1897 Russian census

Only nation-wide census in the Russian Empire December 2018 First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897 Rusija 1895 surasymas.jpg 230px First page of the census form from Kovno Governorate 1897 2 9 yes 1920 1920 Russian census Russian Empire Central Statistical Bureau 125,640,021 governorate or oblast Kiev Governorate (3,559,229) Amur Oblast (120,306) The 1897 Russian census, formally known as the first general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897,ru Пе́рвая всео́бщая пе́репись населе́нія Россíйской импе́ріи 1897 го́да Pervaya vseobshchaya perepis' naseleniya Rossiyskoy imperii 1897 goda, ru Пе́рвая всео́бщая пе́репись населе́ния Росси́йской импе́рии 1897 го́да Modern Russian orthography was the first and only nation-wide census performed in the Russian Empire. The census recorded demographic data as of 9 February 1897 28 January; with a population of 125,640,021, it made Russia the world's third-most populated country at the time, after the British and Qing empires. Although the census was performed in most of the empire, no enumeration was done in the Grand Duchy of Finland. The census revealed the social class, native language, religion, and profession of citizens, which were aggregated to yield district and provincial totals. The data processing took eight years; publishing the results began in 1898 and was completed in 1905. In total, 119 books in 89 volumes were published for 89 governorates in the empire, including a two-volume summary. The next census had been planned for December 1915, but was cancelled due to World War I.Rosstat 2013 70 It was not rescheduled before the Russian Revolution. The next census in Russia only occurred at the end of 1926, almost three decades later. Background Previous censuses had been recorded for fiscal and military purposes. Until the eighteenth century, population records were sporadic, as in either scribal or census books. Audits began to be carried out at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and population censuses became relatively regular. Since 1858, the audit had been replaced by administrative and police registration of the population based on data from family lists. In total, three large administrative and police censuses of the population were carried out—in 1858, 1863, and 1885. Running population registrations – including births, marriages, and deaths – were carried out by religious organisations until 1918. All the items mentioned above were characterised by inaccuracy and insufficient completeness. By 1897, significant experience had been accumulated in local, mainly urban, population censuses that had been conducted since the later half of the nineteenth century. Population censuses were performed in separate governorates (Pskov in 1870 and 1887, Astrakhan in 1873, Akmola in 1877, etc.), in which residents in all cities were enumerated. The population in the entire Courland Governorate was enumerated in 1863 and 1881, and in the governorates of Livonia and Estonia in the latter. Registration of the rural population was performed during household and other surveys of zemstvos. In 1871, under the general editorship of the professor of military statistics, Nikolai Obruchev, officers of the General Staff published a military statistical collection, the four-volume edition of which contained data on the population of Russia as a whole, and was categorised by governorates and okrugs. In 1870, the project for an all-Russian population census was discussed at the First All-Russian Congress of Statisticians, and in 1876, at the eighth session of the International Statistical Congress. On 26 February 1877, the draft of "Regulations on the General National Census", which was developed by a commission under the Ministry of Finance, was submitted to the State Council; however, it was not discussed