1975 in spaceflight

none November 2024 science July 2019 June 2019 June 2019 1975 Apollo-Soyuz-Test-Program-artist-rendering.jpg Artist's impression of the ASTP docking 10 January 27 December 132 125 Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1ARDelta 3000Diamant-BP4Long March 2CN-IScout F-1Titan III(34)B Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1ADelta 1000Diamant-BP4Saturn IBScout F-1 4 1 9 Timeline of spaceflight 1974 1976 right off In 1975, several notable events occurred in spaceflight, including the launches of Venera 9 and 10 and their Venus arrivals, the launches of the Viking Mars missions, the joint American-Soviet Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), the failure of Soyuz 7K-T 39, and the launch of Aryabhatta, India's first satellite. The Venera 9 mission was launched 8 June 1975 and on 20 October 1975 became the first spacecraft to orbit Venus; two days later its lander returned the first images from the surface of any planet (other than Earth). Venera 10 was launched on 14 June 1975; it entered orbit of Venus on 23 October 1975 and its lander arrived on the surface of Venus on 25 October 1975. Both Venera 9 and Venera 10 returned various scientific observations of Venus and black-and-white television pictures from the planet's surface. Viking 1 was launched on 20 August 1975 and Viking 2 was launched 9 September 1975. This orbiter/lander mission was to photograph the surface of Mars in 1976. The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was a collaboration between the United States and the Soviet Union that saw an end to the space race. The mission was launched on 15 July 1975, with the Soyuz returning on 21 July and Apollo on 24 July. On 5 April, Soyuz 7K-T 39 aborted after the second and third stages failed to separate, with the crew pulling over 21 g on a ballistic reentry. On 19 April, the first Indian satellite, Aryabhatta, was launched on a Soviet Kosmos-3M. Launches 1975 yes |colspan=8| January |- 1 10 January 21:43:37 USSR 1955Soyuz USSR 1955Baikonur Site 1/5 USSR 1955 Crewed flight with two cosmonauts, first mission to Salyut 4 USSR 1955Soyuz 17 Salyut expedition Low Earth (Salyut 4) 19 February 11:03 Successful 1 17 January 09:00 USSR Voskhod USSR Baikonur Site 31/6 USSR USSR Kosmos 702 (Zenit-2M/Gektor #54) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 29 January Successful 1 21 January 11:04 USSR Kosmos-2 USSR Plesetsk Site 133/3 USSR USSR Kosmos 703 (DS-P1-Yu #74) Low Earth Radar calibration 20 November Successful 1 22 January 17:55 USA Delta 2910 Delta 107 USA Vandenberg AFB SLC-2W USA USA Landsat 2 (ERTS B) NASA Sun-synchronous (SSO) Earth observation Successful 1 23 January 11:00 USSR Voskhod USSR Plesetsk Site 41/1 USSR USSR Kosmos 704 (Zenit-4MK/Germes #35) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 6 February Successful 1 28 January 12:05 USSR Kosmos-2 USSR Plesetsk Site 133/1 USSR USSR Kosmos 705 (DS-P1-Yu #75) Low Earth Radar calibration 18 November Successful 1 30 January 15:02 USSR Molniya-M/Blok 2BL USSR Plesetsk Site 41/1 USSR USSR Kosmos 706 (US-K #4) Molniya orbit Missile early warning Successful |colspan=8| February |- 1 5 February 13:15 USSR Kosmos-3M USSR Plesetsk Site 132/1 USSR USSR Kosmos 707 (Tselina-O #26) Low Earth ELINT 7 September 1980 Successful 1 6 February 04:49 USSR Molniya-M/Blok ML USSR Plesetsk Site 41/1 USSR USSR Molniya-2 12 Molniya orbit Communications 4 August 1985 Successful 1 6 February 16:35 FRA Diamant BP4 French Guiana Guiana Space Centre ELD FRA CNES FRA Starlette CNES Low Earth Geodesy Successful 1 6 February 22:04 USA Delta 2914 Delta 108 USA Cape Canaveral SLC-17B USA USAF USA SMS-2 NASA Geostationary Weather