1896–97 United States Senate elections

none March 2026 January 2025 1896–97 United States Senate elections United States 1896 legislative no 1894–95 United States Senate elections 1894 & 1895 1898–99 United States Senate elections 1898 & 1899 Class 3 1890–91 United States Senate elections 1890 & 1891 1902–03 United States Senate elections 1902 & 1903 30 of the 90 seats in the United States Senate (as well as special elections) 46 Dates vary by state Seats up 160x180px Republican Party (US) John Sherman as Republican Conference Chair(retired) John-Sherman-2.jpg March 4, 1891 Ohio 44 13 15 46 2 Democratic Party (US) Arthur Pue Gorman as Democratic Caucus Chair(Lost re-election) Arthur Pue Gorman.jpg March 4, 1889 Maryland 39 14 7 32 7 Populist Party (US) 4 2 3 5 1 Silver Republican Party 0 0 2 2 2 Silver Party 2 1 1 2 Majority Party Republican Party (US) Republican Party (US) 380px 320px Results of the elections:#0671B0 Democratic gain #92C5DE Democratic hold#CA0120 Republican gain #F48882 Republican hold#6f7c91 Silver hold#288B37 Populist gain #5FD170 Populist hold#e3406f Silver Republican gain #F3D9DF Silver Republican hold#000000 Legislature failed to elect thumb|300px|right|Senate composition by State, 55th Congress The 1896–97 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1896 and 1897, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/17th-amendment 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913) National Archives and Records Administration February 8, 2022 In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3. The Democratic Party lost seven seats, mostly to smaller third parties. Results summary Senate party division, 55th Congress (1897–1899) Majority party: Republican (43) Minority party: Democratic (33) Other parties: Populist (5); Silver (5); Silver Republican (2) Total seats: 90 Vacant: 2, later filled by 1 Republican and 1 Democrat. Change in Senate composition Before the elections D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D16 D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 D35Retired D34Retired D33Unknown D32Ran D31Ran D30Ran D29Ran D28Ran D27Ran D26Ran D36Retired D37Retired D38Retired D39Retired V1 P4Ran P3Ran P2 P1 S2Ran Plurality ↓ S1 R36Ran R37Ran R38Ran R39Ran R40Ran R41Ran R42Ran R43Retired R44Retired R35Ran R34Ran R33Ran R32Ran R31 R30 R29 R28 R27 R26 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Result of the general elections D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D16 D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 P3Re-elected P4Hold P5Gainfrom R D32Gainfrom R D31Hold D30Hold D29Hold D28Hold D27Re-elected D26Re-elected P2 P1 S2Re-elected S1 SR2Re-electedwas R SR1Gainfrom R R46Gainfrom D R45Gainfrom D R44Gainfrom D V1D Loss Majority → V2 R36Re-elected R37Re-elected R38Re-elected R39Hold R40Gainfrom D R41Gainfrom D R42Gainfrom D R43Gainfrom D V3R Loss R35Re-elected R34Re-elected R33Re-elected R32Re-elected R31 R30 R29 R28 R27 R26 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Beginning of the next Congress D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D16 D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 P4 P5 D33Gain D32 D31 D30 D29 D28 D27 D26 P3 P2 P1 S2 S1 SR1 SR2 SR3Changed SR4Changed V1 Plurality ↓ SR5Changed V2 R36 R37 R38 R39 R40 R41 R42 R43 R35 R34 R33 R32 R31 R30 R29 R28 R27 R26 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9 R8 R7 R6 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Key: D# Democratic P# Populist R# Republican S# Silver SR# Silver Republican V# Vacant Race summaries Elections during the 54th Congress In these elections, the winners were seated during 1896 or in 1897 before March 4; ordered by election date. State Incumbent Results Candidates Utah(Class 1) None (new state) Utah became a state January 4, 1896.First senators elected January 22, 1896.Republican gain. Republican Party (US) Frank J. Cannon (Republican) February 2020 Utah(Class 3) Utah became a state January 4, 1896.First senators elected January 22, 1896.Republican gain.Winner did not run for the next term; see below. Republican Party (US) Arthur Brown (Republican) February 2020 Delaware(Class 2) Vacant Legislature had failed to elect.New senator elected January 19, 1897.Democratic gain. Democratic Party (US) Richard R. Kenney (Democratic) February 2020 Elections leading to the 55th Congress In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1897; ordered by state. All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats. State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoralhistory Alabama James L. Pugh Democratic 1880 (special)18841890 Incumbent lost renomination.https://books.google.com/books?id=lhRqUo9HzVwC&q=edmund+pettus+elected+1896+-bridge&pg=PA398 Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age Leonard C. Schlup James Gilbert Ryan 16 February 2018 M.E. Sharpe 9780765621061 Google BooksNew senator elected in 1897.Democratic hold. Democratic Party (US) Edmund Pettus (Democratic) February 2020 Arkansas James K. Jones Democratic 18851891 Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1897. The New York Times 2 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/01/21/102536769.html?zoom=16 Jones in Arkansas. January 21, 1897 Democratic Party (US) James K. Jones (Democratic) 114 Populist Party (US)James Sovereign (Populist) 9https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/james-richard-sovereign-7907/ James Richard Sovereign (1854–1928) September 30, 2022 Encyclopedia of Arkansas September 28, 2021 Hild Matthew Republican Party (US)Powell Clayton (Republican) 10 California George Perkins Republican 1895 (special) Incumbent re-elected January 13, 1897. The New York Times 12 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/01/14/102058685.html?zoom=16 Perkins Re-elected in California. January 13, 1897 Republican Party (US) George Perkins (Republican) February 2020 Colorado Henry M. Teller Republican 18851891 Incumbent re-elected as a Silver Republican January 20, 1897. The New York Times 2 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/01/21/102536752.html?zoom=16 Teller in Colorado. January 21, 1897Silver Republican gain. Silver Republican Party Henry M. Teller (Silver Republican) 92 Populist Party (US)George W. Allen (Populist) 6 Connecticut Orville H. Platt Republican 187918851891 Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1897. The New York Times 2 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/01/21/102536770.html?zoom=16 Platt in Connecticut. January 21, 1897 Republican Party (US) Orville H. Platt (Republican) Unopposed Florida Wilkinson Call Democratic 187918851891 Incumbent retired.Legislature failed to elect.Democratic loss.A new senator was later elected; see below. None. Georgia John B. Gordon Democratic 187318791880 (resigned)1890 Incumbent retired.New senator elected in 1896.Democratic hold. Democratic Party (US) Alexander S. Clay (Democratic) February 2020 Idaho Fred Dubois Republican 1890 Incumbent lost re-election as a Silver Republican.New senator elected January 28, 1897.Populist gain. Populist Party (US) Henry Heitfeld (Populist) 39 Silver Republican PartyFred Dubois (Silver Republican) 30 Populist Party (US)Thomas F. Nelson (Populist) 1https://www.newspapers.com/image/722231959/ Henry Heitfeld Elected Idaho Daily Statesman January 29, 1897 Illinois John M. Palmer Democratic 1890 Incumbent retired.New senator elected January 20, 1897.The New York Times January 21, 1897 Mason in Illinois. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/01/21/102536767.html?zoom=16 2Republican gain. Republican Party (US) William E. Mason (Republican) 125 Democratic Party (US) John P. Altgeld (Democratic) 77Mason Elected Wednesday The Champaign County News January 23, 1897 1 6 49 Newspapers.com Indiana Daniel W. Voorhees Democratic 1877 (appointed)1879 (special)1885 Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected January 20, 1897.The New York Times January 21, 1897 Fairbanks in Indiana. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/01/21/102536760.html?zoom=16 2Republican gain. Republican Party (US) Charles W. Fairbanks (Republican) 85 Democratic Party (US)Daniel W. Voorhees (Democratic) 58 Populist Party (US)Leroy Templeton (Populist) 6 Iowa William B. Allison Republican 1872187818841890 Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1896. Clark 238 Republican Party (US) William B. Allison (Republican) 79 Democratic Party (US)Washington Irving Babb (Democratic) 25 Populist Party (US)Frank Q. Stuart (Unknown) 1 Clark 238Frank Q. Stuart The Annals of Iowa 1926 15 3 233–234 University of Iowa 10.17077/0003-4827.4961 https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/article/id/9472/ September 29, 2022 In 1894 he was the Democratic and Peoples Party fusion candidate for Congress from the Eighth District free Kansas William A. Peffer Populist 1891 Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected January 27, 1897. The New York Times 1 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/01/28/102398379.html?zoom=15.59 Peffer's Successor Chosen. January 28, 1897Populist hold. Populist Party (US) William A. Harris (Populist) Populist Party (US)William A. Peffer (Populist) February 2020 Kentucky J. C. S. Blackburn Democratic 18841890 Legislature failed to elect.Democratic loss.A new senator was later elected; see below. None. Louisiana Newton C. Blanchard Democratic 1894 (appointed)1894 (special) Incumbent retired.New senator elected May 28, 1896.The New York Times May 29, 1896 M'ENERY ELECTED SENATOR. 