1991 Soviet Union referendum

Referendum on the New Union Treaty March 2024 Soviet Union Do you consider it necessary to preserve the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics, in which the rights and freedoms of a person of any nationality will be fully guaranteed? 113,512,812 32,303,977 148,574,606 185,647,355 1991 03 17 y 1991 Union of Soviet Socialist Republic referendum results by SSR and ASSR.svg republic and autonomous republicYes: #47729E 70–80% #28497C 80–90% #2B2457 90–100% thumb|300px|Voting bulletin A referendum on the future of the Soviet Union was held on 17 March 1991 across the Soviet Union. It was the only national referendum in the history of the Soviet Union,Ziętara Wojciech Direct Democracy in Russia 2018 https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvddzwx6.20 Handbook of Direct Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe after 1989 242–259 Marczewska-Rytko Maria 1 Verlag Barbara Budrich 10.2307/j.ctvddzwx6.20 j.ctvddzwx6.20 978-3-8474-2122-1 19 December 2022 24 January 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230124204121/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvddzwx6.20 live subscription although it was boycotted by authorities in six of the fifteen Soviet republics. The referendum asked whether to approve a new Union Treaty among the republics, to replace the 1922 treaty that created the USSR. The question put to most voters was: Do you consider necessary the preservation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics in which the rights and freedom of an individual of any ethnicity will be fully guaranteed?Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p492 0-19-924958-X In Kazakhstan, the wording of the referendum was changed by substituting "equal sovereign states" for "equal sovereign republics". In Uzbekistan, Ukraine and Kirghizia (modern day Kyrgyzstan) additional questions were asked about sovereignty and independence of these republics. While the vote was boycotted by the authorities in Armenia, Estonia, Georgia (though not in the ASSRs of Abkhazia and South Ossetia),ru Chronicle of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict (1988-2008) https://web.archive.org/web/20090531010349/http://anticompromat.ru/raznoe/osetia_hron.html 31 May 2009 Latvia, Lithuania, and Moldova (though not in Transnistria and Gagauzia),Historical Overview of the PMR (Transnistria, Transdniestr, Transdnestr, Pridnestrovie) https://web.archive.org/web/20090122140602/http://www.fischka.com/e_history.html 22 January 2009 turnout was 80% across the rest of the Soviet Union.Referendum of March 1991 https://web.archive.org/web/20180802101700/http://www.answers.com/topic/referendum-of-march-1991 2 August 2018 Russian History Encyclopedia on Answers.com The referendum's question was approved by nearly 80% of voters in all nine other republics that took part.Understanding the Cold War: A Historian's Personal Reflections https://web.archive.org/web/20230124204120/https://books.google.com/books?id=wgtCaPUPIlwC&pg=PA353&dq=Soviet+Union+referendum+70%25&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=8R05UcGtMYjHPIKMgLgF&ved=0CC4Q6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Soviet%20Union%20referendum%2070%25&f=false 24 January 2023 by Adam Bruno Ulam, Leopolis Press, 2000, 0-9679960-0-7 (page 353) However, the August coup attempt by hardliners of the Communist Party prevented the anticipated signing of the New Union Treaty that was due to take place the next day. Although it failed, the coup attempt reduced confidence in Gorbachev's central government. It was followed by a series of referendums for independence in individual republics and led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991.Russia and the World Economy: Problems of Integration