1586 Tenshō earthquake

Earthquake in Japan yes 7 January 18, 1586 23:00 JST 1586 Tensho earthquake intensity.png 8,000 dead (est.) 5 m Chūbu region, Japan 36.0 136.9 inline,titleMiyazawa Masatoshi Mori Jim Historical Maximum Seismic Intensity Maps in Japan from 1586 to 2004: Construction of Database and Application Seismological Research Letters 2006 77 2 154–158 10.1785/gssrl.77.2.154 https://www.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/nenpo/no48/48c0/a48c0p13.pdf 2022-05-22 2022-05-31 https://web.archive.org/web/20220531031223/https://www.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/nenpo/no48/48c0/a48c0p13.pdf live 7.9 j yes The Tenshō earthquake 天正地震 Tenshō Jishin yes occurred in Japan on January 18, 1586, at 23:00 local time. This earthquake had an estimated seismic magnitude (j yes) of 7.9,Yamamura Norika Kano Yasuyuki 1586年天正地震の震源断層推定の試み: 液状化履歴地点における液状化可能性の検討から Zisin (Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan) Second Series 2020 73 97–110 10.4294/zisin.2019-7 https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/zisin/73/0/73_2019-7/_article/-char/ja/ Source Fault Estimation of the 1586 Tensho Earthquake by Evaluating the Possibility of Liquefaction Seismological Society of Japan 229523816 ja 2022-05-22 2022-05-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20220522135513/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/zisin/73/0/73_2019-7/_article/-char/ja/ live subscription and an epicenter in Honshu's Chūbu region. It caused an estimated 8,000 fatalities and damaged 10,000 houses across the prefectures of Toyama, Hyōgo, Kyōto, Osaka, Nara, Mie, Aichi, Gifu, Fukui, Ishikawa and Shizuoka.Significant Earthquake Database https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/5957 National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA 10.7289/V5TD9V7K 1972 Data Set 2021-02-11 2021-11-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20211129005448/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/5957 live Historical documentation of this earthquake was limited because it occurred during the tumultuous Sengoku period. Tectonic setting The island of Honshu is situated in a region of complex plate convergence between the Pacific, Amurian, Philippine Sea and Okhotsk plates. While a large component of the convergence is accommodated by subduction along the Nankai and Japan Trenches, shallow intraplate deformation occur as well. The Japan Median Tectonic Line and Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line are two major fault zones that accommodate this deformation. These faults are associated with strike-slip and dip-slip faulting. Earthquake thumb|left|Landslide scars visible on Mount Sarugabanba. The origin of the Tenshō earthquake is not known, but geologists have presented different faults to be the possible source. There is still debate about which fault zone caused the earthquake and even how the earthquake unfolded, through a single fault system rupture or even a multiple fault system rupture, given the massive death and destruction across wide areas of the Tōkai, Kinki, and Hokuriku regions. An analysis of the meizoseismal area suggests2 the source area was approximately 180 × 60 km extending north-northeast–south-southwest from Wakasa Bay to Ise Bay.Hatori Tokutaro 1586 年天正地震の震源域と津波 Historical Earthquake 2015 30 75–80 http://www.histeq.jp/kaishi_30/HE30_075_080_Hatori.pdf Estimated Source Area of the 1586 Tensho Earthquake and Tsunami ja 2022-05-23 2022-04-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20220423031427/http://www.histeq.jp/kaishi_30/HE30_075_080_Hatori.pdf live The same region was also the source area of the 1891 Mino–Owari earthquake. Geology The Atera Fault System that runs through the Chūbu region is a north-northeast–south-southwest-striking left-lateral fault with a length of 60–70 km that ruptured during the event.Yabe Yasuo Yamamoto Kiyohiko Sato Namiko Omura Kentaro Comparison of stress state around the Atera fault, central Japan, estimated using boring core samples and by improved hydraulic fracture tests Earth, Planets and Space 2010 62 3 257–268 10.5047/eps.2009.12.002 2010EP&S...62..257Y 55740982 free Eds. Y. Fujinawa and A. Yoshida 2002 Rupturing History of Active Faults during the Last 1000 Years in the Central Japan https://www.terrapub.co.jp/e-library/scpb/pdf/209.pdf Seismotectonics in Convergent Plate Boundary 209–218 Terra Scientific Publishing Company 2021-02-03 2007-09-25 https://web.archive.org/web/20070925023802/http://www.terrapub.co.jp/e-library/scpb/pdf/209.pdf Present data suggest seismicity on the fault is low, with long recurrence intervals between major earthquakes of ~1,800 years. Soil surveys have found evidence that the fault ruptured in 1586.Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion Earthquake Research Committee 2004 Long-term evaluation of the Atera fault zone https://www.jishin.go.jp/main/chousa/katsudansou_pdf/52_atera.pdf live https://web.archive.org/web/20110322201228/http://www.jishin.go.jp/main/chousa/katsudansou_pdf/52_atera.pdf 2011-03-22 9 February 2021 The Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion Japanese The forested area in the region showed evidence of en-echelon fractures. A nearby sag pond is also thought to have formed from the earthquake that has now been converted into a paddy field. Paleoseismic trenching and radiocarbon dating revealed that the last seismic event on the fault occurred between 1400 and 1600.Yamashita Futoshi Mizoguchi Kazuo Fukuyama Eiichi Omura Kentaro Reexamination of the present stress state of the Atera fault system, central Japan, based on the calibrated crustal stress data of hydraulic fracturing tests obtained by measuring the tensile strength of rocks Journal of Geophysical Research 2010 115 B4 2009JB006287 10.1029/2009JB006287 American Geophysical Union 2010JGRB..115.4409Y free This date corresponded to the 1586 earthquake as no other reports of a severe earthquake in the region occurred at around this time. Further surveys revealed that another structure, the Miboro Fault, a northwest strand of the Atera Fault was also involved in the earthquake, bringing the estimated rupture length to 85 km. The suggested epicenter is located near the northwest part of Gifu Prefecture, based on analyzing the damage distribution. 200px|thumb|right|An 1879 woodblock print in Yoshitoshi's Mirror of Famous Generals of Great Japan depicting Toyotomi Hideyoshi being rescued by Katō Kiyomasa during the 1596 earthquake. Additional surveys and drilling found that the Yōrō-Kuwana-Yokkaichi Fault Zone to the west of the Nōbi Plain may have also ruptured, and corresponds to reports of severe damage in the vicinity.Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion Earthquake Research Committee 2001 Long-term evaluation of the Yōrō-Kuwana-Yokaichi fault zone https://www.jishin.go.jp/main/chousa/katsudansou_pdf/67_yoro_kuwana_yokkaichi.pdf live https://web.archive.org/web/20110322201838/http://www.jishin.go.jp/main/chousa/katsudansou_pdf/67_yoro_kuwana_yokkaichi.pdf 2011-03-22 9 February 2021 The Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion Japanese There is also evidence that the last earthquake on that fault zone could have happened between the 13th and 16th century, and it hence corresponds to the time of the earthquake (1586). The Yōrō-Kuwana-Yokkaichi Fault Zone is a group of three reverse faults beneath the Nōbi Plain with a total length of 55 km. Evidence of faults was further supported by the presence of vertical displacements reflected in the sedimentary layers of the plain. The fault zone was also responsible for an earthquake in 745 AD (ja), and ten additional events within the past 6,000 years.Niwa Yuichi Sugai Toshihiko Yasue Ken-ichi Activity of the Yoro Fault System Determined from Coseismic Subsidence Events Recorded in the Holocene Delta Sequence of the Nobi Plain, Central Japan Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2012 102 3 1120–1134 10.1785/0120110211 2012BuSSA.102.1120N http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.901.1662&rep=rep1&type=pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20220522132858/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.901.1662&rep=rep1&type=pdf 22 May 2022 The blind Yōrō