anti-Administration Party (US) Paine Wingate (Anti-Admin.) 69.05% (58 "Aye", 26 "Nay")Jensen Becker 1976 772–773 Tufts University Tufts Digital Collations and Archives A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 February 15, 2018 New Hampshire 1788 U.S. Senate https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:nh.ussenate.1789 February 29, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200229134648/https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:nh.ussenate.1789 dead New Jersey(Class 1) Winner elected November 25, 1788. Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, Vol. 3 24Pro-Administration win. Pro-Administration Party (US) William Paterson (Pro-Admin.) 45 votes (Class 2) Pro-Administration Party (US) Jonathan Elmer (Pro-Admin.) 29 votes (Class 1) UnknownAbraham Clark (Unknown) 19 votes Federalist PartyElias Boudinot (Federalist) 7 votes Tufts University Tufts Digital Collations and Archives A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 February 15, 2018 New Jersey 1788 U.S. Senate https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:nj.ussenate.1788 March 11, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200311103307/https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:nj.ussenate.1788 dead , citing The New-Jersey Journal, and Political Intelligencer (Elizabethtown, NJ). December 3, 1788. New Jersey(Class 2) Winner elected November 25, 1788. Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, Vol. 3 24Pro-Administration win. Pennsylvania(Class 1) Winner elected September 30, 1788.Anti-Administration win. Anti-Administration Party (US) William Maclay (Anti-Admin.) 66 votes (Class 1) Pro-Administration Party (US) Robert Morris (Pro-Admin.) 37 votes (Class 3) UnknownWilliam Irvine 31 votesJensen Becker 1976 294–295 Pennsylvania(Class 3) Winner elected September 30, 1788.Pro-Administration win. South Carolina(Class 2) Winner elected January 22, 1789.Pro-Administration win. Pro-Administration Party (US) Pierce Butler (Pro-Admin.) "Almost unanimously"Jensen Becker 1976 208 South Carolina(Class 3) Winner elected January 22, 1789.Pro-Administration win. Pro-Administration Party (US) Ralph Izard (Pro-Admin.)Jensen Becker 1976 208 Virginia(Class 2) Winner elected November 8, 1788. Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, Vol. 2 281Anti-Administration win. Anti-Administration Party (US) Richard Henry Lee (Anti-Admin.) 98 votes (Class 2) Anti-Administration Party (US) William Grayson (Anti-Admin.) 86 votes (Class 1) Federalist PartyJames Madison (Federalist) Tufts University Tufts Digital Collations and Archives A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825 February 15, 2018 Virginia 1788 U.S. Senate https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:va.ussenate.1788 March 16, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200316091547/https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:va.ussenate.1788 dead , citing The Virginia Centinel, or, the Winchester Mercury (Winchester, VA). November 19, 1788., The New-Jersey Journal, and Political Intelligencer (Elizabethtown, NJ). December 10, 1788., and Mattern, David B., J. C. A. Stagg, Jeanne K. Cross and Susan Holbrook Perdue, ed. The Papers of James Madison, Congressional Series. Vol. 11. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 1977. 336, 339, 340. Virginia(Class 1) Winner elected November 8, 1788. Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, Vol. 2 281Anti-Administration win. Elections during the 1st Congress In these general elections, the winners were elected in 1789 after March 4; ordered by election date. State Result Candidates New York(Class 3) State legislature failed to pick Senator until after Congress began.Winner elected July 25, 1789.Pro-Administration win. Pro-Administration Party (US) Rufus King (Pro-Admin.) February 2020 New York(Class 1) State legislature failed to pick Senator until after Congress began.Winner elected July 27, 1789.Pro-Administration win. Pro-Administration Party (US) Philip Schuyler (Pro-Admin.) February 2020 North Carolina(Class 2) North Carolina ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789.Winner elected November 27, 1789.Pro-Administration win. Pro-Administration Party (US) Samuel Johnston (Pro-Admin.) February 2020 North Carolina(Class 3) North Carolina ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789.Winner elected November 27, 1789.Pro-Administration win. Pro-Administration Party (US) Benjamin Hawkins (Pro-Admin.) February 2020 Connecticut List of United States senators from Connecticut August 2019 Delaware List of United States senators from Delaware August 2019 Georgia List of United States senators from Georgia August 2019 Maryland List of United States senators from Maryland November 2022 1788 United States Senate election in Maryland 42 008000 51.85% Federalist Party Charles Carroll Charlescarrollofcarrollton.jpg 39 008000 