https://web.archive.org/web/20230124204121/https://books.google.com/books?id=EMgOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=Soviet+Union,+which+was+dissolved+on+26+December+1991&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=NR85UY6NC8mROPiRgLgO&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Soviet%20Union%2C%20which%20was%20dissolved%20on%2026%20December%201991&f=false 24 January 2023 by Alan H. Smith, Routledge, 1993, 0-415-08925-5 (page 1) Question The following question was asked: English Russian Ukrainian Belarusian Uzbek Kazakh Georgian Azerbaijani Lithuanian "Moldavian" (Romanian) Latvian Kirghiz Tajik Armenian Turkmen Estonian Do you consider it necessary to preserve the USSR as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics, which will be fully ensured of human rights and freedoms of any nationality? ru Считаете ли Вы необходимым сохранение Союза Советских Социалистических Республик как обновлённой федерации равноправных суверенных республик, в которой будут в полной мере гарантироваться права и свободы человека любой национальности? uk Чи вважаєте ви за необхідне збереження Союзу Радянських Соціалістичних Республік як оновленої федерації рівноправних суверенних республік, у якій будуть повною мірою гарантуватися права і свободи людини будь-якої національності? be Ці лічыце вы неабходным захаванне СССР як абноўленай федэрацыі раўнапраўных суверэнных рэспублік, у якой будуць поўнасцю забяспечаны правы і свабоды чалавека любой нацыянальнасці? uz-Cyrl Сиз СССРни ҳар қандай миллатнинг инсон ҳуқуқлари ва эркинликлари тўлиқ таъминланадиган тенг ҳуқуқли суверен республикаларнинг янгиланган федерацияси сифатида сақлаб қолишни зарур деб ҳисоблайсизми? kk Кез келген ұлттың адам құқықтары мен бостандықтары толық қамтамасыз етілетін тең құқылы егеменді республикалардың жаңарған федерациясы ретінде КСРО-ны сақтау қажет деп санайсыз ба? ka თვლით თუ არა საჭიროდ სსრკ-ს შენარჩუნებას, როგორც თანაბარი სუვერენული რესპუბლიკების განახლებულ ფედერაციას, რომელიც სრულად იქნება უზრუნველყოფილი ნებისმიერი ეროვნების ადამიანის უფლებათა და თავისუფლებებით? az-Cyrl Истанилан миллатин инсан ҳүқуқ ва азадлықларыны там тамин эдаcак барабарҳүқуқлу суверен республикаларын јениланмиш федерасиясы кими ССРИ-ни қоруюб сахламағы зарури ҳесаб эдирсинизми? lt Ar manote, kad būtina išsaugoti SSRS kaip atnaujintą lygių suverenių respublikų federaciją, kuriai bus visiškai užtikrintos bet kurios tautybės žmogaus teisės ir laisvės? no ro Консидераци че есте нечесарэ пэстрареа УРСС ка о федерацие реынноитэ де републичи суверане эгале, каре ва фи пе деплин асигуратэ де дрептуриле ши либертэциле омулуи де ориче националитате? lv Vai uzskatāt par nepieciešamu saglabāt PSRS kā atjaunotu vienlīdzīgu suverēnu republiku federāciju, kurai tiks pilnībā nodrošinātas jebkuras tautības cilvēktiesības un brīvības? no ky Кандай гана улут болбосун адамдын укуктары жана эркиндиктери толук камсыз кылынуучу тец укуктуу суверендуу республикалардын жацыланган федерациясы катары СССРди сактап калуу зарыл деп эсептейсизби? tg Оё шумо зарур мешуморед, ки СССР хамчун федерацияи навшудаи республикахои сохибихтиёри баробархукук нигох дошта шавад, ки он хукуку озодихои инсони хар миллат пурра таъмин карда мешавад? hy Անհրաժե՞շտ եք համարում պահպանել ԽՍՀՄ-ը որպես իրավահավասար ինքնիշխան հանրապետությունների նորացված դաշնություն, որը լիովին կապահովվի ցանկացած ազգության մարդու իրավունքներով և ազատություններով? tk Адам ҳукуклары ве ислендик миллетиң азатлыклары билен долы үпжүн эдилжек деңҳукуклы республикаларың тәзеленен федерациясы ҳөкмүнде СССР-и горап сакламагы зерур ҳасаплаярсыңызмы? et Kas peate vajalikuks säilitada NSV Liit kui võrdväärsete suveräänsete vabariikide uuendatud föderatsioon, millele on täielikult tagatud mis tahes rahvusest inimõigused ja vabadused? no Overview thumbnail|Voter invitation in the RSFSR On 24 December 1990, deputies of the 4th Congress of People's Deputies, having voted by name, decided to consider it necessary to preserve the USSR as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics, which will be fully ensured human rights and freedoms of any nationality.