Fault located along the eastern base of the Yōrō Mountains was also identified as a source of the quake. Fold scarps measuring up to 2 m high formed during the event was discovered to have extended 60 km in length.Ishiyama Tatsuya Mueller Karl Sato Hiroshi Togo Masami Coseismic fault-related fold model, growth structure, and the historic multisegment blind thrust earthquake on the basement-involved Yoro thrust, central Japan Journal of Geophysical Research 2007 112 B3 2006JB004377 10.1029/2006JB004377 https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2006JB004377 American Geophysical Union 2007JGRB..112.3S07I 2022-05-23 2022-05-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20220523131559/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2006JB004377 live subscription The disappearance of islands at the mouth of the Kiso River in Ise Bay was attributed to liquefaction and tsunami, caused by slip on the Ise Bay and Ise Bay Mouth Faults, located undersea.Kanaori Y. Seismic risk assessment of an active fault system: the example of the Tsurugawan–Isewan tectonic line Engineering Geology 2000 56 1–2 109–123 10.1016/S0013-7952(99)00137-4 2000EngGe..56..109K free Foreshocks and aftershocks A foreshock occurred on November 27, 1585, and is thought to have triggered the mainshock two months later.Iida Kumizi 天正大地震誌 1987 Nagoya University Press 4-930689-59-7 560 ja The foreshock had an estimated magnitude of 6.6.Muramatsu Ikuei 天正地震の震源について Seismological Society of Japan Autumn Proceedings 1998 C54 Epicenter of the Tensho Earthquake ja The earthquake caused aftershocks that were felt in Kyoto every day for two months. Two strong earthquakes rocked the region in 1589 and 1596 (ja), but were less destructive.Imamura Akitune Further Note on the Seismic Activity of the Northern Part of Central Japan Proceedings of the Imperial Academy 1928 4 8 485–488 https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pjab1912/4/8/4_8_485/_pdf University of Tokyo 10.2183/pjab1912.4.485 2022-05-23 2022-05-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20220523004044/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pjab1912/4/8/4_8_485/_pdf live free The latter event had a magnitude of 7.5 and resulted in at least 1,100 fatalities in Kyoto and Sakai.日本付近のおもな被害地震年代表 Japan Historical Earthquakes Representative https://www.zisin.jp/publications/document05_02.html Seismological Society of Japan 24 May 2022 2 June 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210602235001/https://www.zisin.jp/publications/document05_02.html live Tsunami A tsunami was reported in Lake Biwa, Wakasa Bay and Ise Bay,http://crf.flib.u-fukui.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10461/14994/1/201303%E5%A4%96%E5%B2%A1%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87-1.pdf 外岡慎一郎 越前・若狭の歴史地震・津波～年表と史料 敦賀論叢 27号 2013 2022-05-22 2017-08-09 https://web.archive.org/web/20170809051638/http://crf.flib.u-fukui.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10461/14994/1/201303%e5%a4%96%e5%b2%a1%e8%ab%96%e6%96%87-1.pdf live however these may have been seiches as the rupture did not extend offshore.Okada Atsumasa 天正地震とこれを引き起こした活断層 Active Fault Research 2011 35 1–13 10.11462/afr.2011.35_1 https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/afr/2011/35/2011_1/_article/-char/ja/ The Tensho earthquake and the active fault that caused it ja 2022-05-22 2022-05-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20220522140851/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/afr/2011/35/2011_1/_article/-char/ja/ live The tsunami had a run-up height of 3 m in Ise Bay, while at Wakasa Bay, it was estimated to be 4–5 m. A wave was reported along the coast of Lake Biwa, slamming into homes and washing away many residents in Nagahama. The wave destroyed much of the city and flooded Nagahama Castle. There were over 8,000 fatalities in Ise Bay due to the tsunami.Global Historical Tsunami Database National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/event-more-info/191 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information Data Set 2022-05-22 2022-05-31 https://web.archive.org/web/20220531124604/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/event-more-info/191 live 東京大学地震研究所 『日本地震史料 続補遺』 日本電気協会、1993年『長島町史』 1978年 Multiple fatalities was recorded in Toyama Bay and along the Shō River.