1935 in science

none 1935 science 1935 The year 1935 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy May 14 – Opening of the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles. October 3 – Opening of the Hayden Planetarium in New York City. Chemistry January – Charles Richter publishes a paper detailing a new scale designed to describe the magnitude of earthquakes in objective terms. This scale will be widely adopted and become known as the Richter scale.Richter Develops a Scale for Measuring Earthquake Strength https://www.ebsco.com/ 2026-04-06 EBSCO en February 28–March 1 – Working with polyamides to develop a viable new fiber for chemical company DuPont, American chemist Gerard Bérchet working under the direction of Wallace Carothers first synthesizes the synthetic polymer nylon at Wilmington, Delaware.the history of nylon http://www.caimateriali.org/index.php?id=32 L. Trossarelli Club Alpino Italiano, Centro Studi Materiali e Tecniche 2010 2012-02-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20120425044410/http://www.caimateriali.org/index.php?id=32 2012-04-25 live Wallace Carothers and the Development of Nylon https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/carotherspolymers.html 2026-04-06 American Chemical Society April 13 – Dorothy Hodgkin publishes her first solo paper, on the methodology of X-ray crystallography of insulin.D. Hodgkin X-ray single crystal photographs of insulin Nature London 135 1935 3415 591–2 10.1038/135591a0 1935Natur.135..591C 4121225 free Vitamin E is first isolated in a pure form by Gladys Anderson Emerson at the University of California, Berkeley.Encyclopedia of World Scientists 211 978-1438118826 Elizabeth H. Oakes 2007 Emerson, Gladys Anderson Eastman Kodak first markets Kodachrome subtractive color reversal film as 16 mm movie film.https://books.google.com/books?id=uN4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA804 Color Movies Easy To Make With Aid Of New Film Popular Mechanics June 1935 Hearst Magazineshttp://www.deseretnews.com/article/704234/Range-of-color-Kodachrome-Basin-lives-up-to-name-it-got-by-accident.html Range of Color: Kodachrome Basin Lives up to Name it Got by Accident Carma Wadley Deseret News 1999-06-25 2012-01-20 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20100813100543/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/704234/Range-of-color-Kodachrome-Basin-lives-up-to-name-it-got-by-accident.html August 13, 2010 The product has been invented by two professional musicians, Leopold Godowsky Jr. and Leopold Mannes.https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124567093975236801 Kodak to Take Kodachrome Away Robert Tomsho The Wall Street Journal 2009-06-23 B6 2012-01-20http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/233.html Leopold Godowsky, Jr Invent.org 2012-01-20 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20111210164914/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/233.html 2011-12-10 http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/223.html Leopold Mannes Invent.org 2012-01-20 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20111210165936/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/223.html 2011-12-10 Ecology English botanist Arthur Tansley introduces the concept of the ecosystem.10.2307/1930070 Tansley A. G. 1935 The use and abuse of vegetational terms and concepts Ecology 16 3 284–307 1930070The term ecosystem was coined by Arthur Roy Clapham at Tansley's request. Willis A. J. 1997 The Ecosystem: An Evolving Concept Viewed Historically Functional Ecology 11 2 268–271 10.1111/j.1365-2435.1997.00081.x Geology Charles Richter and Beno Gutenberg develop the Richter magnitude scale for quantifying earthquakes. History of science and technology American bacteriologist Hans Zinsser publishes Rats, lice and history: being a study in biography, which... deals with the life history of typhus fever.This Day in Science History – September 4 – Hans Zinsser Anne Marie Helmenstine http://chemistry.about.com/b/2011/09/03/this-day-in-science-history-september-4-hans-zinsser.