Successful 1 12 February 03:30 USSR Kosmos-3M USSR Plesetsk Site 132/1 USSR USSR Kosmos 708 (Sfera #13) Low Earth Geodesy Successful 1 12 February 14:30 USSR Voskhod USSR Plesetsk Site 41/1 USSR USSR Kosmos 709 (Zenit-4MK/Germes #36) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 25 February Successful 1 20 February 23:35 USA Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A AC-33 Error during booster separation caused a reset of the guidance computer, leading to the loss of control.Atlas-SLV3D Centaur-D1A Intelsat 4 F6 https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/4001 2024-09-28 nextspaceflight.com en Range safety sent the flight termination command at T+413 seconds. UN Intelsat IV F-6 Intelsat Intended: Geostationary Communications 20 February Launch failure 1 24 February 05:25 JPNM-3C JPNKagoshima Space Center LP-M JPNISAS JPNSRATS (Taiyo) ISAS Highly elliptical orbit Ionosphere research 29 June 1980 Successful 1 26 February 09:00 USSR Voskhod USSR Baikonur Site 31/6 USSR USSR Kosmos 710 (Zenit-4MK/Germes #37) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 12 March Successful 1 14:01 28 February USSR Kosmos-3M USSR Plesetsk Site 132/2 USSR USSR Kosmos 711 to 718 (Strela-1M × 8) Low Earth Communications Successful |colspan=8| March |- 1 10 March 04:41 USA Titan III(34)B USA Vandenberg AFB SLC-4W USA USAF USA Jumpseat 4 (OPS 2439) NRO Molniya orbit SIGINT Successful 1 12 March 08:55 USSR Voskhod USSR Baikonur Site 31/6 USSR USSR Kosmos 719 (Zenit-4MK/Germes #38) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 25 March Successful 1 21 March 06:50 USSR Soyuz-U USSR Plesetsk Site 43/3 USSR USSR Kosmos 720 (Zenit-4MT/Orion #8) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance, test spacecraft 3 April Successful 1 26 March 08:50 USSR Voskhod USSR Plesetsk Site 41/1 USSR Nauka research payload carried inside Zenit-2M reentry capsule. USSR Kosmos 721 (Zenit-2M/Gektor #55) and Nauka-5KSA 1L GRU, AN SSSR Low Earth Reconnaissance, research 7 April Successful 2 2 1 27 March 08:00 USSR Voskhod USSR Baikonur Site 31/6 USSR USSR Kosmos 722 (Zenit-4MK/Germes #39) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 9 April Successful 1 27 March 14:30 USSR Kosmos-3M USSR Plesetsk Site 132/1 USSR Cooperative project of Czechoslovakia and the USSR UN Interkosmos 13 (DS-U2-IK #6) Interkosmos Low Earth Radiation belts and upper atmosphere research 2 September 1980 Successful |colspan=8| April |- 1 1 April 12:30 USSR Vostok-2M USSR Plesetsk Site 41/1 USSR USSR Meteor-1 21 Low Earth Weather Successful 1 2 April 11:00 USSR Tsyklon-2 USSR Baikonur Site 90/20 USSR USSR Kosmos 723 (US-A #9) Low Earth Radar ocean surveillance Successful 1 5 April 11:04:54 USSR 1955Soyuz USSR 1955Baikonur Site 1/5 USSR 1955 Crewed flight with two cosmonauts, first and second core stages failed to separate, flight aborted and crew returned on suborbital trajectory USSR 1955Soyuz 7K-T #39 Salyut expedition Intended: Low Earth (Salyut 4) 11:26 Launch failure 1 7 April 11:00 USSR Tsyklon-2 USSR Baikonur Site 90/20 USSR USSR Kosmos 724 (US-A #10) Low Earth Radar ocean surveillance Successful 1 8 April 18:29 USSR Kosmos-2 USSR Plesetsk Site 133/1 USSR USSR Kosmos 725 (DS-P1-Yu #76) Low Earth Radar calibration 6 January 1976 Successful 1 9 April 23:58:02 USA Delta 1410 USA Vandenberg SLC-2W USA NASA USA GEOS-3 NASA Geodesy Low Earth Successful 1 19 April USSR 1955Kosmos-3M USSR 1955Kapustin Yar USSR 1955 Interkosmos First Indian satellite; payload failed 4–5 days after launch INDAryabhatta ISRO X-ray astronomy, aeronomics, and solar physics studies Low Earth 11 February 1992 Launch success, payload partial failure |colspan=8| May |- 1 7 May 22:45:01 