5 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1896/05/29/108234094.html?zoom=17Democratic hold. Democratic Party (US) Samuel D. McEnery (Democratic) OtherDenegree (Citizen's League) 3-vote majority Maryland Charles H. Gibson Democratic 1891 (appointed)1892 (special) Incumbent retired or lost re-election.New senator elected January 22, 1896.The New York Times January 23, 1896 WELLINGTON IS ELECTED 5 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1896/01/23/105739546.html?zoom=15.620000000000001 Republican gain. Republican Party (US) George L. Wellington (Republican) 63 Republican Party (US)Phillips Lee Goldsborough (Republican) 1 Democratic Party (US)John Water Smith (Democratic) 24 Democratic Party (US)John R. Pattison (Democratic) 7 UnknownJames E. Elegood (Unknown) 1 Missouri George G. Vest Democratic 187918851891 Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1897. The New York Times 2 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/01/21/102536773.html?zoom=17 Vest in Missouri. January 21, 1897 Democratic Party (US) George G. Vest (Democratic) February 2020 Nevada John P. Jones Silver 1873187918851891 Incumbent re-elected January 26, 1897.The New York Times Jones of Nevada Re-elected. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/01/27/102537221.html?zoom=16.59 3 January 27, 1897 Silver Party John P. Jones (Silver) 40 Republican Party (US)William McMillan (Republican) 4 Populist Party (US)A. L. Fitzgerald (Populist) 1 January 27, 1897 Salmagundi https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84020355/1897-01-27/ed-1/seq-3/ Daily Independent Elko, Nev. 3 11 October 2021 Tribune Almanac 1898 162 New Hampshire Jacob H. Gallinger Republican 1891 Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1897. The New York Times 2 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/01/21/102536771.html?zoom=16 Gallinger in New Hampshire. January 21, 1897 Republican Party (US) Jacob H. Gallinger (Republican) Unopposed New York David B. Hill Democratic 1891 Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected January 20, 1897.Republican gain. Republican Party (US) Thomas C. Platt (Republican) 147 Democratic Party (US)David B. Hill (Democratic) 42 Independent Democratic Party (US)Henry George (Ind. Democratic) 4 North Carolina Jeter Pritchard Republican 1894 (special) Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1897.The New York Times 2 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/01/21/102536756.html?zoom=16 PRITCHARD IN NORTH CAROLINA. January 21, 1897 Republican Party (US) Jeter Pritchard (Republican) 88 Populist Party (US)[FNU] Thompson (Populist) 43 Democratic Party (US)[FNU] Doughton (Democratic) 33 North Dakota Henry C. Hansbrough Republican 1891 Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1897. The New York Times 2 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/01/21/102536772.html?zoom=16 Hansbrough in North Dakota. January 21, 1897 Republican Party (US) Henry C. Hansbrough (Republican) February 2020 Ohio Calvin S. Brice Democratic 1890 Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected January 14, 1896.https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1896/01/15/106847969.pdf Foraker will succeed Brice: Ohio's Republican Legislators Vote Solidly for the Ex-Governor The New York Times January 14, 1896 Republican gain. Republican Party (US) Joseph B. Foraker (Republican) February 2020 Oregon John H. Mitchell Republican 1885 (late)1890 Legislature failed to elect.Republican loss.A new senator was later elected; see below. Republican Party (US)John H. Mitchell (Republican) Pennsylvania J. Donald Cameron Republican 1877 (special)187918851891 Incumbent retired.New senator elected January 19, 1897.Republican hold. Republican Party (US) Boies Penrose (Republican) 83.00% Democratic Party (US)Chauncey F. Black (Democratic) 15.42% Republican Party (US)John Wanamaker (Republican) 0.40% South Carolina John L. M. Irby Democratic 1884 Incumbent retired.New senator elected January 26, 1897.The New York Times TWO SENATORS ELECTED. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/01/27/102537219.html?zoom=16.59 3 January 27, 1897Democratic hold. Democratic Party (US) Joseph Earle (Democratic) Unopposed South Dakota James H. Kyle Populist 1891 Incumbent re-elected February 18, 1897.The New York Times February 19, 1897 SENATOR KYLE RE-ELECTED. 