there, possibly due to the Russo-Turkish War that occurred from 1877 to 1878. In the early 80s of the nineteenth century, the Ministry of Internal Affairs began to receive statements from some zemstvo assemblies and governors about the need to conduct a population census as soon as possible; this was due to the unbalanced distribution of taxes among peasant families and an increase in arrears in collections from the population. After the famine of 1891–1892, the question of the obligation to have accurate figures of the population of the empire again arose. Organization The census project was suggested during 1877 by Pyotr Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, a famous Russian geographer and director of the Central Statistical Bureau, and was approved by Czar Nicholas II in 1895. The census was performed in two stages. For the first stage (December 1896 — January 1897) the counters (135,000 persons: teachers, priests, and literate soldiers) visited all households and filled in the questionnaires, which were verified by local census managers. For the second stage (9 January 1898 28 December 1897) the counters simultaneously visited all households to verify and update the questionnaires. The census was performed during winter as the population was less mobile then.Russia Census https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Russia_Census 10 April 2017 FamilySearch Despite this being the only imperial census, historians are able to estimate the Russian Empire's population during earlier times by collecting city censuses. The data processing required 8 years using Hollerith card machines. Publication of the results started during 1898 and ended in 1905. In total, 119 volumes for 89 guberniyas, as well as a two-volume summary, were issued. Data fields The questionnaire contained the following questions: Family name, given name, patronymic or nickname (прозвище) Sex Relation with respect to the head of the family or household Age Marital status Social status: sosloviye (estate of the realm), rank or title (сословіе, состояніе, званіе) Place of birth Place of registration Usual place of residence Notice of absence Faith First language (родной язык) Literacy Occupation (profession, trade, position of office or service), both primary and secondary In the census summary tables, nationality was based on the declared primary language of respondents.March 2022 Census results The total population of the Russian Empire was recorded to be 125,640,021 people, 62,477,348 or 49.73% of whom were men and 63,162,673 or 50.27% were women—the median age was 21.16 years. By native language thumb|280px|Map of subdivisions of the Russian Empire by largest ethnolinguistic group (1897) +Linguistic composition of the Russian Empireru:Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку, губерниям и областям http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php 26 October 2012 Demoscope Weekly ruLanguageUrbanRuralTOTALNative speakers%Native speakers% Native speakers%Great RussianTermed as Russians: Great Russian (ru Великорусский). Today known as Russian.8,825,73352.4546,841,73643.05 55,667,46944.31Little RussianTermed as Russians: Little Russian (ru Малорусский). Today known as Ukrainian.1,256,3877.4721,124,16419.41 22,380,55117.81Polish1,455,5278.656,475,7805.95 7,931,3076.31White RussianTermed as Russians: White Russian (ru Белорусский). Today known as Belarusian.171,3831.025,714,1645.25 5,885,5474.68Jewish2,502,21714.872,560,9392.35 5,063,1564.03Kyrgyz-KaisakKazakh, Karakalpak and some other smaller Central Asian languages grouped together46,8270.284,037,3123.71 4,084,1393.25TatarIncorporates many Tatar and Turkic speaking nationalities, such as Crimean Tatar, Volga Tatar, Siberian Tatar, Azerbaijani, Balkar, Altaian, Khakas and others.417,7272.483,319,9003.05 3,737,6272.97German418,5332.491,371,9561.26 1,790,4891.43Latvian230,7191.371,205,2181.11 1,435,9371.14Bashkir13,8440.081,307,5191.20 1,321,3631.05Lithuanian43,1360.261,167,3741.07 1,210,5100.96Armenian272,8011.62900,2950.831,173,0960.93MoldovanThe overwhelming part was Moldovan, the Romanian though seen as an apart language, was counted together with the Moldovan. 