1775 in science

none 1775 science 1775 The year 1775 in science and technology involved some significant events. Biology The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is described.Kitchener, A.C. Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. Eizirik, E. Gentry, A. Werdelin, L. Wilting, A. Yamaguchi, N. amp 2017 A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group Cat News Special Issue 11 http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.10._SI_11/CN_Special_Issue_11_Revised_taxonomy_of_the_Felidae.pdf 2017-07-31 2018-01-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20170731185717/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.10._SI_11/CN_Special_Issue_11_Revised_taxonomy_of_the_Felidae.pdf dead Chemistry May 25 – Joseph Priestley's account of his isolation of oxygen in the form of a gas ("dephlogisticated air") is read to the Royal Society of London.Priestley Joseph 106209 An Account of Further Discoveries in Air Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 65 1775 384–94 10.1098/rstl.1775.0039 free Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman's la De attractionibus electivis ("A Dissertation on Elective Attractions") is published, containing the largest tables of chemical affinity ever published. Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele produces the toxic cupric hydrogen arsenite pigment Scheele's green.Scheele Carl Wilhelm 1778 Tilrednings-saettet af en ny groen Faerg Method of preparation of a new green color https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/178460#page/355/mode/1up Kungliga Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar Swedish 39 327–328 2025-11-02 Exploration July 30 – 3-year second voyage of James Cook completed, the first eastabout global circumnavigation, during which the Antarctic Circle has been crossed three times, Terra Australis shown to be a myth, and Larcum Kendall's K1 chronometer demonstrated to be a reliable timekeeper for the purpose of calculating longitude. Mathematics Lagrange's Recherches d'Arithmétique develops a general theory of binary quadratic forms. First Stanhope Demonstrator, a mechanical device to demonstrate and solve problems in logic, is produced by English aristocrat Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope.Logic Machines Martin Gardner Martin Gardner Scientific American https://www.jstor.org/stable/24950629 186 68–69 1952 3 10.1038/scientificamerican0352-68 24950629 1952SciAm.186c..68G ...the first true logic machine, the Stanhope Demonstrator. subscription 2023-02-20 2023-03-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20230323144336/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24950629 live Medicine English surgeon Percivall Pott finds the first occupational link to cancer, contributing to the science of epidemiology. German physician Melchior Adam Weikard anonymously publishes the textbook Der Philosophische Arzt including the earliest description of symptoms resembling attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Natural history February 21 – La Specola, Florence's Museum of Zoology and Natural History, opens to the public. Johan Christian Fabricius publishes his la Systema entomologiæ. Peter Forsskål's la Descriptiones Animalium: Avium, amphiborum, insectorum, vermium quæ in itinere orientali (containing early observations on bird migration) and la Flora Ægyptiaco-Arabica sive descriptiones plantarum quas per Ægyptum Inferiorem et Arabiam felicem detexit are published posthumously, edited by Carsten Niebuhr.The University of Copenhagen – A Danish centre of learning since 1479 https://www.e-pages.dk/ku/196/99 Københavns Universitet 2011-05-19 Technology thumb|300px|Watt steam engine May 22 – James Watt's 1769 steam engine patent is extended to June 1800 by Act of Parliament of Great Britain and the first engines are built under it.F. M. Scherer Invention and Innovation in the Watt-Boulton Steam-Engine Venture Technology and Culture 6 2 1965 165–87 3101072 10.2307/3101072 112618665 http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blwattsenginespread.htm https://archive.today/20120525164012/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blwattsenginespread.htm dead May 25, 2012 The Invention of the Steam Engine: The Life of James Watt. Part 4: The Steam Engine Gains Popularity About.com Inventors 2011-02-25 Jacques-Constantin Périer operates a paddle steamer on the Seine, but it proves to be underpowered.H. Philip Spratt The Birth of the Steamboat https://archive.org/details/birthofsteamboat0000spra registration London 1958 35 Alexander Cumming patents the S-trap in London, laying the foundations for the modern flush toilet.The Development of the Flushing Toilet – Detailed Chronology 1596 onwards Twyfords Bathrooms Stoke-on-Trent http://www.twyfordbathrooms.com/default.asp?path=1;52;8648;8723 2011-05-04 https://web.archive.org/web/20100322192643/http://www.twyfordbathrooms.com/default.asp?path=1 2010-03-22 dead Edinburgh confectioner Charles Spalding devises improvements to the diving bell, adding a system of balance-weights.Transactions of the Society Instituted at London for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce 1806 Society of Arts 220–232 https://books.google.com/books?id=zxtbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA232 3rd 1 2013-01-22 Pierre-Simon Girard, age 10, invents a water turbine. December 30 – John Arnold takes out his first patent for improvements in the construction of marine chronometers in Britain, including the first for a compensation balance.No. 1113. Jonathan Betts Jonathan Betts Arnold, John (1735/6–1799) 2004 http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/677 2012-03-09 10.1093/ref:odnb/677 Approximate date – Thomas Mudge invents the detached lever escapement for clocks and watches. French Academy of Sciences made the statement that the academy "will no longer accept or deal with proposals concerning perpetual motion."Scaffer Simon The Show That Never Ends: Perpetual Motion in the Early Eighteenth Century The British Journal for the History of Science June 1995 28 2 157–189 4027676 10.1017/S0007087400032957 146549874 Awards Copley Medal: Nevil MaskelyneCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 21 July 2020 en Births January 22 – André-Marie Ampère, French physicist (died 1836) February 9 – Farkas Bolyai, Hungarian mathematician (died 1856) May 10 – William Phillips, English geologist (died 1828) July 23 – Étienne-Louis Malus, French physicist and mathematician] (died 1812) September 30 – Robert Adrain, Irish-born mathematician (died 1843) November 19 – Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger, German entomologist and zoologist (died 1813) December 21 – Julien-Joseph Virey, French anthropologist, naturalist and physician (died 1846) Deaths March 3 – Richard Dunthorne, English astronomer (born 1711) May 1 – Israel Lyons, English mathematician and botanist (born 1739; died of measles) October 25 – Johan Maurits Mohr, Dutch astronomer (born 1716) References Category:18th century in science Category:1770s in science