3 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/02/19/102537847.html?zoom=15.64 Populist Party (US) James H. Kyle (Populist) February 2020 Utah Arthur Brown Republican 1896 (new state) Incumbent retired.New senator elected February 3, 1897.http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18970204.2.5 Joseph L. Rawlins Sacramento Daily Union February 4, 1897Democratic gain. Democratic Party (US) Joseph L. Rawlins (Democratic) 32 Democratic Party (US)Moses Thatcher (Democratic) 29 Unknown[FNU] Henderson (Unknown) 1 Unknown[FNU] Brown (Unknown) 1 Vermont Justin S. Morrill Republican 18661872187818841890 Incumbent re-elected in 1896. Republican Party (US) Justin S. Morrill (Republican) February 2020 Washington Watson C. Squire Republican 18891891 Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected January 29, 1897.https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/01/30/102398581.html?zoom=16.54 The New York Times 1 January 30, 1897 TURNER ELECTED SENATOR.Silver Republican gain. Silver Republican Party George Turner (Silver Republican) 67 February 2020 Wisconsin William F. Vilas Democratic 1890 Incumbent lost renomination.New senator elected January 27, 1897.Republican gain. Republican Party (US) John C. Spooner (Republican) 92.13% Democratic Party (US)Willis C. Silverthorn (Democratic) 6.30% National Democratic Party (US)Edward S. Bragg (Gold Democratic) 1.57% Elections during the 55th Congress In these elections, the winners were elected in 1897 after March 4; ordered by date. State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Ohio(Class 1) John Sherman Republican 1861 (special)186618721877 (resigned)188118861892 Incumbent resigned March 4, 1897.New senator elected March 5, 1897.Republican hold. Republican Party (US) Mark Hanna (Republican) February 2020 Florida(Class 3) Vacant Legislature had failed to elect; see above.New senator elected May 14, 1897.The New York Times May 15, 1897 12 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/05/15/102060079.html?zoom=16.26 MALLORY ELECTED SENATOR.Democratic gain. Democratic Party (US) Stephen Mallory II (Democratic) 53 Unknown[FNU] Chipley (Unknown) 44 Unknown[FNU] Call (Unknown) 1 Kentucky Vacant Legislature had failed to elect; see above.New senator elected April 28, 1897.Republican gain. Republican Party (US) William J. Deboe (Republican) 71 Democratic Party (US)J. C. S. Blackburn (Democratic) 50 Democratic Party (US)Henry L. Martin (Democratic) 13 Democratic Party (US)William J. Stone (Democratic) 1 Oregon(Class 3) Vacant Legislature had failed to elect; see above.New senator elected May 15, 1897.Republican gain. Republican Party (US) Joseph Simon (Republican) February 2020 Maryland November 2022 1896 United States Senate election in Maryland - FFB6B6 -% Republican Party (United States) George L. Wellington George L Wellington.jpg 1902 1902 United States Senate election in Maryland 1892 1892 United States Senate special election in Maryland 80 members of the Maryland General Assembly Legislative January 1890 presidential George L. Wellington was elected by an unknown margin, for the Class 3 seat.https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=27885 Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Nov 03, 1896 2022-11-05 www.ourcampaigns.com New York 1897 United States Senate election in New York The election in New York was held on January 19, 1897, by the New York State Legislature. Democrat David B. Hill had been elected to this seat in 1891, and his term would expire on March 3, 1897. At the State election in November 1895, 36 Republicans and 14 Democrats were elected for a three-year term (1896–1898) in the state senate. At the State election in November 1896, 114 Republicans and 36 Democrats were elected for the session of 1897 to the Assembly. The 120th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 24, 1897, at Albany, New York. The Republican caucus met on January 14. 149 State legislators attended, and State Senator Cornelius R. Parsons (43rd D.), Ex-Mayor of Rochester, presided. The caucus nominated the Republican boss Thomas C. Platt, who had been briefly a U.S. Senator in 1881, on the first ballot. +1897 Republican caucus for United States Senator result Candidate First ballot Thomas C. Platt 142Joseph H. Choate 7 The Democratic caucus met on January 18. 46 State legislators attended, but 5 walked out before the roll was called, after making speeches against Hill. The incumbent U.S. Senator David B. Hill was re-nominated. +1897 Democratic caucus for United States Senator result Candidate First ballot David B. Hill 36Wilbur F. Porter Wilbur F. Porter (b. ca. 1841), lawyer, five times Mayor of Watertown, ran for Governor in 1896. 