1458 mystery eruption

Large volcanic eruption of uncertain location There are two large sulfate spikes caused by mystery volcanic eruptions in the mid-1400s: the 1452/1453 mystery eruption and the 1458 mystery eruption.Christopher T. Plummer M. A. J. Curran Tas D. van Ommen S.O. Rasmussen A. D. Moy Tessa R. Vance Clausen H. B. Vinther Bo M. Mayewski P. A. Climate of the Past Discussions 8 1567–1590 2012-05-01 10.5194/cpd-8-1567-2012 An independently dated 2000-yr volcanic record from Law Dome, East Antarctica, including a new perspective on the dating of the c. 1450s eruption of Kuwae, Vanuatu https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258612996 free Jihong Cole-Dai David G. Ferris Alyson L. Lanciki Joël Savarino Mark H. Thiemens Joseph R. McConnell Two likely stratospheric volcanic eruptions in the 1450s C.E. found in a bipolar, subannually dated 800 year ice core record Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118 7459–7466 2013-07-17 14 10.1002/jgrd.50587 2013JGRD..118.7459C 129790360 free Before 2012, the date of 1458 sulfate spike was incorrectly assigned to be 1452 because previous ice core work had poor time resolution. The exact location of this eruption is uncertain, but possible candidates include the submerged caldera of Kuwae in the Coral Sea, Mount ReclusHartman Laura H. Kurbatov Andrei V. Winski Dominic A. Cruz-Uribe Alicia M. Davies Siwan M. Dunbar Nelia W. Iverson Nels A. Aydin Murat Fegyveresi John M. Ferris David G. Fudge T. J. Osterberg Erich C. Hargreaves Geoffrey M. Yates Martin G. 8 October 2019 Volcanic glass properties from 1459 C.E. volcanic event in South Pole ice core dismiss Kuwae caldera as a potential source Scientific Reports en 9 1 14437 2019NatSR...914437H 10.1038/s41598-019-50939-x free 2045-2322 6783439 31595040 and Tofua caldera.Németh Károly Cronin Shane J. White James D. L. 2007-11-27 Kuwae Caldera and Climate Confusion https://benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TOGEOJ-1-7 The Open Geology Journal 1 1 7–11 10.2174/1874262900701010007 free 2007OGJ.....1....7N subscription The eruption is believed to have been Volcanic Explosivity Index-7.Bauch Martin Historical Disaster Experiences The Day the Sun Turned Blue: A Volcanic Eruption in the Early 1460s and Its Possible Climatic Impact—A Natural Disaster Perceived Globally in the Late Middle Ages? 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49163-9_6 Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context 107–138 Cham Springer International Publishing 10.1007/978-3-319-49163-9_6 978-3-319-49162-2 Date of sulfate spike This sulfate spike was first discovered in Antarctica ice cores and is one of largest sulfur events along with that of Samalas (1257) and Tambora (1815).Delmas Robert J. Kirchner Severine Palais Julie M. Petit Jean-Robert 1992 1000 years of explosive volcanism recorded at the South Pole http://www.tellusb.net/index.php/tellusb/article/view/15461 Tellus B en 44 4 335–350 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1992.00011.x 0280-6509 subscription Gao Chaochao Robock Alan Self Stephen Witter Jeffrey B. Steffenson J. P. Clausen Henrik Brink Siggaard-Andersen Marie-Louise Johnsen Sigfus Mayewski Paul A. Ammann Caspar 2006 The 1452 or 1453 A.D. Kuwae eruption signal derived from multiple ice core records: Greatest volcanic sulfate event of the past 700 years Journal of Geophysical Research en 111 D12 D12107 10.1029/2005JD006710 0148-0227 free 2006JGRD..11112107G Initial efforts to constrain the date of the event concluded that 1452/53 is the year of eruption with uncertainty up to a few years.Sigl Michael McConnell Joseph R. Layman Lawrence Maselli Olivia McGwire Ken Pasteris Daniel Dahl-Jensen Dorthe Steffensen Jørgen Peder Vinther Bo Edwards Ross Mulvaney Robert Kipfstuhl Sepp 2013-02-16 A new bipolar ice core record of volcanism from WAIS Divide and NEEM and implications for climate forcing of the last 2000 years: A 2000YR BIPOLAR VOLCANO RECORD http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2012JD018603 Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres en 118 3 1151–1169 10.1029/2012JD018603 130773456 Since 2012, highly accurate ice core chronology has re-dated this massive sulfur spike to 1458 and has matched with its corresponding Greenland sulfur spike though the latter is significantly smaller. Ice-core and tree-ring records The sulfate deposition of this event is the largest recorded in ice cores in the last 700 years. The deposition however is asymmetric with much larger sulfate flux in the Antarctic ice cores compared to that