1925 Seanad election

none November 2021 November 2021 1925 Seanad election Irish Free State parliamentary no 1922 Seanad election 1922 Outgoing and continuing 1928 Seanad 1928 19 of 60 seats in Seanad Éireann31 seats were needed for a majority 17 September 1925 Elected and continuing WT Cosgrave, circa 1922 (headshot).jpg 120 120 160 0 0 W. T. Cosgrave April 1923 Cumann na nGaedheal 14 seats, 23.3% 14 15 1 126,218 41.3% Tomjohnson (cropped).jpg 120 120 160 0 0 Thomas Johnson 1922 Labour Party (Ireland) 6 seats, 10% 6 5 1 46,776 15.3% Denis Gorey, 1931.jpg 140 120 160 0 10 Denis Gorey 1922 Farmers' Party (Ireland) 1 seats, 1.7% 1 3 2 42,785 8.9% 23.4% An election for 19 of the 60 seats in Seanad Éireann, the senate of the Irish Free State, was held on 17 September 1925. The election was by single transferable vote, with the entire country being used as a 19-seat constituency.Gosnell 1926 117–120 These 19 joined the 41 continuing members of the 1922 Seanad to form the 1925 Seanad. The election saw eight Cumann na nGaedheal members elected (an advance of one compared to its pre-election representation), as well as three Labour Party (a drop of one seat), three Farmers' Party (an advance of two seats), and five others (a drop from seven previous to the election). There were 76 candidates on the ballot paper. Voters ranked candidates by preference at least a few, but did not have to rank all of them.Hoag and Hallett Proportional Representation 249–251 Although bearing multiple marked preferences, each vote was to be used to elect just one member in the end. Of the two main political parties, the larger (Cumann na nGaedheal) did not formally endorse any candidates, while the other (Sinn Féin, whose TDs were abstentionist) boycotted the election. Voter turnout was low, and the outcome was considered unsatisfactory by some. In subsequent elections, senators were elected by the members of the Oireachtas rather than by the electorate. Vacancies The 1922 Constitution of the Irish Free State provided for a Seanad of 60 members directly elected. Members would serve 12-year terms, with one-quarter of the house elected every three years. The members would be elected under the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote in a single, nationwide, 15-seat contest. As well as this cohort up for election in 1925, four additional Senators were required to vacate their seats: these had been temporarily co-opted to fill casual vacancies that had arisen in previous years. The 60 Senators were divided into four cohorts of 15, and an at-large election held every three years for one of the cohorts.Coakley 2005 233Constitution of The Irish Free State: Articles 31 & 32 As part of the initial transitional measures, 30 of the first 60 senators were nominated by W. T. Cosgrave in his capacity of President of the Executive Council, and the other 30 were elected by the non-abstentionist TDs (members of the 3rd Dáil). The 1922 election was by single transferable vote from a single panel of candidates nominated by Cosgrave and the other TDs. The first 15 elected had a term of nine years and the other 15 a term of three years. It was the latter cohort whose seats were to be vacated for the 1925 election.Coakley 2005 233Constitution of The Irish Free State: Article 82 §§ (a), (c), & (e)Coakley 2005 234 Candidates There were three methods of being included on the ballot. Outgoing Senators could nominate themselves for re-election,Constitution of The Irish Free State: Article 33 Constitution_of_the_Irish_Free_State_(consolidated_text)#Article_33. and all 19 did so.Coakley 2005 237 The Seanad could nominate a number of candidates equal to the number of vacancies (19), and the Dáil could nominate twice the number of vacancies (38). The Dáil and Seanad nominations were by single transferable vote and secret ballot.O'Sullivan, pp.151–52 The minimum age for Senators was 35 years.Coakley 2005 232 The Seanad resolved on 30 April to form a committee to decide procedure for its nominations; the committee drafted a resolution in June,https://web.archive.org/web/20130927131617/http://193.178.2.84/test/R/1925/REPORT_16061925_0.html 27 September 2013 http://193.178.2.84/test/R/1925/REPORT_16061925_0.html Report 16 June 1925 Committee on Procedure for the Triennial Election Seanad 22 August 2012 which was amended and passed by the Seanad on 19 June.Seanad debates Vol.5 No.10 p.5 29 applicants contested the Seanad nominations on 1 July.http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/seanad1925070100004 Panel for triennial election 29 October 2015 1 July 1925 Parliamentary Debates - Seanad Éireann y Vol.5 No.13 p.4 cc.768–771http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/seanad1925070100007 Seanad - selection of panel 29 October 2015 1 July 1925 Parliamentary Debates - Seanad Éireann y Vol.5 No.13 p.7 c.782O'Sullivan, p.153 Apart from two Labour Party members, the candidates were Independents.Coakley, p.236 47 of the 60 Senators voted, including 18 of the 19 who were themselves