Постановление СНД СССР от 24 декабря 1990 года № 1853-1 «О сохранении Союза ССР как обновлённой федерации равноправных суверенных республик» // Ведомости СНД и ВС СССР. — 1990. — № 52. — ст. 1158. The referendum considered five questions: Do you consider it necessary to preserve the USSR as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics, which will be fully ensured of human rights and freedoms of any nationality? (Yes/No) Do you consider it necessary to preserve the USSR as a single state? (Yes/No) Do you consider it necessary to preserve the socialist system in the USSR? (Yes/No) Do you consider it necessary to preserve the Soviet government in the renewed Union?March 2021 (Yes/No) Do you feel the need to safeguard the Union in the renewed human rights and freedoms of any nationality?March 2021 (Yes/No) (Any legal or legislative consequences, in case of acceptance of, or otherwise, was not specified) On the same day, at the initiative and insistence of General Secretary and President Mikhail Gorbachev,Любарев А. Е. Выборы в Москве: опыт двенадцати лет. 1989—2000 https://web.archive.org/web/20201110235833/http://lyubarev.narod.ru/elect/book/soderzh.html 10 November 2020 . — М.: Стольный град, 2001. — 412 с. — 5-89910-019-2.Съездом было принято два постановления о проведении референдумов по вопросу о частной собственности на землю the Congress adopted two decisions on holding a referendum on the private ownership of land [6] and on the preservation of the Union as a renewed federation of equal sovereign of Soviet Socialist Republics [7]. For the adoption of the first resolution voted in 1553 deputies, against - 84, abstained - 70. For the adoption of the second resolution voted in 1677 deputies, against - 32, abstained - 66. However, concerning the first decision the Chairman YH Kalmykov later explained at a session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Supreme Council Committee for Legislation, the president asked to refrain from holding a referendum on the issue of private property. Second course was given to the decree. The first was No. 1856-1 "On holding a referendum of the USSR on the issue of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics", dated 24 December 1990: [...] due to numerous appeals of workers expressed concern about the fate of the USSR, and given that the preservation of a single union state is the most important issue of public life, affects the interests of each person, all the Soviet Union's population,Постановление СНД СССР от 24 декабря 1990 года № 1856-1 «О проведении референдума СССР по вопросу о Союзе Советских Социалистических Республик» // Ведомости СНД и ВС СССР. — 1990. — № 52. — ст. 1161. the Congress of People's Deputies USSR decided: To conduct a referendum of the USSR to address the issue of maintaining the Union as a renewed federation of equal sovereign Soviet Socialist Republics, taking into account the results of voting for each country separately. To instruct the USSR Supreme Council set a date for the referendum and ensure its measures. –Resolution of the USSR from LICs December 24, 1990 No. 1856-1 On 27 December 1990, Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR decided enact the law "On the popular vote (Soviet Union referendum)", effective immediately. Article 5 of the Law specifies that the right to call a referendum belongs to the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, and on matters not related to the exclusive jurisdiction of the USSR Congress of People's Deputies, in the period between congresses – to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.