1881 in science

none 1881 science 1881 The year 1881 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy 22 May – John Tebbutt discovers the long-period comet, C/1881 K1 (also known as the Great Comet of 1881, Comet Tebbutt, 1881 III, 1881b).https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30816656 THE GREAT COMET OF 1881 The South Australian Advertiser ( Adelaide, South Australia) 8 June 1881 letter from C. Todd Biology October – Charles Darwin publishes his last scientific book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms. L. S. Poliakov describes the wild horse discovered by Nikolai Przhevalsky in Mongolia in 1879 as a new species, Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalski poliakov).Przewalski's horse http://www.takh.org/Przewalski_horse.html TAKH 2009 2011-11-03 https://web.archive.org/web/20120302021718/http://www.takh.org/Przewalski_horse.html 2012-03-02 dead304 The first systematic study in forensic entomology is conducted by physician and entomologist Hermann Reinhard in Germany. with Friedrich Moritz Brauer Moritz Brauer Friedrich 1882 Beiträge zur Gräberfauna" ["Contributions on the fauna of graves"]. Verh. K. & K. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 31 207–210 Chemistry Friedrich Beilstein publishes the first edition of his Handbuch der organischen Chemie. History of science and technology The birch bark Bakhshali manuscript, incorporating perhaps the earliest known use of mathematical zero, is unearthed near Bakhshali in British India. Publication in England of a pioneering study in industrial archaeology, H. A. Fletcher's "The archaeology of the west Cumberland iron trade".Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Archaeological Society 5:5–21. Mathematics Simon Newcomb makes the first statement of Benford's law.Simon Newcomb Note on the frequency of use of the different digits in natural numbers American Journal of Mathematics 4 1881 39–40 10.2307/2369148 2369148 Medicine July 13 – Dr. George Goodfellow performs the first laparotomy to remove a bullet. September 25 – The first modern Caesarean section is performed successfully by German gynecologist Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer in Meckesheim using the transverse incision technique. December – Eduard von Hofmann carries out autopsy studies of the nearly 400 victims of the Vienna Ringtheater fire, carbon monoxide poisoning being held an underlying cause of death. Louis Pasteur discovers a vaccine for anthrax. Carlos Finlay, a Cuban doctor, first proposes that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes rather than direct human contact.Chaves Carballo E. Carlos Finlay and yellow fever: triumph over adversity Military Medicine 2005 881–5 170 10 16435764 10.7205/milmed.170.10.881 free French obstetrician Étienne Stéphane Tarnier introduces a form of neonatal incubator (couveuse) for routine care of premature infants at the Paris Maternité.11882561 1721389 2002 Dunn P. M. Stéphane Tarnier (1828–1897), the architect of perinatology in France 86 2 F137–9 Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition 10.1136/fn.86.2.f137 English ophthalmologist Waren Tay publishes the first description of the genetic disorder which will become known as Tay–Sachs disease.Waren Tay 1881 1 Transactions of the Ophthalmological Society Symmetrical changes in the region of the yellow spot in each eye of an infant 55–57 approx. date – The non-invasive sphygmomanometer, for the measurement of blood pressure, is invented by Samuel Siegfried Karl von Basch.A short history of blood pressure measurement Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1977 Jeremy Booth 70 11 793–9 341169 1543468 10.1177/003591577707001112 Metrology The International Congress of Electricians, meeting in Paris, makes significant progress in definition of the International System of Units.Gérard Borvon Dans les coulisses du Congrès international des électriciens de 1881 http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/histoire/parcours-historique/unites-electriques/congres1881 Histoire de l'électricité et du magnetisme March 2008 2024-08-30 Technology March 1 – The Cunard Line's Servia, the first steel transatlantic liner, is launched at J. & G. Thomson's yard at Clydebank in Scotland.Williams Hywel Cassell's Chronology of World History https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/434 registration London Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2005 0-304-35730-8 434–435 May 16 – The Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway, the world's first electric tramway, is opened in Berlin by Siemens & Halske.http://www.siemens.pl/upload/images/TS-Siemens_lekkie%20pojazdy_historia.pdf The Siemens tram from past to present Siemens 2011-06-16 