standing for re-election. Donal O'Sullivan, clerk of the Seanad throughout its existence, suggests that these 18 had an incentive to vote for less popular candidates since the nominees would be rivals in the ensuing election.O'Sullivan, p.154 O'Sullivan describes the results as "a very great disappointment ... the list [of successful nominees] could not compare with the list of the ten rejected." Oliver St. John Gogarty made a similar remark in the Seanad itself after the results were announced.http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/seanad1925070700003 Seanad Elections Gogarty Oliver St. John Oliver St. John Gogarty 7 July 1925 Parliamentary Debates - Seanad Éireann y Vol.5 No.15 p.3 cc.865–66 29 October 2015 Reading the list of Senators who have been rejected, they are, if anything, a few points better than those who have been successful. The rejected ten were: David Barry, general manager of the British and Irish Steam Packet Company; Sir Laurence Grattan Esmonde, brother of Senator Thomas Grattan Esmonde, Bart; Lady Gregory; John Horgan; Hugh Law; John McCann, a stockbroker; The McGillicuddy of the Reeks; William Lombard Murphy, son of William Martin Murphy and proprietor of the Irish Independent; Sir John Harley Scott, a Unionist former Mayor of Cork; and J.J. Stafford, a County Wexford businessman.A Small List 27 June 1925 Irish Independent 7 Cumann na nGaedheal, the party which backed the incumbent government, decided not to formally support any candidates as a result of internal divisions. There was tension between ministers, backbenchers, and grassroots members, and between factions of Kevin O'Higgins and W. T. Cosgrave. The 1924 Army Mutiny had shaken the year-old party, and the appointment of public servants to lead the new state's institutions created resentment among those passed over. The parliamentary party held two selection conventions, on 2 and 6 July 1925, and when the leadership's candidates did badly a free vote was offered in the Dáil with all candidates nominally endorsed by the party.Regan 1999 249–250 The Dáil nominations were decided on 8 July.http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1925070800003 Selection of Dáil panel for Seanad election 29 October 2015 8 July 1925 Parliamentary Debates - Dáil Éireann y Vol.12 No.21 p.5 cc.2161–62 57 candidates contested; 101 TDs voted, with one ballot deemed ineligible.http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1925070800005 Announcement of results 29 October 2015 8 July 1925 Parliamentary Debates - Dáil Éireann y Vol.12 No.21 p.5 cc.2162–64 52 TDs did not vote, including all 44 abstentionist Sinn Féin TDs, who were ineligible to vote as they had not taken the Oath of Allegiance.http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail1925061900010 Dáil in Committee - Election of Seanad members 19 June 1925 Parliamentary Debates - Dáil Éireann y Vol.12 No.12 p.10 cc.1314–48 29 October 2015 TDs supported candidates on party lines. Of the 38 successful nominees, O'Sullivan classifies 21 as supporters of the Cumann na nGaedheal Government, 9 as Independent, 5 as in the Farmers' Party, and 3 as in the Labour Party. Four of the ten candidates rejected by the Seanad were also among the Dáil candidates, with John J. Horgan securing a nomination at the second attempt.Coakley 2005 237 Campaign The usual Irish local, personal canvassing strategy was impractical across a nationwide constituency, leading to a relatively quiet campaign.Gosnell 1926 p.118 While the Farmers' Party and Labour produced newspaper advertisements for their respective slates of candidates, Cumann na nGaedheal did not at a national level formally endorse candidates, even those its TDs had nominated.Coakley, p.242 It presented the election as nonpartisan. It published a booklet, Who's who in the 1925 Senate Election, and did not oppose candidates "put forward by any of the elements that accept the State and Constitution", i.e. other than republicans opposed to the Anglo-Irish Treaty.Regan 1999 249–250 Numerous interest groups produced lists of approved candidates, including doctors, publicans, motorists, ex-servicemen's associations, and the livestock trade.Coakley, p.242–43 Candidates endorsed by temperance groups fared badly. The Catholic Truth Society circulated, to little effect,O'Sullivan, p.170–71 a list of outgoing Senators it condemned for not having opposed a controversial motion pertaining to divorce.Coakley, p.243http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/seanad1925061100010 Seanad Resumes - Debate on divorce legislation resumed 11 June 1925 Parliamentary Debates - Seanad Éireann y Vol.5 No.7 p.10 cc.434–482 29 October 2015 Sinn Féin, under the leadership of Éamon de Valera, called for a boycott of the election.O'Sullivan, p.155 Sinn Féin had not boycotted the 1923 Dáil election, but rather contested it on an abstentionist platform. De Valera later led the new Fianna Fáil party, founded in 1926, into the Oireachtas after the June 1927 Dáil election. Election The