Закон СССР от 27 декабря 1990 года № 1869-1 «О всенародном голосовании (референдуме СССР)» // Ведомости СНД и ВС СССР. — 1991. — № 1. — ст. 10. On 16 January 1991 the Supreme Council of USSR published Resolution 1910-1 "On the organization and measures to ensure the holding of a referendum of the USSR on the issue of preserving the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics". Based on the fact that no one, except the people can not take the historical responsibility for the fate of the USSR, pursuant to the decision of the fourth Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in accordance with the law on the referendum of the USSR. [...] The Supreme Council decides to: Carry out the entire territory of the Soviet Union on Sunday, 17 March 1991, for the Soviet Union referendum on the preservation of the Soviet Union as a federation of equal republics. Turn on the ballot for secret voting the following wording of the question put to referendum, and the answers of voting: "Do you consider it necessary to preserve the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a renewed federation of equal sovereign republics, which will fully guarantee the rights and freedoms of all nationalities." "Yes or no". To determine the results of voting by the Union Soviet Socialist Republic as a whole, taking into account the results of voting for each country separately. –Resolution of the USSR Supreme Soviet of 16 January 1991 № 1910-1Постановление ВС СССР от 16 января 1991 года № 1910-1 «Об организации и мерах по обеспечению проведения референдума СССР по вопросу о сохранении Союза Советских Социалистических Республик» // Ведомости СНД и ВС СССР. 1991. — № 4. — ст. 87. Results 113512812 32303977 2757817 185647355 Nohlen & StöverDieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1647 978-3-8329-5609-7 In participating republics section much of the data on subdivisions of the SSRs February 2025 Republic or subdivision of republicForAgainstInvalidvotesTotalvotesRegisteredvotersTurnoutVotes%Votes%Russian SFSR56,860,06773.0021,030,75327.001,809,63379,701,169105,643,36475.44Flag of None.svg Adygea83.2373.23Flag of None.svg Aga-Buryatia91.987.7Flag of None.svg Altai79.8277.92Flag of None.svg Amur80.776.66Flag of None.svg Astrakhan75.972.39Bashkir ASSR Bashkiria1,908,87585.9269,00712.143,2762,221,1582,719,63781.7Flag of None.svg Belgorod80.787.43Flag of None.svg Astrakhan80.2881.45Buryat ASSR 1990 Buryatia447,43883.578,16714.610,197535,802668,23180.2Flag of None.svg Chelyabinsk62.9676.36Flag of None.svg Chita84.379.96Flag of None.svg Chukchi69.7673.07Dagestan ASSR 1991 Dagestan670,48882.6131,52216.29,999812,0091,008,62680.5Flag of None.svg Evenk77.0576.11Flag of None.svg Gorno-Altai89.0885.42Flag of None.svg Jewish Autonomous Oblast80.3160.06Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR 1991 Kabardino-Balkaria290,38077.977,33920.84,888372,607489,43676.1Flag of None.svg Kaliningrad76.4675.64Kalmyk ASSR 1990 Kalmykia148,46287.817,83310.52,829169,124204,30182.8Flag of None.svg Kaluga73.6181.94Flag of None.svg Kamchatka64.3670.32Flag of None.svg Karachay-Cherkessia82.5985.69Karelian ASSR 1991 Karelia317,85476.092,70322.07,544418,101551,64475.8Flag of None.svg Kemerovo67.6469.83Flag of None.svg Khabarovsk68.9667.82Flag of None.svg Khakassia75.8372.57Flag of None.svg Khanty-Mansi62.5959.75Flag of None.svg Kirov Oblast73.878.59Komi ASSR Komi412,84276.0119,67822.010,883543,403797,04975.44Flag of None.svg Komi-Permyak87.3481.87Flag of None.svg Koryak75.4578.59Flag of None.svg Kostroma79.1380.18Flag of None.svg Krasnodar80.3274.59Flag of None.svg Krasnoyarsk70.1272.96Flag of None.svg Kurgan76.9982.24Flag of None.svg Kursk81.3384.98Flag of None.svg Leningrad69.8573.92Flag of None.svg Lipetsk72.6583.8Flag of None.svg Magadan63.6866.35Mari ASSR 1990 Mari333,31979.677,23918.58,041418,599525,68579.6Mordovian ASSR 1990 Mordovia459,02180.3101,88617.810,724571,631677,70684.3Flag of None.svg Moscow50.0267.95Flag of None.svg Moscow Oblast63.8374.48Flag of None.svg Murmansk66.0871.82Flag of None.svg Nenets78.2575.89Flag of None.svg Nizhny Novgorod66.8874North Ossetian ASSR North Ossetia331,82390.232,7868.93,249367,858428,30785.9Flag of None.svg Novgorod74.4574.88Flag of None.svg Novosibirsk69.3270.74Flag of