48.15% Federalist Party Uriah Forrest Uriah Forrest (cropped).jpg 1790 1790 United States Senate election in Maryland 80 members of the Maryland General Assembly Legislative December 10, 1788 no presidential 1788 United States Senate election in Maryland 42 008000 51.22% Federalist Party John Henry 3x4.svg 40 008000 48.78% Federalist Party George Gale George Gale (cropped).jpg 1795 1795 United States Senate election in Maryland 80 members of the Maryland General Assembly Legislative December 10, 1788 no presidential The Maryland General Assembly convened on December 10, 1788, in order to vote for the inaugural holders of Maryland's seats. There were two candidates for each seat, and all four were of the Federalist Party. An outright majority (50% plus one) was required for a candidate to win. Charles Carroll won election over Uriah Forrest by a margin of 3.70%, or 3 votes, for one of the seats. This election was decided on the third ballot, after the first did not produce a majority and the second had both candidates tie.A New Nation Votes https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/4b29b6406 2024-12-21 elections.lib.tufts.eduA New Nation Votes https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/gh93h1094 2024-12-21 elections.lib.tufts.eduhttps://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=122310 Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Dec 10, 1788 2022-11-04 www.ourcampaigns.com John Henry won election over George Gale by a margin of 2.44%, or 2 votes, for the other seat. This election was decided on the second ballot, after both candidates tied with pluralities on the first.A New Nation Votes https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/j3860845d 2024-12-21 elections.lib.tufts.eduhttps://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=122309 Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Dec 09, 1788 2022-11-04 www.ourcampaigns.com In May 1789, the lot draw performed by the 1st U.S. Senate assigned Carroll's seat to Class 1, whose term would expire March 3, 1791, and Henry's seat to Class 3, whose term would expire March 3, 1795. Massachusetts List of United States senators from Massachusetts August 2019 New Hampshire List of United States senators from New Hampshire August 2019 New Jersey List of United States senators from New Jersey August 2019 New York 1789 United States Senate elections in New York List of United States senators from New York The election was held in July 1789.Power Nicholas July 28, 1789 Proceedings of the Legislature of the State of New-York https://www.newspapers.com/image/114419906 Poughkeepsie Journal Poughkeepsie, NY 1–2 subscription It was the first such election, and before the actual election the New York State Legislature had to establish rules for proceeding. They decided to ballot separately, and then pass a joint resolution once they had concurred in the election of two candidates. On July 15, Schuyler was nominated first, and members of each chamber attempted to substitute the names of other candidates, including Ezra L'Hommedieu and Rufus King. These motions failed, and Schuyler was elected by a vote of 37 to 19 in the Assembly, and 13 to 6 in the Senate. King's election came after individual legislators and the two chambers failed to agree on the election of James Duane, Ezra L'Hommedieu, or Lewis Morris. King was then elected unanimously by the Assembly, and by a vote of 11 to 8 in the Senate. On July 16, Schuyler and King were appointed to the U.S. Senate by a joint resolution of the State Legislature. King took his seat on July 25, and drew the lot for Class 3, his term expiring on March 3, 1795.Power Nicholas August 4, 1789 New-York, July 29 https://www.newspapers.com/image/114420016/ Poughkeepsie Journal Poughkeepsie, NY 2 subscription Schuyler took his seat on July 27, and drew the lot for Class 1, his term expiring on March 3, 1791. The 1st United States Congress convened at New York City, as did the regular session of the New York State Legislature in January 1790. Schuyler retained his seat in the State Senate while serving concurrently in the U.S. Senate.Congress was in session from January 4 to August 12, the State Legislature from January 13 to April 6, 1790. Schuyler was also elected on January 15 a member of the State's Council of Appointments which consisted of the Governor of New York, and four State Senators elected annually by the State Assembly. On January 27, the New York State Legislature resolved that it was "incompatible with the U.S. Constitution for any person holding an office under the United States government at the same time to have a seat in the Legislature of this State", and that if a member of the State Legislature was elected or appointed to a federal office, the seat should be declared vacant upon acceptance. Thus U.S. Senator Schuyler, Federal Judge James Duane and Congressmen John Hathorn and John Laurance vacated their seats