64,1340.381,057,5350.97 1,121,6690.89Mordovian14,0220.081,009,8190.931,023,8410.81Estonian139,5440.83863,1940.791,002,7380.80Sartic204,0461.21764,6090.70 968,6550.77Chuvash6,0510.04837,7040.77843,7550.67Georgian98,5030.59725,4650.67 823,9680.66Uzbek91,7500.55634,7840.58726,5340.58Samogitian8,9460.05439,0760.40 448,0220.36Other Turkic dialects156,3480.93284,0640.26 440,4120.35Votyak2,2450.01418,7250.38 420,9700.34Mari2,1910.01373,2480.34375,4390.30Tajik103,2400.61247,1570.23350,3970.28Buryat2,0380.01286,6250.26288,6630.23Turkmen2,6870.02278,6700.26281,3570.22Imeretian17,1810.10256,0050.24273,1860.22Mingrelian11,5390.07228,0860.21 239,6250.19YakutIncludes Dolgan3,8900.02223,4940.21227,3840.18Chechen8710.01225,6250.21226,4960.18Avar-Andean5,5330.03207,1590.19212,6920.17TurkishIncludes Gagauz13,3780.08195,4440.18208,8220.17Karelian2,7910.02205,3100.19208,1010.17Kara-KyrgyzToday known as Kyrgyz2700.00201,4120.19201,6820.16Kalmyk1,2630.01189,3850.17190,6480.15Greek33,6210.20153,3040.14186,9250.15Bulgarian14,3710.09158,2880.15172,6590.14Ossetian5,9070.04165,8090.15171,7160.14Kyurin5,1460.03154,0670.14159,2130.13Komi6,3400.04147,2780.14153,6180.12Finnish25,6100.15117,4580.11143,0680.11Dargin1,8470.01128,3620.12130,2090.10Teptyars ru Тептяри5790.00117,1940.11117,7730.09Permyak3660.00104,3250.10104,6910.08Karakalpak460.00104,2280.10104,2740.08Kurdish1,1480.0198,8010.0999,9490.08Kabardian5230.0098,0380.0998,5610.08Tat4,0990.0290,9570.0895,0560.08Kazi-Kumukh and other Lezgic languages1,6420.0189,2380.0890,8800.07Kumyk3,5290.0279,8790.0783,4080.07AbkhazIncludes Abaza3430.0071,7600.0772,1030.06Tungus1920.0066,0780.0666,2700.05Nogai2990.0063,7810.0664,0800.05Chinese24,7940.1532,6650.0357,4590.05Taranchin Uyghur10,7890.0645,6800.0456,4690.04Mishar Tatar6570.0053,1900.0553,8470.04Czech and Slovak8,3750.0542,0100.0450,3850.04Ingush5410.0046,8680.0447,4090.04Circassian1,6600.0144,6260.0446,2860.04Romani6,5510.0438,0310.0344,5820.04Talysh1,0350.0134,2560.0335,2910.03Persian18,9760.1112,7470.0131,7230.03Karapapakh90.0029,8930.0329,9020.02Karachay450.0027,1780.0227,2230.02Korean1,7160.0124,2890.0226,0050.02Chud1170.0025,7030.0225,8200.02Ostyak (Khanty)1790.0019,4840.0219,6630.02French12,9660.083,4670.0016,4330.01Samoyedic1270.0015,7500.0115,8770.01Svan940.0015,6620.0115,7560.01Kashgar Uyghur1390.0014,7990.0114,9380.01Swedish6,9690.047,2300.0114,1990.01Izhorian370.0013,7370.0113,7740.01Chukchi80.0011,7870.0111,7950.01Vogul (Mansi)90.007,6420.017,6510.01Kipchak60.007,6010.017,6070.01Udi110.007,0890.017,1000.01English5,7460.031,3080.007,0540.01Gilyak (Nivkh)140.006,1800.016,1940.00Koryak310.006,0270.016,0580.00Assyrian1,3070.014,0460.005,3530.00Italian3,8240.029360.004,7600.00Kamchadal60.003,9720.003,9780.00Manchu540.003,3400.003,3940.00Japanese1,8550.017940.002,6490.00Serbo-Croatian1,1970.016180.001,8150.00Sámi410.001,7710.001,8120.00Arabic930.001,6030.001,6960.00Norwegian and Danish1,0310.016090.001,6400.00Ainu60.001,4400.001,4460.00Eskimo10.001,0980.001,0990.00Yenisei-Ostyak (Ket)60.009880.009940.00Hungarian6990.002620.009610.00Yukaghir00.009480.009480.00Albanian700.008660.009360.00Mongolian840.007330.008170.00Afghan430.005710.006140.00Aleut3380.002460.005840.00Chuvan1900.003160.005060.00Other Lezgic languages1650.002550.004200.00Kist970.003160.004130.00Dutch2250.001100.003350.00Hindi2360.00760.003120.00Spanish and Portuguese1120.00260.001380.00Other languages690.0050.00740.00Not indicated2,1420.012,9850.005,1270.00TOTAL16,828,395100.00108,811,626100.00125,640,021100.00 For specifically the nobility, accounting for 1.8 million people, native languages were as follows: 53% Russian, 28.6% Polish, 5.9% Georgian, 5.3% Tatar, 3.4% Lithuanian, 2.4% German, 1.4% other."