USA Scout F-1 ITA San Marco mobile range, Kenya ITA CRS USASAS 3 NASA X-ray astronomy Low Earth 9 April 1979 Successful 1 24 May 14:58:10 USSR 1955Soyuz USSR 1955Baikonur Site 1/5 USSR 1955 Crewed flight with two cosmonauts, final mission to Salyut 4 USSR 1955Soyuz 18 Salyut expedition Low Earth (Salyut 4) 26 July 14:18 Successful |colspan=8| June |- 1 3 June 09:00 USSRKosmos-3M USSRKapustin Yar, Site 107/1 USSR UNDS-U3-IK #5 Interkosmos Intended: Low Earth Solar radiation research 3 June Failure 1 3 June 13:20 USSRVoskhod USSRPlesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 43/3 USSR USSRKosmos 742 (Zenit-4MK/Germes #43) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 15 June Successful 2 5 June 01:37 USSRMolniya-M/Blok ML USSRPlesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 41/1 USSR USSRMolniya-1K 30 (Molniya-1K 37L) Molniya orbit Communications 25 September 1987 Successful FRASRET fr 2 CNES Molniya orbit Technology test 10 July 1988 Successful 2 8 June 02:37 USSRProton-K/Blok D USSRBaikonur Cosmodrome, Site 81/24 USSR First spacecraft to orbit Venus, first spacecraft to return images from the surface of another planet USSRVenera 9 (4V1 #1) orbiter Cytherocentric Venus orbiter Successful USSRVenera 9 (4V1 #1) lander Cytherocentric Venus lander 22 October 05:13 (on Venus) Successful 2 8 June 18:30 USATitan IIID 3D-10 USAVandenberg AFB, SLC-4E USAUS Air Force USAKH-9 10 (Hexagon, OPS 6381) NRO Low Earth Reconnaissance 5 November Successful USAP-226 1 (SSU 1, OPS 6381) Low Earth ELINT Successful 1 12 June 08:12 USADelta 2910 Delta 111 USAVandenberg AFB, SLC-2W USA USANimbus 6 NASA, NOAA Low Earth Weather Successful 1 12 June 12:30 USSRSoyuz-U USSRPlesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 43/3 USSR USSRKosmos 743 (Zenit-4MK/Germes #44) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 25 June Successful 2 14 June 03:00 USSRProton-K/Blok D USSRBaikonur Cosmodrome, Site 81/24 USSR USSRVenera 10 (4V1 #2) orbiter Cytherocentric Venus orbiter Successful USSRVenera 10 (4V1 #2) lander Cytherocentric Venus lander 25 October 02:17 (on Venus) Successful 1 18 June 09:00 USAAtlas SLV-3A Agena-D 5506A USACape Canaveral AFS, LC-13 USAUS Air Force USACanyon 6 (AFP-827, OPS 4966) NRO High Earth orbit SIGINT Successful 1 20 June 06:54 USSRVostok-2M USSRPlesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 41/1 USSR USSRKosmos 744 (Tselina-D #7) Low Earth ELINT 11 October 1991 Successful 1 11:43 21 June USADelta 1910 Delta 112 USACape Canaveral AFS, LC-17B USA USAOSO 8 NASA Low Earth Solar research, UV and X-ray astronomy 9 July 1986 Successful 1 24 June 12:04 USSRKosmos-2 USSRPlesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 133/1 USSR USSRKosmos 745 (DS-P1-Yu #77) Low Earth Radar calibration 12 March 1976 Successful 1 25 June 12:59 USSRVoskhod USSRPlesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 43/3 USSR USSRKosmos 746 (Zenit-4MK/Germes #45) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 9 July Successful 2 27 June 13:00 USSRVoskhod USSRPlesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 41/1 USSR USSRKosmos 747 (Zenit-2M/Gektor #58) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 9 July Successful 2 2 USSRNauka-22KS 1L Low Earth Hosted research payload inherit inherit |colspan=8| July |- 1 15 July 14:58:10 USSR 1955Soyuz-U USSR 1955Baikonur Site 1/5 USSR 1955 Crewed flight with two cosmonauts, Soviet contribution to the Apollo Soyuz Test Project USSR 1955Soyuz 19 International docking Low Earth (Apollo) 21 July 10:50 Successful 2 15 July 19:50:01 USASaturn IB USAKennedy LC-39B USANASA Crewed flight with three astronauts, American contribution to the Apollo Soyuz Test Project, final