None.svg Omsk75.0580.21Flag of None.svg Oryol80.0382.95Flag of None.svg Orenburg79.9478.39Flag of None.svg Penza75.9185.16Flag of None.svg Perm64.8971.16Flag of None.svg Primorye64.1271.57Flag of None.svg Pskov82.6883.21Flag of None.svg Rostov73.4877.03Flag of None.svg Ryazan77.5583.27Flag of None.svg Saint Petersburg50.5464.89Flag of None.svg Sakhalin73.1473.68Flag of None.svg Samara70.3973.74Flag of None.svg Saratov73.1179.18Flag of None.svg Smolensk82.3681.55Flag of None.svg Stavropol79.2983.17Flag of None.svg Sverdlovsk49.3373.58Flag of None.svg Tambov82.7284.34Tatar ASSR Tatarstan1,708,19387.5211,51610.832,0591,951,7682,532,38377.1Flag of None.svg Taymyr71.0775.13Flag of None.svg Tomsk63.8971.64Flag of None.svg Tula71.3177.37Tuvan ASSR 1990 Tuva126,59891.49,4046.82,494138,496171,73180.6Flag of None.svg Tver78.7381.42Flag of None.svg Tyumen74.7771.6Udmurt ASSR 1991 Udmurtia622,71476.0180,28922.016,137819,1401,103,08374.3Flag of None.svg Ulyanovsk79.0379.21Flag of None.svg Ust-Orda Buryatia88.688.11Flag of None.svg Vladimir68.6478.5Flag of None.svg Volgograd66.2371.53Flag of None.svg Vologda68.9176.28Flag of None.svg Voronezh75.0681.25Checheno-Ingush ASSR 1990 Checheno-Ingushetia318,05975.994,73722.66,216419,012712,13958.8Chuvash ASSR 1990 Chuvashia616,38782.4113,24915.118,784748,420900,91381.3Yakut ASSR 1990 Yakutia415,71276.7116,79821.69,483541,993688,67978.7Flag of None.svg Yamalo-Nenets61.7766.46Flag of None.svg Yaroslavl71.2574.8Byelorussian SSR Byelorussia5,069,31383.72986,07916.2871,5916,126,9837,354,79683.31Ukrainian SSR Ukraine22,110,89971.488,820,08928.52583,25631,514,24437,732,17883.52Flag of None.svg Cherkasy77.321.41,140,50687.9Flag of None.svg Chernihiv83.315.21,064,98290.5Flag of None.svg Chernivtsi60.836.0663,78188.3Flag of None.svg Crimea87.611.11,561,78579.3Flag of None.svg Dnipropetrovsk77.521.12,861,06078.7Flag of None.svg Donetsk84.514.13,847,20480.0Flag of None.svg Ivano-Frankivsk18.278.31,004,72878.3Flag of None.svg Kharkiv75.722.42,382,19678.4Flag of None.svg Kherson81.017.8896,36484.9Flag of None.svg Khmelnytskyi77.720.91,124,58891.3Flag of None.svg Kirovohrad82.416.3919,08486.6Flag of None.svg Kyiv44.652.91,903,15271.5Flag of None.svg Kyiv Oblast66.931.21,416,60083.7Flag of None.svg Luhansk86.312.62,084,23585.4Flag of None.svg Lviv16.480.11,997,54389.4Flag of None.svg Mykolaiv84.214.4966,41985.0Flag of None.svg Odesa82.116.21,891,82278.4Flag of None.svg Poltava78.819.91,301,43290.2Flag of None.svg Rivne54.342.9804,44787.5Flag of None.svg Sevastopol83.115.2316,42174.7Flag of None.svg Sumy78.819.61,070,12487.3Flag of None.svg Ternopil19.376.5854,67191.2Flag of None.svg Vinnytsia81.217.71,417,08790.7Flag of None.svg Volyn53.743.2751,26887.6Flag of None.svg Zakarpattia60.236.3842,15982.2Flag of None.svg Zaporizhzhia79.818.81,542,49880.2Flag of None.svg Zhytomyr81.617.01,105,93888.3Flag of the Gagauz people.svg Gagauzia (Moldavia) Flag of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1952–1990).svg Transnistria (Moldavia) Abkhaz ASSR Abkhazia (Georgia)164,23198.51,5660.9747166,544318,31752.3Flag of South Ossetia.svg South Ossetia (Georgia) Azerbaijan SSR 1991 Azerbaijan2,709,24694.12169,2255.8825,3262,903,7973,866,65975.10Nakhichevan ASSR 1991 Nakhichevan31,32887.33,62010.191835,866174,36420.6Kazakh SSR Kazakhstan8,295,51995.00436,5605.0084,4648,816,5439,999,43388.17Kirghiz SSR Kirghizia2,057,97195.9886,2464.0230,3772,174,5932,341,64692.87Tajik SSR Tajikistan2,315,75596.8575,3003.1516,4972,407,5522,549,09694.45Turkmen SSR Turkmenistan1,766,58498.2631,2031.746,5311,804,3101,846,31097.66Uzbek SSR Uzbekistan9,196,84894.73511,3735.27108,1129,816,33310,287,93895.42Karakalpak ASSR Karakalpakstan563,91697.610,1331.83,668577,717584,20898.9Source: Report from the Central Commission of the USSR Referendum, Seventeen Moments in Soviet History, Association of People's Deputies of Ukraine In republics not participating in the Soviet referendums An official referendum had