of Greenland ice cores, indicating that the eruption probably occurred in the low latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. Sulfur isotope composition of the 1458 sulfate indicates that the eruption emitted volcanic gases directly into the stratosphere, with significant impact on atmospheric chemistry and potential consequence for global climate. The reconstructed volcanic stratospheric sulfur injection of the 1458 event estimates that about 37.5 trillion grams of sulfur was injected into stratosphere, roughly equivalent to that of Tambora but three times more massive than the earlier 1452/53 eruption, based on the same set of sulfate records.Sigl Michael Toohey Matthew McConnell Joseph R. Cole-Dai Jihong Severi Mirko 2022-07-12 Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth during the Holocene (past 11 500 years) from a bipolar ice-core array https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/14/3167/2022/ Earth System Science Data en 14 7 3167–3196 10.5194/essd-14-3167-2022 1866-3516 free 2022ESSD...14.3167S 2158/1279650 free Sigl Michael Toohey Matthew McConnell Joseph R. Cole-Dai Jihong Severi Mirko 2021-03-02 HolVol: Reconstructed volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth for the Holocene (9500 BCE to 1900 CE) pangaea.de Pangaea https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.928646 en 10.1594/PANGAEA.928646 In South Pole ice core, tephra was discovered in the sulfate layer, allowing geochemical matching to identify the source volcano of the sulfate spike if the tephra source was responsible for the sulfate spike.Hartman Laura H. Kurbatov Andrei V. Winski Dominic A. Cruz-Uribe Alicia M. Davies Siwan M. Dunbar Nelia W. Iverson Nels A. Aydin Murat Fegyveresi John M. Ferris David G. Fudge T. J. Osterberg Erich C. Hargreaves Geoffrey M. Yates Martin G. 2019-10-08 Volcanic glass properties from 1459 C.E. volcanic event in South Pole ice core dismiss Kuwae caldera as a potential source Scientific Reports en 9 1 14437 10.1038/s41598-019-50939-x free 31595040 6783439 2019NatSR...914437H 2045-2322 In the year following the eruption, tree-rings formed in the Northern Hemisphere during the summer of 1459 registered a strong cooling of 1 C-change followed by a cooling of 0.4 C-change in 1460.Esper Jan Büntgen Ulf Hartl-Meier Claudia Oppenheimer Clive Schneider Lea 2017-05-06 Northern Hemisphere temperature anomalies during the 1450s period of ambiguous volcanic forcing https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-017-1125-9 Bulletin of Volcanology en 79 6 41 10.1007/s00445-017-1125-9 2017BVol...79...41E 133844199 1432-0819 subscription Source of eruption While the source volcano of the sulfur spike has not been definitely identified, several candidate volcanos have been proposed. The sulfate flux distribution in the ice cores suggests that the location of the source volcano is in the low latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. Kuwae caldera In Tongoan folklore, the Kuwae caldera resulted from the catastrophic mid-fifteenth century volcanic eruption and disappearance of the Kuwae landmass. Its exact location, however, is debated.Garanger José http://books.openedition.org/sdo/859 Archéologie des Nouvelles-Hébrides: Contribution à la connaissance des îles du Centre 1972 Société des Océanistes 978-2-85430-054-3 fr 10.4000/books.sdo.859Monzier Michel Robin Claude Eissen Jean-Philippe 1994-01-01 Kuwae (≈ 1425 A.D.): the forgotten caldera https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273%2894%2990091-4 Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research en 59 3 207–218 10.1016/0377-0273(94)90091-4 1994JVGR...59..207M 0377-0273 subscription Two candidates are: a 6 by 12 km mi on submarine caldera between the Epi and Tongoa islands south of Tongoa, the exposed part of the western rim marked by the islands of Tongoa, Ewose, Buninga and Tongariki Regardless of the precise location, radiocarbon datings of thick pyroclastic flows on Tongoa cluster around 1410–1450 AD. Geochemical analysis of the magma determined its sulfur-rich nature and is capable of producing the greatest amount of sulfate in the last 700 years, if caldera volume equivalent amount of magma erupted.Witter J. B. Self S. 2007-01-01 The Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption of AD 1452: potential magnitude and volatile release https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-006-0075-4 Bulletin of Volcanology en 69 3 301–318 10.1007/s00445-006-0075-4 2007BVol...69..301W 129403009 1432-0819 subscription Németh et