（富山県）上市町史編纂委員会 1970 上市町史 1117 上市町 Analysis of sedimentary layers at Lake Suigetsu found no evidence of seawater entering the lake.Saito Megumi Yamada Kazuyoshi Staff Richard Nakagawa Takeshi Yonenobu Hitoshi Haraguchi Tsuyoshi Takemura Keiji Ramsey Christopher 水月湖ボーリングコアを用いた天正地震（AD1586）前後の湖底堆積物の分析 Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 2013 122 3 493–501 10.5026/jgeography.122.493 2013JGCZ..122..493S https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgeography/122/3/122_122.493/_article/-char/ja/ An assessment of the magnitude of the AD 1586 Tensho Tsunami inferred from Lake Suigetsu sediment cores 2022-05-23 2022-05-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20220523012259/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgeography/122/3/122_122.493/_article/-char/ja/ live free A 2015 study found tsunami deposits in a paddy field in Ōi District, Fukui Prefecture dating to between the 14th and 16th centuries which corresponds to the event.Yamamoto Hirofumi Honjo Sho Sasaki Naohiro Urabe Atsushi 若狭湾沿岸で見出された津波堆積物 123rd Academic Conference (2016 Tokyo Sakurajosui) 2016 2016 10.14863/geosocabst.2016.0_035 https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/geosocabst/2016/0/2016_035/_article/-char/ja/ Tsunami deposits found along the coast of Wakasa Bay Geological Society of Japan Tokyo, Japan ja 2022-05-23 2022-05-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20220523015746/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/geosocabst/2016/0/2016_035/_article/-char/ja/ live Records of the tsunami are sparse and it was misattributed to a destructive wave along the Sanriku coast in a tsunami catalog in 1586.天正13年5月14日にも三陸沿岸に津波が来襲したという吉村昭「三陸海岸大津波」文春文庫版p60(2)http://tsunami-dl.jp/document/033 昭和八年三月三日 三陸沖強震及津波報告 2022-05-23 2021-09-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20210919104128/https://tsunami-dl.jp/document/033 live The 1586 Sanriku tsunami is regarded as a false event as there are no historical documentation of such an event in 1586.Yoshinobu Tsuji Catalog of Distant Tsunamis Reaching Japan from Chile and Peru Report of Tsunami Engineering 2013 30 61–68 https://iisee.kenken.go.jp/lna/download.php?f=201402105c341d10.pdf&n=T0-040-2009_Hydrodynamics_for_Tsunamis_ChilePeru%20%C3%AF%C2%BC%C2%88Tsuji%C3%AF%C2%BC%C2%89.pdf&cid=T0-040-2009 The tsunami was also misattributed to a Peruvian earthquake the same year.Kenji Satake Mohammad Heidarzadeh Marco Quiroz Rodrigo Cienfuegos History and features of trans-oceanic tsunamis and implications for paleo-tsunami studies Earth-Science Reviews 2020 202 103112 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103112 2020ESRv..20203112S 212778611 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825219306440 8 July 2021 9 July 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185211/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825219306440 live subscription Historical records support the occurrence of a tsunami along the Sanriku coast in June 1585, which has been attributed to a large earthquake in the Aleutian Islands.Rhett Butler David A. Burney Kenneth H. Rubin David Walsh The orphan Sanriku tsunami of 1586: new evidence from coral dating on Kaua'i Natural Hazards 2017 88 2 797–819 10.1007/s11069-017-2902-7 2017NatHa..88..797B 134237666 Damage 250px|thumb|right|A monument to Kaerikumo Castle, buried by an earthquake-triggered landslide. The landslide scar is visible in the background. The earthquake had a maximum JMA intensity of Shindo 6–7 extending from the Noto Peninsula to Lake Biwa.T. Moreno S.R. Wallis T. Kojima W. Gibbons https://books.google.com/books?id=5vXACwAAQBAJ&dq=tensho+earthquake&pg=PA387 The Geology of Japan The Geological Society 2016 978-1-86239-743-9 London 2021-12-14 2023-10-24 https://web.archive.org/web/20231024134206/https://books.google.com/books?id=5vXACwAAQBAJ&dq=tensho+earthquake&pg=PA387#v=onepage&q=tensho%20earthquake&f=false live Extreme damage was reported between Nara, Osaka, Toyama and Shizuoka. Large conflagrations broke out as a result. Large-scale landslides occurred in the northern part of the damage zone which was dominated by mountains. A fortress was completely wiped out by one of these landslides, while another collapsed during the tremors. A triggered landslide on Kaerikumoyama buried the Kaerikumo Castle and 300 houses,帰雲城 4 May 2021 https://tabi-mag.jp/gi0204/ ニッポン旅マガジン 28 May 2022 ja 29 November 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20221129154213/https://tabi-mag.jp/gi0204/ live killing 500 people.