been held in Estonia on 3 March 1991 on whether to restore the Estonian republic that had been occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940. The result was 77.8% in favour of restoring the Estonian republic.http://www.riigikogu.ee/index.php?id=34582 Chronology 6 September 2012 Latvia also held an official referendum on 3 March 1991, when the overwhelming majority voted to restore the independent Latvian republic. Lithuania had held a referendum on 9 February 1991, in which 93% of voters had approved independence. Georgia was to hold its own independence referendum two weeks later, and Armenia on 21 September. In both cases, 99.5% of voters approved of the declarations of independence. Consequently, in these republics, pro-Soviet front-organisations organised voluntary referendums without official sanction.Об итогах референдума СССР, состоявшегося 17 марта 1991 года (Из сообщения Центральной комиссии референдума СССР) // Известия. — 1991. — 27 марта.ru Воля, которую мы потеряли... "Время" № 5. 16 марта 2001 года https://web.archive.org/web/20110919222122/http://www.vremyababurin.narod.ru/Num5_2001/N5_2001.html 19 September 2011 Turnout of voting here was considerably less than 50% of the franchised voters of these countriesSeptember 2023, but this information was not included in the official statement of the Central Commission of the Referendum of USSR.ruhttps://archive.today/20120710231411/http://new.hse.ru/sites/tp/isakov/1990-1996dn/71/1/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%20%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%20%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0%2017%20%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%201991%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.htm Сообщение Центральной комиссии референдума СССР об итогах референдума СССР, состоявшегося 17 марта 1991 года // Правда. — 1991. — 27 марта. Republic and Autonomous OblastForAgainstInvalidvotesTotalvotesRegisteredvoters(not equal tofranchised voters)Turnout(based onregistered,not franchised voters)Votes%Votes%Armenian SSR 1990 Armenia2,54172.4696627.54423,5494,92372.09Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1952–1991).svg Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijan) Georgian SSR 1990 GeorgiaReferendum was held only in Abkhazia and South Ossetia43,95099.9890.025344,01245,69696.31Moldavian SSR 1990 Moldova688,90598.728,9161.283,072700,893841,50783.29Estonian SSR 1990 Estonia211,09095.4610,0404.541,110222,240299,68174.16Latvian SSR 1990 Latvia415,14795.8418,0154.163,621436,783670,82865.11Lithuanian SSR 1988 Lithuania496,05099.134,3550.87970436,783582,26286.11Source: Direct Democracy Additional questions In several of the republics, additional questions were added to the ballot. In Russia, an additional question was asked on whether an elective post of the president of Russia should be created. In Kirghizia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan the additional question was on the sovereignty of their republics as part of a new union. Kirghizia In Kirghizia, voters were also asked "Do you agree that the Republic of Kirghizistan should be in the renewed Union as a sovereign republic with equal rights?" It was approved by 62.2% of voters, although turnout was lower at 81.7%, compared to 92.9% in the Union-wide referendum.Nohlen et al., p443 62.2 37.8 Nohlen et al. Ukraine 1991 Ukrainian sovereignty referendum In Ukraine, voters were also asked "Do you agree that Ukraine should be part of a Union of Soviet sovereign states on the basis on the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine?"Nohlen & Stöver, p1985 The proposal was approved by 81.7% of voters. 