Европа-1913: аристократы, война и мир." Andrei Zubov. April 10, 2013. By religion +Religious composition of the Russian Empire in 18972010-11-05 Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_rel_97.php?reg=0 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20101105015116/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_rel_97.php?reg=0 5 November 2010 2022-03-01 FaithMaleFemaleBothNumber%Eastern Orthodox42,954,73944,168,86587,123,60469.34Muslim7,383,2936,523,67913,906,97211.07Roman Catholic5,686,3615,781,63311,467,9949.13Rabbinic Jewish2,547,1442,668,6615,215,8054.15Lutherans1,739,8141,832,8393,572,6532.84Old Believers1,029,0231,175,5732,204,5961.75Armenian Apostolic625,592553,6491,179,2410.94Buddhists240,739193,124433,8630.34Reformed42,87742,52385,4000.07Mennonite33,59832,96666,5640.05Armenian Catholic20,02818,81238,8400.03Baptist18,37219,76738,1390.03Karaite Jewish6,3726,52212,8940.01Anglican2,0422,1414,1830.00Other Christian denominations2,3711,5813,9520.00Other non-Christian denominations144,983140,338285,3210.23TOTAL62,477,34863,162,673125,640,021100.00 Population by modern-day countries December 2018 Russia 67,476,000 (from this Siberia 5,758,822) Ukraine 23,430,407 (from this Crimea 1,447,790; it excludes Ukraine that was not a part of Russian Empire, see Austro-Hungarian Empire) Poland (Vistula basin) 9,402,253 Belarus 6,927,040 Kazakhstan 4,000,000 Lithuania 3,135,771 Georgia 2,109,273 Uzbekistan 2,000,000 Moldova 1,935,412 Latvia 1,929,387 Azerbaijan 1,705,131 Estonia 900,000 Armenia 797,853Korkotyan 1932 167 March 2023 Kyrgyzstan 750,000 Tajikistan 646,000 Turkmenistan 350,000 Largest cities List of cities of the Russian Empire in 1897 Largest cities of the Empire according to the census: Saint Petersburg – 1,264,900 Moscow – 1,038,600 Varshava (Warsaw) – 626,000 Odessa (Odesa) – 403,800 Lod (Łódź) – 314,000 Riga – 282,200 Kiev (Kyiv) – 247,700 Kharkov (Kharkiv) – 174,000 Tiflis (Tbilisi) – 159,600 Vilna (Vilnius) – 154,500 Saratov – 137,100 Kazan – 130,000 Rostov-on-Don – 119,500 Tula – 114,700 Astrakhan – 112,900 Ekaterinoslav (Dnipro) – 112,800 Baku – 111,900 Chișinău – 108,500 Helsinki – 93,000 Nikolayev (Mykolaiv) – 92,000 Minsk – 90,900 Nizhny Novgorod – 90,100 Samara – 90,000 Orenburg – 72,400 Yaroslavl – 71,600 Dvinsk (Daugavpils) – 69,675 Vitebsk – 65,900 Reval (Tallinn) – 64 572 Libava (Liepāja) – 64,489 Yekaterinodar (Krasnodar) – 65,600 Tsaritsyn (Volgograd) – 55,200 Data availability Each enumeration form was copied twice, with the three copies filed in the Volost (county) archives, the governorate archives, and the Central Statistical Bureau in St. Petersburg. The copies in St. Petersburg were destroyed after they had been tabulated.Russia, Jewish Families in Russian Empire Census, 1897 https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1448/ Ancestry 17 September 2021 Most of the copies stored locally and regionally have also been destroyed; however, the complete census for the Arkhangelsk and Tobolsk governorates has been preserved, and the census for portions of several other governorates is also extant.1897 Census of Imperial Russia http://www.findrussianheritage.com/online-projects/russian-ancestry-1897-census/ usurped Find Russian Heritage https://web.archive.org/web/20180205064022/http://www.findrussianheritage.com/online-projects/russian-ancestry-1897-census/ 2018-02-05Documents of the First General Census of the population of Russian Empire in the Ukrainian Archives http://alexdunai.com/documents/item_12/ unfit Alex Dunai's personal website https://web.archive.org/web/20190417012637/http://alexdunai.com/documents/item_12/ 2019-04-17 Assessment The results may have been influenced by national policy of the authorities: the population