al. (2007), however, questioned the proposed large magnitude and intensity of the eruption, noting that pyroclastic flow deposits on the surrounding islands are small-volume and lacking widespread fall deposits. Further evidence is needed to establish the relation between formation of large submarine caldera and the apparently small mid-fifteenth century eruption preserved on land. Furthermore, geochemistry of Kuwae magma does not match with that of the tephra discovered in 1458 sulfate layer. As of early 2023, a new investigation led by volcanologists and anthropologists was ongoing to resolve the debate around the nature of Kuwae eruption and its climate consequence.Secrets of Kuwae begin to be revealed - CHL - ANU https://chl.anu.edu.au/content-centre/article/series/secrets-kuwae-begin-be-revealed 2023-01-18 chl.anu.edu.au en Tofua caldera Németh et al. (2007), on the basis of a similar radiocarbon age, proposed the Tofua caldera as another candidate volcano for the 1458 sulfate spike. Unpublished radiocarbon data shows that there was a large Tofua eruption, which deposited more than 10 cm in on of tephra over inhabited islands in Central Tonga around 1440–1640 AD.2016-06-03 Volcanic Oral Traditions in Hazard Assessment and Mitigation https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315425177-14/volcanic-oral-traditions-hazard-assessment-mitigation-shane-cronin-katharine-cashman Living Under the Shadow en 185–212 10.4324/9781315425177 Shane J Cronin Katharine V Cashman 9781315425160 John Robin Grattan Torrence 2023-01-18 2023-01-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20230118041315/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315425177-14/volcanic-oral-traditions-hazard-assessment-mitigation-shane-cronin-katharine-cashman dead Mount Reclus The source of tephra occurred with 1458 sulfate layer in the Antarctica ice core has not been definitely identified. Based on geochemical correlation, the tephra is compositionally similar to the magma of the Reclus volcano. However, there is no known large eruption from the Reclus volcano during this period.Stern Charles R. 2008-02-01 Holocene tephrochronology record of large explosive eruptions in the southernmost Patagonian Andes https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-007-0148-z Bulletin of Volcanology en 70 4 435–454 10.1007/s00445-007-0148-z 2008BVol...70..435S 140710192 1432-0819 10533/139124 free Hence, it is hypothesized that an eruption of small magnitude but geographically close to the ice core might have created the sulfate spike through a tropospherically transported aerosol cloud. This, however, is inconsistent with the sulfur isotope evidence and widespread deposition of volcanic sulfate.Abbott Peter M. Plunkett Gill Corona Christophe Chellman Nathan J. McConnell Joseph R. Pilcher John R. Stoffel Markus Sigl Michael 2021-03-04 Cryptotephra from the Icelandic Veiðivötn 1477 CE eruption in a Greenland ice core: confirming the dating of volcanic events in the 1450s CE and assessing the eruption's climatic impact https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/17/565/2021/ Climate of the Past English 17 2 565–585 10.5194/cp-17-565-2021 233267071 1814-9324 free 2021CliPa..17..565A Historical records Historical records, largely from Europe and Eastern Asia, report multiple years in the 1450s to 1460s with anomalous weather patterns. Smog and haze were seen in the sky and multiple records describe the sun as being blue in color and volcanic ash raining from the sky. There were severe increases in precipitation and decreases in temperature. These weather and climate changes would be the result of a large aerosol cloud produced by a volcanic eruption spreading across the earth; however, medieval records of atmospheric phenomena are not always accurate. Climate implications The weather patterns caused by this eruption had an impact on the life of people globally. Freezing temperatures and excessive rainfall led to famine and low quality crops. The number of people who starved to death increased over these years, and the decreased quality of wine during the time period was noted in historical records. Freezing temperatures and flooding also led to death and property damage. These factors put pressure on medieval governments and negatively impacted military efforts. See also 1808 mystery eruption Timeline of volcanism on Earth Year Without a Summer, caused by Mount Tambora's eruption in 1815 References Category:15th-century volcanic events Category:1458 Category:VEI-7 eruptions Category:Plinian eruptions Category:Mystery eruptions