25224687 5655701 584703 37689767 Nohlen & Stöver At the same day a referendum in the Galician oblasts Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, and Ternopil asked the three regions of the USSR about the creation of independent state of Ukraine.Dissolution: Sovereignty and the Breakup of the Soviet UnionFebruary 2019 InternetArchiveBot yes by Edward W. Walker, Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, 0742524523 (134)The Ukrainian West: Culture and the Fate of Empire in Soviet Lviv https://web.archive.org/web/20230124204127/https://books.google.com/books?id=zo9t6NS-YCwC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=Ivano-Frankivsk,+Lviv,+and+Ternopil+march+1991&source=bl&ots=JB5dG4uq0c&sig=6Fsz3xPYJV8JYGAPoVg5oc2G-x4&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi33MOY3MbLAhVDRg8KHXh0D3sQ6AEIIDAC#v=onepage&q=Ivano-Frankivsk%2C%20Lviv%2C%20and%20Ternopil%20march%201991&f=false 24 January 2023 by William Jay Risch, Harvard University Press, 2011, 0674050010, (page 4) 88% of the voters in this referendum supported Ukraine's independence.Cleft Countries: Regional Political Divisions and Cultures in Post-Soviet Ukraine and Moldova (Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society 33) https://web.archive.org/web/20230124204127/https://books.google.com/books?id=71YxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA101&lpg=PA101&dq=Referendum+of+Galicia+1991&source=bl&ots=x3s4X3uLps&sig=dMAgZL8XdgWzAc6MHeelj5F50tE&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjA0ubH18bLAhXBew8KHZlMDx8Q6AEIIjAC#v=onepage&q=Referendum%20of%20Galicia%201991&f=false 24 January 2023 by Ivan Katchanovski, 2006, 389821558X (page 40) 8.5 months later, all of Ukraine held an independence referendum on 1 December, in which 92% voted for independence. Uzbekistan In Uzbekistan, voters were also asked "Do you agree that Uzbekistan should remain part of a renewed Union (federation) as a sovereign republic with equal rights?" It was approved by 94.9% of voters, with a turnout of 95.5%. On 29 December 98% of Uzbeks would vote for full independence. 94.9 5.1 9824304 10287938 Nohlen et al. Aftermath Following the referendum, an agreement between the Soviet central government and nine republics — known as the 9+1 agreement — was signed in Novo-Ogaryovo on 23 April 1991. The New Union Treaty that resulted would have converted the Soviet Union into a confederation of independent republics with a common president, foreign policy, and military. The New Union Treaty was fully prepared and scheduled to be signed on 20 August 1991, but the signing was prevented by the State Emergency Committee coup. The coup of August 1991 was timed specifically to prevent the signing of the treaty. After the coup failed by 21 August, Gorbachev returned to Moscow and reluctantly agreed to the dissolution of the Communist Party. Boris Yeltsin then proceeded to abolish or take over the institutions of the Soviet Union. Most Soviet republics subsequently adopted declarations of independence. Ukraine's independence referendum on 1 December 1991, in which 92% voted for independence, is widely considered the most immediate event that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union formally dissolved on 26 December 1991.Times The Moscow 2021-03-17 Soviet Collapse Violated the People's Will, Gorbachev Says https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/03/17/soviet-collapse-violated-the-peoples-will-gorbachev-says-a73267 2026-06-14 The Moscow Times en See also Soviet Union Politics Dissolution of the Soviet Union Notes References External links Soviet Union Soviet Union Referendum Category:Dissolution of the Soviet Union Category:Referendums in Azerbaijan Category:Referendums in Belarus Category:Referendums in Kazakhstan Category:Referendums in Kyrgyzstan Category:Referendums in Russia Category:Referendums in the Soviet Union Category:Referendums in Tajikistan Category:Referendums in Turkmenistan Category:Referendums in Ukraine Category:Referendums in Uzbekistan Category:Perestroika Category:Sovereignty referendums Soviet Soviet Category:March 1991 in the Soviet Union Category:Election and referendum articles with incomplete results