1698 Ambato earthquake

Earthquake in Ecuador 10 yes 20 June 1698 Ecuador 7.2–7.9 unk y -1.2 -78.7 inline,title Ecuador >6,500 fatalities The 1698 Ambato earthquake affected the interior of Ecuador on 20 June at 01:00 local time. The earthquake seismic magnitude (unk y) ranged from 7.2 to 7.9. Damage was widespread and extreme in the provinces of Tungurahua, Cotopaxi and Chimborazo. The earthquake also triggered mudflows along the Ambato River destroying a city and killing many residents. An estimated 6,500 fatalities were attributed to the shock and thousands more from the landslides. Tectonic setting 200px|thumb|right|North Andes plate Central Ecuador features the north Andes mountains which formed by subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the South American plate. Subduction occurs off the coast of Ecuador and Colombia at an oblique angle. This results in crustal deformation inland within the Andes mountains, pushing a tectonic block within the South American plate northeast. This tectonic block, known as the North Andes plate, is bounded by subduction in the west and right-lateral faulting in the east along the Chingual-Cosanga-Pallatanga-Puná Fault. The region hosts shallow crustal earthquakes associated with thrust and strike-slip faulting within the mountain range. Faults within the Andes run parallel to the mountains.https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr-03-289/OFR-03-289-text.pdf Database and Map of Quaternary faults and folds of Ecuador and its offshore regions Eguez A. Alvarado A. Yepes H. Machette M.N. Costa C. Dart R.L. amp USGS Open-File Report 03-289 2–3 22 August 2010 The 1797 Riobamba earthquake, which is estimated at w 7.6 and occurred in the same area as the 1698 event represents one of the largest earthquakes within the Andes.Yepes Hugo Audin Laurence Alvarado Alexandra Beauval Céline Aguilar Jorge Font Yvonne Cotton Fabrice A new view for the geodynamics of Ecuador: Implication in seismogenic source definition and seismic hazard assessment Tectonics 2016 35 5 1249–1279 10.1002/2015TC003941 2016Tecto..35.1249Y 130318773 free Earthquake Reports of large landslides at Carihuairazo suggest an epicenter on the western flank, implying a magnitude of 7.2, but no active fault has been mapped in that area.Beauval Celine Yepes Hugo Bakun William H. Egred José Alvarado Alexandra Singaucho Juan-Carlos Locations and magnitudes of historical earthquakes in the Sierra of Ecuador (15871996) Geophysical Journal International 2010 181 3 1613–1633 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04569.x 2010GeoJI.181.1613B 4617325 free This earthquake may have been associated with activity on the Latacunga Fault System, a north–south trending reverse fault system running parallel to the mountains, and branching off the Chingual-Cosanga-Pallatanga-Puná Fault. Earthquakes along this fault are characterized by their moderate magnitudes (w 5.7 ± 0.2), suggesting the system is highly segmented. The 1698 earthquake may have ruptured multiple segments which corresponds to the large magnitude (I y 7.3). The rupture may have extended from southwest of Latacunga to the Chingual-Cosanga-Pallatanga-Puná Fault. Surface ruptures on Igualata Volcano may be associated with either the 1698 or 1797 earthquake. The surface ruptures are characterized by 8–18 m of right-lateral and 4 m of vertical offset.Stéphane Baize Audin Laurence Alvarado Alexandra Jomard Hervé Champenois Johann Earthquake fault segmentation in the central Andes, Ecuador 7th International INQUA Meeting on Paleoseismology, Active Tectonics and Archeoseismology (PATA) 2016 https://app.ingemmet.gob.pe/biblioteca/pdf/Amb-197.pdf Impact 250px|thumb|right|Landslides triggered on Carihuairazo killed thousands of people The towns of Ambato and Latacunga were totally destroyed; Riobamba suffered partial destruction. In Ambato, over 3,000 people died; 2,000 died in Latacunga and 1,500 died elsewhere.National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Significant Earthquake Information 1972 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/1144 8 April 2023 10.7289/V5TD9V7K The earthquake occurred at 01:00 local time. At Ambato, all homes collapsed, burying and killing entire families. Some earthquake survivors were trapped under rubble. Many landslides were triggered on the northeastern slopes of Carihuairazo. The landslides were deposited in the Chiquicahua, Pataló, Quichibi, Terremoto, Yacutoma, Quintuco, Catequilla and Olalla ravines along the volcano. A landslide traveled down the Ambato River, destroying the already devastated town of Ambato; the devastated area was in the present-day location of El Socavón in the city. The landslides destroyed many towns and killed several thousand people, in addition to over 6,000 from the earthquake.Garcés Pedro Reino Sismo de 1698 movilizó flujos de lodo que asolaron comunidades de Ambato y Patate Earthquake of 1698 mobilized mudflows that devastated communities of Ambato and Patate https://www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/regional/1/sismo-de-1698-movilizo-flujos-de-lodo-que-asolaron-comunidades-de-ambato-y-patate 8 April 2023 El Telégrafo 30 April 2016 es At Ambato, the landslide arrived about 15 minutes after the earthquake. Survivors trapped under rubble were killed; others fled to higher ground. Ambato was located at convergence of many small riverbeds where the landslides traveled, causing debris to spill on both banks. Ambato was buried under 40 m of debris. In the aftermath, only bodies were recovered. It was subsequently relocated to higher ground at its percent location.Vasconez Francisco J. Vásconez Roberto Mothes Patricia Ann Flujos de lodo del volcán Carihuairazo provocados por el terremoto de Ambato, Ecuador, en 1698 y su reconstrucción numérica con perspectivas a futuro Revista Geofísica 2022 69 1 11–29 10.35424/rgf.v0i69.823 255037575 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359218883 free These landslides had an estimated minimum volume of 84,000,000–87,000,000 m3, traveled distances of over 54 km, covered a 60 km2 area and were up to 300 m wide. Deposits were between 10 m and 45 m thick; they overlaid ash layers left from the 1640 eruption of Tungurahua. These deposits consisted of fine sand, silt and clay. See also List of earthquakes in Ecuador List of historical earthquakes References Further reading Andrango-Walker Catalina Female fashion, divine punishment, and local pride in the accounts of the 1698 Ambato earthquake Colonial Latin American Review 2020 29 4 554–571 10.1080/10609164.2020.1831312 227496674 Category:Earthquakes in Ecuador Category:Landslides in Ecuador Category:Tungurahua Province Category:Ambato, Ecuador Category:Cotopaxi Province Category:Chimborazo Province Category:1690s in South America Category:1690s earthquakes Category:1698 in the Spanish Empire