1972 visit by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to the Soviet Union

None July 2016 April 2020 Presidency In March 1972, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, president of Pakistan, visited the Soviet Union to help normalize formal relations between the two countries.Gupta 1975 86–88.Snyder Jervis 1991 60.Syed 1974 170–171. Bhutto engaged in substantive discussions with Soviet leaders in Moscow, including meeting with Premier Alexei Kosygin and General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev.Snyder Jervis 1991 66–67Syed 1974 1771-173 Even before being elected on a socialist platform in 1971, Bhutto had spoken of the necessity of independent foreign policy and stronger relations with the Soviet Union, which had been fractured during the direct war with India and the Indo-Soviet Treaty.Racioppi 1994 90–92. The meeting was marked as a reconciliation between the states and as a restoration of industrial co-operation. It also signaled a wider shift towards an independent foreign policy, in particular to reduce Pakistan's dependence on the United States.Haroon Faraz Bhutto in Moscow http://www.thefridaytimes.com/20052011/page30.shtml The Friday Times 28 April 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20120430203438/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/20052011/page30.shtml 30 April 2012 dead Held between 2–5 March 1972, the meeting also strengthened trade between the two states. Trade was increased from 36.2 million rubles (Рубль) to 92.3 million rubles.Racioppi 1994 94–95. The repercussions of Bhutto's visit were vast, including the Pakistan Steel Mills (valued at ₨.4.5 billion) established in Karachi, the Guddo Thermal Power Plant, and Pakistan's official departure from the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO).Korson 1974 70–74.Staff works Bhutto in Soviet Union http://www.bhutto.org/foreign-relations.php bhutto.org PPP press release 28 April 2015 4 February 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150204083743/http://www.bhutto.org/foreign-relations.php dead In 1974, Bhutto again visited Moscow as part of a goodwill mission, aimed at strengthening ties.Russian-Pakistan relations http://www.rusconsulkarachi.mid.ru/RUSSIA-PAKISTAN.htm rusconsulkarachi.mid.ru Russian consular-general 28 April 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20130315070730/http://www.rusconsulkarachi.mid.ru/RUSSIA-PAKISTAN.htm 15 March 2013 deadRaza 1997. That visit yielded mixed results: the Pakistan Steel Mills were established and inaugurated in 1985; however, closer ties with China, difficulties with India and Afghanistan, and the discovery of Soviet arms in the Iraqi embassy negatively impacted relations between Pakistan and Soviet Union. Relations between the two countries would quickly sour after Bhutto was deposed and executed by the pro-American General Zia ul Haq, who aligned Pakistan with the US in support of the Afghan Mujahideen to resist the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979–1988. See also List of international presidential trips made by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto References Further reading Racioppi Linda Soviet policy towards South Asia since 1970 1994 Cambridge Univ. Press Cambridge u.a. 0521414571 225 1. publ. https://books.google.com/books?id=jiUic1s7djMC&pg=PA95 Google Books Stability and Change Gupta Shyam Ratna India: A Study in Futurism 1975 Abhinav Publications New Delhi 0883868245 101 https://books.google.com/books?id=qBskImdFBvAC&pg=PA88 Gerges James Wynbrandt Fawaz A. A brief history of Pakistan 2008 Facts on File New York 978-0816061846 320 https://books.google.com/books?id=xQGwgJnCPZgC&pg=PA196 Korson J. Henry Contemporary problems of Pakistan 1974 Brill Leiden 9004039422 147 https://archive.org/details/contemporaryprob0000kors registration Bhutto Soviet Union 1972. 28 April 2015 Raza Rafi Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan : 1967–1977 1997 Oxford Univ. Press Karachi 978-0195776973 2nd Snyder Jack Robert Jervis Dominoes and bandwagons strategic beliefs and great power competition in the Eurasian rimland https://archive.org/details/dominoesbandwago00robe registration 1991 Oxford University Press New York 0195362764 277 Syed Anwar Hussain China & Pakistan : diplomacy of an entente cordiale 1974 University of Massachusetts Press Amherst 087023160X 245 https://books.google.com/books?id=v-eJOu2ZUkkC&pg=PA171 Media archives Z.A. Bhutto in Moscow 1972 19 February 2014 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhvRoBDRIr4 PTV archives 28 April 2015 Category:1972 in Pakistan Category:1972 in the Soviet Union Category:Pakistan–Soviet Union relations Category:1972 in international relations Category:Government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Category:History of the foreign relations of Pakistan Category:Pakistani presidential visits Category:March 1972 in Europe