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20120302172130/http://chemistry.about.com/b/2011/09/03/this-day-in-science-history-september-4-hans-zinsser.htm 2012-03-02 About.com 2011-09-03 2011-10-26 Cornish Engines Preservation Committee formed to conserve the Levant Mine beam engine in Cornwall, England. Mathematics April 19 – Alonzo Church presents his paper "An unsolvable problem of elementary number theory", introducing his theorem on the Entscheidungsproblem, to the American Mathematical Society.American Journal of Mathematics 58 (1935) pp. 345–363. Octav Onicescu and Gheorghe Mihoc develop the notion of the "chain with complete links" in probability theory.Romanian Inventions The Reminder 46 June 1983 7 (supplement) George Pólya develops counting techniques for graphs as algebra.Tony Crilly 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know London Quercus 2007 978-1-84724-008-8 117 George K. Zipf proposes Zipf's law on probability distribution.George K. Zipf 1935 The Psychobiology of Language Houghton-Mifflin Pharmacology January 2 – IG Farben are granted a patent in Germany for the medical application of the first sulfonamide prodrug, Sulfonamidochrysoidine (KI-730; marketed as Prontosil). In February, Gerhard Domagk and others publish (in Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift) the first clinical results on its properties as an antibiotic, the first commercially available; and in November a team directed by Ernest Fourneau at the Pasteur Institute identify sulfanilamide as the active component.Lesch J. E. The first miracle drugs: how the sulfa drugs transformed medicine 82–86 New York Oxford University Press 2007 978-0-19-518775-5 Physics January 8 – A.C. Hardy patents the spectrophotometer. February 26 – Robert Watson-Watt and Arnold Wilkins first demonstrate the reflection of radio waves from an aircraft, near Daventry in England;IET http://tv.theiet.org/technology/communications/219.cfm Passive Covert Radar – Watson-Watt's Daventry Experiment Revisited 2011-06-07 https://web.archive.org/web/20110513210855/http://tv.theiet.org/technology/communications/219.cfm 13 May 2011 live Magazines Hearst June 1935 on June 17, the first radio detection of an aircraft by ground-based radar is made at Orford Ness. Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen publish a paper arguing that quantum mechanics is not a complete physical theory (the EPR paradox).https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777 "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?" 2011-04-10 Discussion of this introduces the 'Schrödinger's cat' thought experiment.Erwin Schrödinger Erwin Schrödinger Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik The present situation in quantum mechanics Naturwissenschaften November 1935 10.1007/BF01491891 23 49 807–812 1935NW.....23..807S 206795705 Jacques Yvon introduces S-particle distribution functions in classical statistical mechanics;J. Yvon 1935 Theorie Statistique des Fluides et l'Equation et l'Equation d'État Actes scientifique et industrie, 203 Paris Hermann they will later be included in the BBGKY hierarchy. Physiology and medicine January 28 – Iceland becomes the first country to legalize abortion on medical grounds. May – The hormone testosterone is first isolated and named by a team at Organon in the Netherlands led by German scientist Ernst Laqueur.David K. G. Dingemanse, E. Freud, J. L. Über krystallinisches mannliches Hormon aus Hoden (Testosteron) wirksamer als aus harn oder aus Cholesterin bereitetes Androsteron On crystalline male hormone from testicles (testosterone) effective as from urine or from cholesterol de Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie 233 5–6 281–83 May 1935 10.1515/bchm2.1935.233.5-6.281 In August, the chemical synthesis of testosterone from cholesterol is achieved by Adolf Butenandt and Günther Hanisch.Butenandt A. Hanisch G. Ũber die Umwandlung des Dehydroandrosterons in Androstenol-(17)-one-(3) (Testosterone): um Weg zur Darstellung des Testosterons auf Cholesterin (Vorlauf Mitteilung) The conversion of dehydroandrosterone into androstenol-(17)-one-3 (testosterone): a method for the production of testosterone from cholesterol (preliminary communication) Chemische Berichte 1935 68 9 1859–62 de 10.1002/cber.19350680937 A week later, the Ciba group in Zurich, Leopold Ruzicka and A. Wettstein, publish their synthesis of the hormone.Ruzicka L. Wettstein A. Ũber die kristallinische Herstellung des Testikelhormons, Testosteron (Androsten-3-ol-17-ol) The crystalline production of the testicle hormone, testosterone (Androsten-3-ol-17-ol) Helvetica Chimica Acta 1935 18 1264–75 de 10.1002/hlca.193501801176 Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy. First vaccine for yellow fever. German physician Karl Matthes develops the first two-wavelength ear O2 saturation meter.Matthes K. Untersuchungen