flight of the Apollo programme and the Saturn rocket USAApollo NASA International docking Low Earth (Soyuz 19) 24 July 21:18 Successful USADM-2 NASA Docking adaptor Low Earth (Apollo) 2 August Successful 1 26 July 13:28 PRCFeng Bao 1 PRCJiquan Satellite Launch Center, LA-2B (Site 138) First successful orbital launch of Feng Bao 1. PRCJSSW 1 (CK 1) Low Earth Unknown 14 September Successful |colspan=8| August |- 2 20 August 21:22:00 USATitan IIIE USACape Canaveral LC-41 USA Lander landed in Chryse Planitia, becoming the first US spacecraft to land on Mars. It operated until 11 November 1982 when communications were lost due to an erroneous command being sent to the spacecraft. Orbiter was deactivated on 17 August 1980. USAViking 1 Orbiter NASA Mars orbiter Areocentric Successful USAViking 1 Lander NASA Mars lander Areocentric 20 July 1976 11:53:06 Successful |colspan=8| September |- 1 9 September 05:30 JPNUSAN-I N1F JPNTanegashima Space Center LP-N (LA-Y1) JPNNASDA First flight of N-I, first satellite launched by NASDA JPNETS 1 (Kiku 1) NASDA Low Earth Technology test Successful 2 9 September 18:39:00 USATitan IIIE USACape Canaveral LC-41 USA Lander landed in Utopia Planitia and operated until its batteries failed on 11 April 1980. Orbiter was deactivated on 25 July 1978. USAViking 2 Orbiter NASA Mars orbiter Areocentric Successful USAViking 2 Lander NASA Mars lander Areocentric 3 September 1976 22:58:20 Successful 1 27 September 08:37 FRADiamant BP4 French GuianaGuiana Space Centre ELD FRACNES Last flight of Diamant FRAAura (French satellite) Aura fr Aura (satellite français) (D-2B) CNES Low Earth Ultraviolet astronomy 30 September 1982 Successful |colspan=8| October |- 1 16 October 22:40:00 USA Delta 2914 USA Cape Canaveral SLC-17B USA NASA First operational geostationary weather satellite. Deactivated on 7 March 1985 USA GOES 1 NOAA Meteorology Geostationary Successful |colspan=8| November |- 1 4 November 10:12 USSRKosmos-3M USSRPlesetsk Comodrome, Site 132/1 USSR USSRKosmos 778 (Parus #4) Low Earth Navigation, data relay Successful 1 4 November 15:19 USSRVoskhod USSRPlesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 43/3 USSRKosmos 779 (Zenit-4MK/Germes #52) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 18 November Successful 1 14 November 19:13 USSRMolniya-M/Blok ML USSRPlesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 43/3 USSR USSRMolniya-3 3 (Molniya-3 13L) Molniya orbit Communications 19 November 2017 Successful 1 17 November 14:36:37 USSRSoyuz-U USSRBaikonur Cosmodrome, Site 1/5 USSR Last Soyuz flight to the Salyut 4 station USSRSoyuz 20 Low Earth (Salyut 4) Uncrewed test flight, biology 16 February 1976 02:24 Successful 1 20 November 02:06:48 USADelta 2910 Delta 117 USACape Canaveral AFS, LC-17B USAUS Air Force USAExplorer 55 (AE E) NASA Elliptical low Earth Atmosphere research 10 June 1981 Successful 2 21 November 09:20 USSRVoskhod USSRBaikonur Cosmodrome, Site 31/6 USSR USSRKosmos 780 (Zenit-2M #62/Gektor #62) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 3 December Successful 2 2 USSRNauka-20KS 2L Low Earth Research inherit inherit 1 21 November 17:11 USSRKosmos-3M USSRPlesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 132/1 USSR USSRKosmos 781 (Tselina-O #28) Low Earth ELINT 26 November 1980 Successful 1 25 November 17:00 USSRSoyuz-U USSRPlesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 43/3 USSR USSRUNKosmos 782 (Bion #3) Institute of Biomedical Problems Low Earth Biology 15 December 04:48 Successful 1 26 November 03:27 PRCLong March 2A PRCJiquan Satellite Launch Center, LA-2B (Site 138) PRCMASI First successful launch of Long March 2. PRCFSW-0 1 Low Earth Reconnaissance 29 December