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110725013704/http://www.siemens.pl/upload/images/TS-Siemens_lekkie%20pojazdy_historia.pdf 2011-07-25 June – The positive-buoyancy powered submarine "Fenian Ram" (Holland Boat No. II), designed by John Philip Holland, is first submersion-tested in New York City. August 30 – French inventor Clément Ader demonstrates his théâtrophone system which delivers the first example of transmitted binaural 2-channel stereophonic sound, delivered over telephone wires from the operatic stage of the Palais Garnier to the International Exposition of Electricity in Paris.http://www.terramedia.co.uk/Chronomedia/years/1880-1884.htm#Ader Chronomedia: 1880-1884 Chronomedia Terra Media 2005-11-20 2024-08-30A. Lange http://histv2.free.fr/theatrophone/theatrophone.htm Le Premier Medium Electrique De Diffusion Culturelle: Le Theatrophone De Clement Ader (1881) Histoire de la télévision 2002-03-31 2007-11-21 2015-12-20 https://web.archive.org/web/20151220001913/http://histv2.free.fr/theatrophone/theatrophone.htm deadhttps://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024538491;view=1up;seq=428 The Telephone at the Paris Opera https://web.archive.org/web/20210225174255/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024538491;view=1up;seq=428 2021-02-25 Scientific American 1881-12-31 422–2315–16 https://books.google.com/books?id=6AxqhT2f1lYC&pg=PA15 Radio drama: Theory and practice 978-0-415-21603-6 Crook Tim 1999 Psychology Press September 26 – Godalming becomes the first town in England to have its streets illuminated by electric light (hydroelectrically generated).Godalming Power Station http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=744 Engineering Timelines 2010-07-06 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111833/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=744 2011-07-16 October 10 – Richard D'Oyly Carte's Savoy Theatre opens in London, the world's first public building to be fully lit by electricity, using Joseph Swan's incandescent light bulbs.The Savoy Theatre The Times London 1881-10-03 7Burgess Michael Richard D'Oyly Carte The Savoyard 7–11 January 1975 The stage is first lit electrically on December 28.https://www.gsarchive.net/carte/savoy/electric.html Savoy Theatre The Times 1881-12-29 4 2012-01-30 December 21 – Aberdeen 1881 6, the first oceangoing ship successfully powered by a triple expansion steam engine, designed by Alexander Carnegie Kirk, is launched at Robert Napier and Sons' yard at Govan in Scotland. Nikolay Benardos introduces carbon arc welding, the first practical arc welding method.Beginnings of submerged arc welding http://bulletin.is.gliwice.pl/PDF/2014/03/02_Turyk_Grobosz_Beginnings_of_submerged_arc_welding.pdf dead https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070057/http://bulletin.is.gliwice.pl/PDF/2014/03/02_Turyk_Grobosz_Beginnings_of_submerged_arc_welding.pdf 2016-03-04 Peter Herdic patents the Herdic horse-drawn cab in the United States. Awards Copley Medal: Karl Adolph WurtzCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopædia Britannica 23 July 2020 Wollaston Medal for Geology: Peter Martin Duncan Births January 29 – Alice Catherine Evans (died 1975), American microbiologist. January 31 – Irving Langmuir (died 1957), American chemist. March 17 – Walter Rudolf Hess (died 1973), Swiss physiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. April 28 – Edith A. Roberts (died 1977), American plant ecologist. May 1 – Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (died 1955), French paleontologist and philosopher. August 6 – Alexander Fleming (died 1955), British bacteriologist. September 18 – Vera Lebedeva (died 1968), Soviet Russian pediatrician. October 4 – George Constantinescu (died 1965), Romanian engineer. October 11 – Lewis Fry Richardson (died 1953), British mathematical physicist. October 22 – Clinton Davisson (died 1958), American physicist. November 9 – Margaret Reed Lewis (died 1970), American cell biologist. November 13 – Ludwig Koch (died 1974), German Jewish animal sound recordist. Deaths February 3 – John Gould (born 1804), English zoologist. March 26 – Lovisa Åhrberg (born 1801), Swedish surgeon. May 14 – Mary Seacole (born 1805), Jamaican-born nurse. May 19 – Joseph Barnard Davis (born 1801), English craniologist, physician and anthropologist. May 26 – Jakob Bernays (born 1824), German philologist. June 16 – George Rolleston (born 1829), English physician and zoologist. June 23 – Matthias Jakob Schleiden (born 1804), German biologist. June 29 – Maurice Raynaud (born 1834), French physician. July 27 – Hewett Watson (born 1804), English biologist. October 31 – George W. DeLong (born 1844), American Arctic explorer. November 30 – Jean-Alfred Gautier (born 1793), Swiss astronomer028831 Alfred Gautier Marcel Golay References Category:19th century in science Category:1880s in science