in the State Senate. On April 3, John Cantine, a member of the Council of Appointments, raised the question if Schuyler, after vacating his State Senate seat, was still a member of the council. Philip Livingston, another member, held that once elected a member could not be expelled in any case. On April 5, Governor Clinton asked the State Assembly for a decision, but the latter refused to do so, arguing that it was a question of law, which could be pursued in the courts. Schuyler thus kept his seat in the Council of Appointments until the end of the term.There was actually a precedent: In March 1781, Ephraim Paine, then a member of the Council of Appointments, was expelled from the State Senate, and soon after State Senator Arthur Parks was elected by the Assembly to serve the remainder of Paine's term in the Council. All members, Parks included, protested formally, but Parks remained in the Council until the end of the term. However, this precedent was not mentioned during the proceedings in 1790. North Carolina List of United States senators from North Carolina North Carolina was the 12th state to ratify the new United States Constitution, doing so in November 1789, months after the First Congress had first convened.NCpedia: Convention of 1789 A few days after that ratification, on November 26, 1789, the two houses of the state legislature jointly elected incumbent Governor Samuel Johnston (who was considered pro-Administration) as North Carolina's first United States Senator.Minutes of the House of CommonsUS Senate website The minutes of the state Senate indicate that the two houses had actually voted for both U.S. Senate seats, but that no candidate received a majority for the second seat.Minutes of the North Carolina Senate Days later, the state Senate sent messages to the state House of Commons nominating candidates for the state's other Senate seat. These included William Lenoir, William Blount, Benjamin Hawkins, and Timothy Bloodworth. Hawkins (who was also pro-Administration at the time) was elected jointly by the two houses on December 8, 1789. Pennsylvania 1788 United States Senate elections in Pennsylvania List of United States senators from Pennsylvania The election was held on September 30, 1788. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, elected Pennsylvania's first two United States senators, William Maclay and Robert Morris.U.S. Senate Election - 30 September 1788 http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/sen/PaSen1788.pdf Wilkes University December 21, 2012 Anti-Federalist William Maclay was elected to the two-year staggered term of the Class 1 seat, while Federalist and founding father Robert Morris was elected to the full six-year term of the Class 3 seat. While no official results of the votes were recorded, the State House recorded minutes of its election: Agreeably to the order of the day, the House proceeded to the election of Senators to represent this state in the Congress of the United States, agreeably to the constitution adopted for the government of the said states; and the ballots being taken, it appeared that the Honorable William Maclay and Robert Morris, Esquires, were duly elected. South Carolina List of United States senators from South Carolina August 2019 Virginia List of United States senators from Virginia August 2019 See also 1788–89 United States elections 1788–89 United States House of Representatives elections 1st United States Congress Notes References Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov The New York Civil List compiled in 1858 (see: pg. 113 for State Senators 1788–89; pg. 114 for State Senators 1789–90; page 164 for Members of Assembly 1788–89; pg. 165 for Members of Assembly 1789–90) The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, 1788-1790 1976 https://archive.org/details/documentaryhisto0002unse_n1m7 registration University of Wisconsin Press 9780299066901 : Volume 2: Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Georgia Gordon DenBoer https://books.google.com/books?id=2TVe81_NvVwC Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, Vol. 2 1984 Univ of Wisconsin Press 9780299095109 Volume 3: New Jersey, New York Gordon DenBoer https://books.google.com/books?id=rklx9c7MJFoC Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, Vol. 3 1984 Univ of Wisconsin Press 9780299106508 Volume 4: President and Vice President, North Carolina, Rhode Island Gordon DenBoer https://books.google.com/books?id=rklx9c7MJFoC Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, Vol. 4 1989 Univ of Wisconsin Press 9780299106508 History of Political Parties in the State of New-York by Jabez Delano Hammond (pages 43f) Works cited Jensen Merrill Merrill Jensen Becker Robert The First Federal Elections 1788-1790: Congress, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New Hampshire 1 University of Wisconsin Press 1976 https://archive.org/details/vitalsouthhowpre0000blac 0299066908