über die Sauerstoffsättigung des menschlichen Arterienblutes Studies on the Oxygen Saturation of Arterial Human Blood Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 179 6 698–711 10.1007/BF01862691 1935 24678464 Technology January 24 – The first beer can is sold in Richmond, Virginia, United States, by the Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company.Maxwell D. B. S. Beer Cans: A Guide for the Archaeologist Historical Archaeology 1993 27 1 95–113 10.1007/BF03373561 25616219 160267011 June 12 – Conrad Bahr and George Pfefferle file a United States patent for an adjustable ratcheting torque wrench.US 2074079 Torque measuring wrench 1937-03-16 Charles, Bahr Conrad & Pfefferle, George H. http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2074079.html July 16 – The world's first parking meter is installed in Oklahoma City to a design by Holger George Thuesen and Gerald A. Hale patented by Carl Magee.United States patent #2,118,318 for a "coin controlled parking meter" filed 13 May 1935.http://www.cityofinglewood.org/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=466 Inglewood, California Inglewood Did Not Invent The Parking Meter 2012-02-17 https://web.archive.org/web/20120314022517/http://www.cityofinglewood.org/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=466 2012-03-14 dead http://www.pom.com/ POM Parking Meters 2012-02-17https://books.google.com/books?id=wN8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA519 Coin-in-Slot Parking Meter Brings Revenue to City Popular Mechanics October 1935 519 Magazines Hearst70 Years Ago – Tick Tick Tick Smithsonian 18 May 2008https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118574808780081653?mod=hps_us_editors_picks Crossen Cynthia When Parallel Parking Was New and Meters Seemed Un-American The Wall Street Journal 2007-07-30 2012-02-17The History Channel. History's Lost and Found.Chan Sewell https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/20/nyregion/20cnd-meter.html?ex=1324270800&en=1b3d441d5381e8c5&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss New York Retires Last Mechanical Parking Meter The New York Times 2006-12-20 2012-02-17 November 6 Edwin H. Armstrong presents his paper on FM broadcasting, "A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation", to the New York section of the Institute of Radio Engineers. First flight of the Hawker Hurricane British fighter aircraft, designed by Sydney Camm. Callender-Hamilton bridge patented by A. M. Hamilton. Helical lobe rotary-screw compressor patented by Alf Lysholm of Ljungstroms Angturbin in Sweden. Events September 16–21 – First Congress for the Unity of Science is held at the Sorbonne.Stadler Friedrich The Vienna Circle: studies in the origins, development, and influence of logical empiricism 2015 2001 Vienna Circle Institute library 4 Abridged and revised Springer Verlag Cham https://books.google.com/books?id=2rAlCQAAQBAJ 10.1007/978-3-319-16561-5 9783319165608 911018849171 Awards Nobel Prizes Physics – James Chadwick Chemistry – Frédéric Joliot, Irène Joliot-Curie Medicine – Hans Spemann Births January 26 – Andrew J. Stofan, American astronautical engineer. January 29 – Roger Payne (died 2023), American biologist and zoologist.Roger Searle Payne The Acoustical Location of Prey by the Barn Owl (Tyto Alba). https://books.google.com/books?id=XyxBAAAAYAAJ 1962 Cornell University, Feb. February 15 – Roger B. Chaffee (died in accident 1967), American astronaut.Roger B. Chaffee American astronaut https://www.britannica.com/biography/Roger-B-Chaffee Encyclopædia Britannica 19 January 2021 February 27 – Anne Treisman, née Taylor (died 2018), English-born psychologist. April 11 – Kazys Almenas (died 2017), Lithuanian physicist, engineer and publisher. April 25 – Jim Peebles, Canadian-born theoretical cosmologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2019/peebles/facts/ James Peebles Nobel Prize August 5, 2021 June 1 – Jacqueline Naze Tjøtta (died 2017), French-born mathematician.1973 Tjøtta, Jacqueline Andrée Naze Hvem er hvem? Steenstrup, Bjørn Aschehoug Oslo https://runeberg.org/hvemerhvem/1973/0564.html 564 no 2017-04-09http://www.aftenposten.no/personalia/Nekrolog-Jacqueline-Andre-Naze-Tjotta-617311b.html Nekrolog: Jacqueline Andreè Naze Tjøtta Aftenposten Jarle Berntsen Per Lunde no 2017-03-16 2017-04-09 June 14 – Louise Hay, née Schmir (died 1989), French-born American mathematician. June 25 – Charles Sheffield (died 2002), English-born science