3Robert C. Titus 2 Thomas C. Platt was the choice of both the Assembly and the state senate, and was declared elected. Four anti-Hill Democrats voted for Labor leader Henry George, who later the same year ran for Mayor of New York as a "Jefferson Democrat" but died a few days before the election. +1897 United States Senator election result House Republican DemocratState Senate (50 members) Thomas C. Platt 35David B. Hill 11Henry George 2State Assembly (150 members)Thomas C. Platt 112David B. Hill 31Henry George 2 Note: The votes were cast on January 19, but both Houses met in a joint session on January 20 to compare nominations, and declare the result. Pennsylvania 1897 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania The election in Pennsylvania was held January 19, 1897. Boies Penrose was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly.U.S. Senate Election - 19 January 1897 http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/sen/PaSen1897.pdf Wilkes University December 22, 2013 Incumbent Republican J. Donald Cameron, who was elected in an 1877 special election and subsequently re-elected in 1879, 1885, and 1891, was not a candidate for re-election. The Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, convened on January 19, 1897, to elect a new senator to fill the term beginning on March 4, 1897. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows: State Legislature Results Republican Party (US) Boies Penrose 210 83.00 Democratic Party (US) Chauncey F. Black 39 15.42 Republican Party (US) John Wanamaker 1 0.40 N/A Not voting 3 1.19 |- bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | colspan="3" align="right" | Totals | align="right" | 253 | align="right" | 100.00% |} South Carolina 1897 United States Senate election in South Carolina The election in South Carolina was a unanimous election of the Democratic nominee on January 26, 1897. The Democratic primary election was held on August 26, 1896, and September 9. The Democratic Party of South Carolina organized primary elections for the U.S. Senate beginning in 1896 and the General Assembly would confirm the choice of the Democratic voters. Conservative Democratic Joseph H. Earle won the Democratic primary and was elected by the General Assembly for a six-year term. In 1896, Governor of South Carolina John Gary Evans entered the first ever election in the state of South Carolina for the U.S. Senate. He had the backing of Senator Ben Tillman and much of the farming interests in the state. However, the farmers' movement had largely run its course and the Tillmanite reform movement had angered a considerable number of voters in the state. Conservative Joseph H. Earle and Newberry native John T. Duncan announced their candidacy's in opposition to Governor Evans. In the primary on August 26 Evans emerged as the frontrunner, but did not garner over 50% of the vote and was forced to face Earle in a runoff election. Those who had voted for Duncan threw their support to Earle and it provided him with the margin he needed for victory over Evans. South Carolina U.S. Senate Primary Election, 1896 Democratic Party (US) John Gary Evans 38,802 49.6 Democratic Party (US) Joseph H. Earle 31,092 39.8 Democratic Party (US) John T. Duncan 8,327 10.6 South Carolina U.S. Senate Primary Election Runoff, 1896 Democratic Party (US) Joseph H. Earle 42,915 52.0 +12.2 Democratic Party (US) John Gary Evans 39,576 48.0 -1.6 See also 1896 United States elections 1896 United States House of Representatives elections 1896 United States presidential election 54th United States Congress 55th United States Congress Notes 30em References Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov Clark Dan Elbert History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa Iowa City, Iowa 1913 Clark https://books.google.com/books?id=jXJDAAAAIAAJ Cox Harold Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682–2006 The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project Wilkes University January 31, 2007 http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox Rhoades Henry Eckford The Tribune Almanac for 1898 https://archive.org/details/vol1898tribuneal00unse/ New York, NY The Tribune Association 1898 Tribune Almanac 1898 Jordan Frank E The Primary State: A History of the Democratic Party in South Carolina, 1876-1962 54 Evans Makes a Denial New York Times June 23, 1896 5 Hope for South Carolina New York Times September 23, 1896 9 Members of the 55th United States Congress PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAUCUS, The New York Times, January 15, 1897 MR. HILL IS RENOMINATED, The New York Times, January 19, 1897 MANY SENATORS SELECTED; Platt Gets a Big Majority in Each House of New York's Legislature, The New York Times, January 20, 1897 Category:Charles W. Fairbanks