Successful 1 28 November 00:10 USSRKosmos-3M USSRPlesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 132/1 USSR USSRKosmos 783 (Strela-2M #11) Low Earth Communications Successful |colspan=8| December |- 2 3 December 10:00 USSRVoskhod USSRPlesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 43/3 USSR USSRKosmos 784 (Zenit-2M/Gektor #63) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 15 December Successful 2 2 USSRNauka-22KS 2L Low Earth Hosted research payload inherit inherit 2 4 December 20:38 USATitan IIID 3D-10 USAVandenberg AFB, SLC-4E USAUS Air Force USAKH-9 11 (Hexagon, OPS 4428) NRO Low Earth Reconnaissance 1 April 1976 Successful USAS3 2 (S73-6, OPS 5547) STP Elliptical low Earth Research 1 May 1978 Successful 2 6 December 03:35 USAScout-F1 196C USAVandenberg AFB, SLC-5 USAUS Air Force USADADE-A Intended: Low polar Earth Atmosphere density research 6 December Failure 2 2 USADADE-B Intended: Low polar Earth Atmosphere density research inherit inherit 1 11 December 17:00 USSRKosmos-3M USSRPlesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 132/1 USSR Cooperative project of the Hungarian People's Republic, People's Republic of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and the USSR UNInterkosmos 14 (DS-U2-IK #7) Interkosmos Magnetosphere, ionosphere, micrometeorites research 27 February 1983 Successful 1 12 December 12:45 USSRTsyklon-2 USSRBaikonur Cosmodrome, Site 90/19 USSR USSRKosmos 785 (US-A #11) Low Earth Radar ocean surveillance Successful 1 13 December 01:56 USADelta 3914 Delta 118 USACape Canaveral AFS, LC-17A USAUS Air Force Maiden flight of Delta 3914 USASatcom 1 RCA Americom Geostationary Communications Successful 1 14 December 05:15 USATitan III(23)C 3C-29 USACape Canaveral AFS, SLC-40 USAUS Air Force USADSP 5 (OPS 3165) USAF Geostationary Missile early warning Successful 1 16 December 09:19 PRC Feng Bao 1 PRC Jiquan Satellite Launch Center, LA-2B (Site 138) PRC JSSW 2 (CK 2) Low Earth Unknown 27 January 1976 Successful 1 16 December 09:50 USSRVoskhod USSRBaikonur Cosmodrome, Site 31/6 USSR USSRKosmos 786 (Zenit-4MK/Germes #53) GRU Low Earth Reconnaissance 29 December Successful 1 17 December 11:06 USSRMolniya-M/Blok ML USSRPlesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 43/3 USSR USSRMolniya-2 15 Molniya orbit Communications 28 June 1990 Successful 1 19 December 14:00 USSRKosmos-3M USSRPlesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 132/1 USSR USSRDS-P1-M #7 Intended: Low Earth ASAT target 19 December Failure 1 22 December 02:08 USSRMolniya-M/Blok SO-L USSRBaikonur Cosmodrome, Site 31/6 USSR USSRPrognoz 4 Highly elliptical orbit Solar and magnetosphere research 18 December 1977 Successful 1 22 December 13:00 USSRProton-K/Blok DM USSRBaikonur Cosmodrome, Site 81/24 USSR USSRRaduga 1 (Gran 11L) Geostationary Communications Successful 1 25 December 19:00 USSRVostok-2M USSRPlesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 41/1 USSR USSRMeteor-1 23 Low Earth Weather Successful 1 27 December 10:22 USSRMolniya-M/Blok ML USSRPlesetsk Cosmodrome, Site 43/3 USSR USSRMolniya-3 4 (Molniya-3 15L) Molniya orbit Communications 17 October 1986 Successful 1975 Deep space rendezvous DateSpacecraftEventRemarks 16 March Mariner 10 3rd flyby of Mercury Closest approach: 327 km 20 October Venera 9 Cytherocentric orbit insertion First orbiter of Venus 22 October Venera 9 lander Venerian landing Landed at 05:13 UTC; first images from Venus surface 23 October Venera 10 Cytherocentric orbit insertion 25 October Venera 10 lander Venerian landing Landed at 05:17 UTC EVAs Start date/timeDurationEnd timeSpacecraftCrewRemarks References Footnotes 2 1975 on expanded Category:Spaceflight by year