fiction author and physicist. June 30 – Animesh Chakravorty, Bengali Indian academic, chemistry professor. July 2 – Sergei Khrushchev, Soviet, Russian and American control engineer (died 2020).S. Gerovitch Voices of the Soviet Space Program: Cosmonauts, Soldiers, and Engineers Who Took the USSR into Space https://books.google.com/books?id=V9q_BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT81 16 December 2014 Palgrave Macmillan US 978-1-137-48179-5 81 July 7 – H. Franklin Bunn, American physician, hematologist and biochemist. July 12 – Satoshi Ōmura, Japanese biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.Heterocycles https://books.google.com/books?id=GixFAQAAIAAJ 2006 Sendai Institute of Heterocyclic Chemistry 7 July 14 – Ei-ichi Negishi, Japanese chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Reports of the President and of the Treasurer https://books.google.com/books?id=3JrWAAAAMAAJ 1987 John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation 77 August 3 – Georgy Shonin (died 1997), Ukrainian cosmonaut. August 26 – Karen Spärck Jones (died 2007), English computer scientist. September 11 – Gherman Titov (died 2000), Soviet cosmonaut. September 12 – Harvey J. Alter, American virologist, winner of the Nobel Prize. September 19 – Milan Antal (died 1999), Slovak astronomer October 23 – JacSue Kehoe, American neuroscientist October 26 – Ora Mendelsohn Rosen (died 1990), American biomedical researcher. October 31 – Ronald Graham (died 2020), American mathematician. November 16 – Magdi Yacoub, Egyptian-born cardiothoracic surgeon. November 20 – Michael F. Ashby, English materials engineer. December 27 – Stephan Tanneberger (died 2018), German oncologist, chemist. Deaths February 15 – Bohuslav Brauner, Czech chemist (born 1855)Collection des travaux chimiques de Tchécoslovaquie https://books.google.com/books?id=LfkfAQAAMAAJ 1935 Tiskárna "Politika" 51 March 7 – Mary Gage Day, American physician (born 1857)Leonard John W. Woman's Who's who of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Women of the United States and Canada, 1914-1915 https://archive.org/details/womanswhoswhoam00leongoog 235 Public domain 1914 American commonwealth Company March 12 – Mihajlo Pupin (born 1858), Serbian American physicist. March 16 – John Macleod (born 1876), Scottish physician and physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.Aberdeen University Review https://books.google.com/books?id=KdlZAAAAYAAJ 1989 Aberdeen University Press 290 May 12 – Abraham Groves (born 1847), Canadian surgeon. May 21 – Hugo de Vries, Dutch botanist and geneticist (born 1848) Hall A. D. Hugo de Vries. 1848-1935 10.1098/rsbm.1935.0002 Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 1 4 371–373 1935 free July 3 – André Citroën (born 1878), French automobile manufacturer. Reynolds John André Citroën : the man and the motor cars Alan Sutton Stroud 1996 9780750912587 203 August 21 – Kintarô Okamura (born 1867), Japanese phycologist. September 19 – Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Russian rocket scientist (born 1857)Dan Golenpaul Information Please Almanac, Atlas and Yearbook https://books.google.com/books?id=MVFaAAAAYAAJ 1990 Doubleday 978-0-395-51177-0 358 September 28 – W. K. Dickson (born 1860), British cinematographic pioneer.Spehr Paul C. Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie 2011 10.1093/ref:odnb/46453 https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/46453 21 April 2021 December 4 – Charles Richet (born 1850), French physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Leroy Francis A century of Nobel Prizes recipients: chemistry, physics, and medicine Marcel Dekker New York 2003 9780824708764 243 November 6 – Henry Fairfield Osborn (born 1857), American paleontologist. November 21 – Agnes Pockels (born 1862), German chemist. Creese Mary Ladies in the laboratory II : West European women in science, 1800-1900 : a survey of their contributions to research Scarecrow Press Lanham, Md 2004 9780810849792 148 December 10 – Sir John Carden, 6th Baronet (born 1892), English tank and vehicle designer (died in 1935 SABENA Savoia-Marchetti S.73 crash). December 12 – Charles Loomis Dana (born 1852), American neurologist. December 13 – Victor Grignard, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1871)Academic American Encyclopedia https://books.google.com/books?id=eY4xAQAAIAAJ 1993 Grolier 978-0-7172-2047-2 363 References Category:20th century in science Category:1930s in science