of Russian ethnicity was somewhat exaggerated.Anna Geifman, Russia Under the Last Tsar: Opposition and Subversion, 1894-1917, Wiley-Blackwell, 1999, 1-55786-995-2, Google Print, p. 118-119 Thus for example, the number of Poles is underrepresented.Piotr Eberhardt, Jan Owsinski, Ethnic groups and population changes in twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe, M.E. Sharpe, 2003, 0-7656-0665-8, Google Print, p.27Jerzy Borzęcki, The Soviet-Polish peace of 1921 and the creation of interwar Europe, Yale University Press, 2008, 0-300-12121-0, Google Print, p.10 Imperial officials classified the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages as belonging to the Russian group and labeled those nationalities as Little Russian for Ukrainians and White Russian for Belarusians. The census did not contain a question on ethnicity, which was deduced from data on mother tongue, social estate and occupation. There was also a 1916 and 1917 "agricultural census" that was carried out throughout the empire (except in some parts of the Caucasus, Eastern Russia, and Siberia), and a 1920 "general census" (except in the Russian far north, far east, Ukraine, and the Caucasus).Anderson 2011 29 See also Revision list References Notes Citations Bibliography Demography of Russia: From the Past to the Present Karabchuk Tatiana Springer 2016 https://books.google.com/books?id=tliXDQAAQBAJ Kumo Kuzuhiro Selezneva Ekaterina 978-1-137-51850-7 https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/document/document_history_publication/2018-06/25/stat_2012-10-10.pdf Istoriya rossiyskoy gosudarstvennoy statistiki: 1811-2011 ru:История российской государственной статистики: 1811-2011 ИИЦ «Статистика России» 2013 978-5-4269-0029-5 70 ru History of Russian State statistics: 1811–2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20221124001841/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/document/document_history_publication/2018-06/25/stat_2012-10-10.pdf 24 November 2022 live Rosstat 2013 Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present Borrero Mauricio Infobase Publishing 2009 978-0-8160-7475-4 https://books.google.com/books?id=dhm0cGdrTOIC The 1926/27 Soviet Polar Census Expeditions Berghahn Books 2011 978-0-85745-044-9 Anderson David G. New York 733040240 Первая всеобщая перепись населенiя Россійской Имперіи. Под редакцiею Н. А. Тройницкаго. — СПб.: Изданiе центральнаго статистическаго комитета министерства внутреннихъ делъ, 1905. (The First Total Census of Russian Empire. A publication of the central statistical bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Editor N. A. Toynitsky.) РОССИЯ. Полное Географическое Описание Нашего Отечества. Под ред. П. П. Семенова-Тян-Шанского. — СПб., 1913. (Semenov-Tyan-Shanskiy, P. P. (Ed.): RUSSIA. Complete Geographical Description of our Fatherland. — St. Petersburg, 1913. This latter work reproduces most of the results of the census, and is a good deal easier to find in western libraries than the original publication.) Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и регионам (First General Russian Empire Census of 1897. Population breakdown by mother tongue and regions) (Demoscope.ru) ru The First General Census of the Russian Empire of 1897. Breakdown of population by mother tongue and districts in 50 Governorates of the European Russia (1777 territorial units) Other websites A website containing an interactive map with native language, religion, and urbanization data for each Russian district (uyezd) in the 1897 Russian census for a district's total population, urban population, and rural population (Ukrainian) Link to Wayback Machine, Internet Archive, July 19, 2019. Archive map is not interactive. Category:Society of the Russian Empire Category:Demographics of Russia Category:Censuses by country Category:1897 in the Russian Empire Russian Empire