幻の帰雲城 https://www.vill.shirakawa.lg.jp/1228.htm Shirakawa village 22 May 2022 ja 2012 25 May 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220525124332/https://www.vill.shirakawa.lg.jp/1228.htm live The Ōgaki Castle was destroyed by a fire.Sangawa Akira 地震の日本史—大地は何を語るのか Japanese History of Earthquakes – What Does the Earth Tell? 2011 Tankobon 978-4-12-191922-9 ja The only daughter of Yamauchi Kazutoyo was killed in Nagahama.Unkawa Yuzu 戦国大名の運命を大きく変えた大災害「天正地震」秀吉は家康への総攻撃を中止に？ https://mag.japaaan.com/archives/155203 Japaaan Magazine 22 May 2022 ja 9 August 2021 31 May 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220531075410/https://mag.japaaan.com/archives/155203 live There were reports that a few small islands in the Kiso River vanished as a result of soil liquefaction and subsequent subsidence which caused water to submerge the islands while a tsunami was generated in Ise Bay, drowning thousands. At the location of present-day Nagoya, extensive soil liquefaction took place. Sand volcanoes and dykes were recorded and discovered at locations in the plain. Significant destruction was reported in Kyoto, but its temples sustained minor damage. The Tō-ji temple in the city was seriously damaged and over 600 Buddha statues in Sanjūsangen-dō were destroyed.Utsu Tokuji Shima Etsuzo Yoshii Toshiyoshi Yamashina Kenichiro 地震の事典 2001 Asakura Shoten A Christian missionary in the region reported that 60 homes were destroyed at Sakai. Movement of faults and shaking severely deformed the Kiso Three Rivers, resulting in a drastic change in its course.Nishimura Katsuhiro Okuda Masao Kani Yukihiko Nakane Yoji Hayakawa Kiyoshi Midstream of Kiso river affected by Tensho mega-earthquake https://secure.tcc.co.nz/ei/images/ICEGE15%20Papers/Nishimura_581.00.pdf 6th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering 22 May 2022 Christchurch, New Zealand 2015 31 May 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220531031222/https://secure.tcc.co.nz/ei/images/ICEGE15%20Papers/Nishimura_581.00.pdf live Aftermath At the time, Toyotomi Hideyoshi was preparing for war against Tokugawa Ieyasu, who refused to submit to his authority. However, Hideyoshi's stronghold and headquarter, Osaka, suffered immense damage due to the earthquake. In contrast, Ieyasu's base in Mikawa experienced relatively light damage. Hideyoshi prioritized the reconstruction of Osaka and shifted to a peace-oriented approach towards Ieyasu. Ieyasu narrowly escaped disaster and later became the number-two in the Toyotomi administration. After Hideyoshi's death, Ieyasu seized power and established the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted for 260 years.https://bizgate.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO2841587022032018000000 秀吉は家康征伐を中止して和解路線に転じ、家康は豊臣政権ナンバー2の座を確保し将来に備えることができた September 2017 Nikkei BizGate 8 September 2024 See also List of earthquakes in Japan List of historical earthquakes References Earth sciences Japan Tenshō earthquake Tenshō earthquake Tenshō earthquake Tenshō earthquake Category:Earthquakes in Japan Category:Tsunamis in Japan Category:History of the Chubu region Category:History of Gifu Prefecture Category:Disasters in Kyoto Prefecture Category:History of Kyoto Prefecture Category:History of Shiga Prefecture Category:Sengoku period Category:Sea of Japan Category:History of Shizuoka Prefecture Category:History of Ishikawa Prefecture Category:History of Fukui Prefecture Category:Landslides in Japan Category:Hokuriku region Category:Buried rupture earthquakes Tenshō earthquake