election was by single transferable vote, with the entire Irish Free State forming a single, 19-seat constituency. All citizens over 30 had a vote. Since the voting age for Dáil and local elections was 21, a separate electoral roll was maintained for the Seanad election.Coakley 2005 234 The 76 candidates were arranged alphabetically on a ballot paper 22 in cm 0 long and 16 in cm 0 wide.Coakley, p.244 The Electoral (Seanad Elections) Act 1925 was passed to allow the ballot to be presented as four parallel columns of 19 names rather than a single long column of all 76.Coakley, p.2351925 34 3 Electoral (Seanad Elections) Act 1925 Form of ballot papers ifs 11 July 1925 The low voter turnout was blamed on the Sinn Féin boycott,Coakley, p.245 wet weather across the country,Coakley 2005 244 and the shorter than usual hours of polling. Turnout varied widely, from 8.2% in Mayo North to 43% in Monaghan.Coakley 2005 244 Another factor was the large, intimidating ballot paper; O'Sullivan described it as "a fiasco", saying it was unreasonable to expect voters to "make an intelligent choice of nineteen persons from a list containing seventy-six names, most of which they had never seen or heard of before."O'Sullivan, pp.144–145 (though voters were not required to mark 19 choices.) Results PartyFP votes%Seats won Cumann na nGaedheal supporters126,21841.3 8 Labour Party (Ireland)46,77615.3 3 Farmers' Party (Ireland)42,78514.0 3 Independent politician (Ireland)65,23021.3 5Unknown affiliation24,6928.1 Spoilt votes9,466–Total315,167100Electorate/Turnout1,347,19523.4Source: Nohlen & StöverDieter Nohlen Dieter Nohlen Philip Stöver 2010 Elections in Europe: A data handbook 1016 Nomos 978-3-8329-5609-7 Counting The ballots were initially collected to one centre within each Dáil constituency to count and sort the first-preference votes.Coakley 2005 234 This took almost a week.Coakley 2005 244 On 25 September, the ballots were sent to Dublin, the totals checked centrally, and redistribution of transfers begun.Coakley 2005 234Coakley 2005 244 Initially there were 10 count officials, rising to 40 by the end.Gosnell 1926 119 On 5 October, the first candidate was returned, on the 45th count. Counting continued until 19 October. Harold Gosnell wrote that there was more news coverage of the count than of the preceding campaign: "the counting of the ballots under [STV] applied on a national scale attracts wide attention, and the results are sure to reflect the opinions (or lack of them) manifested by the electors".Gosnell 1926 120 Details Although the election was national, many of the candidates relied on local support: 23 gained more than half their first preferences from their own constituency.Coakley, p.250 Thus, STV proved itself both able to elect those with local support and those with thinly-spread dispersed support. About 12% (37,714) of valid ballots were exhausted, found to be non-transferable when eligible for transfer.Gosnell 1926 119 (One or more of the preferences marked on the ballots may have been elected, just without the help of that particular vote). Less than 3 percent of the ballots cast were spoiled. About 260,000 of the 315,000 votes cast were used in the end to elect the 19 winners, an 85 percent rate of effective votes. Candidates of the two parties contesting the election, the Labour Party and the Farmers' Party, did relatively well.Coakley 2005 247 Some interest groups also did well – vintners, ex-servicemen.Coakley, p.248O'Sullivan, p.156 Others did not — doctors, academics, women, and especially Irish language revivalists: all four candidates supported by the Gaelic League lost, including outgoing Senator and future president Douglas Hyde.Coakley, p.249 The Irish Times (Sept. 24, 1925) reported that licensed liquor dealers, ex-soldiers, farmers, doctors and businessmen received their due in the election.Gosnell 1926 119 Ex-Unionist candidates did not fare well, even though the original design of the Seanad was intended in part to provide enhanced representation for the Unionist minority.Coakley, p.256 The quota (the amount guaranteed to secure election) was 15,286. Thirteen were elected at the end, when the field of candidates was thinned to the number of remaining open seats in the 65th count, some of them were elected with less than the quota. +Results of the 1925 Seanad electionCoakley, pp.261–68NameCountyOccupationAs listed on the official notice of electionNominationFirst-preferencevotesFinal resultFinal countParty(pro-CnaG) indicates candidates identified by Coakley as unofficially pro-Cumann na nGaedheal NotesAustin, Charles Charles Austin Galway Director of various public companies and chairman of the Irish Branch of British Shareholders' Trust Seanad 734 Eliminated 7 Baron ffrenchBarniville, Henry Henry Barniville Dublin Surgeon Outgoing 8279 Elected w/o quota 65.5 65 Bellingham, Edward Sir Edward Bellingham Louth Baronet Seanad 8043 Elected 65 Bennett, Thomas Westropp Thomas Westropp Bennett Limerick Farmer Outgoing 7117 Elected w/o quota 65.5 65 (pro-CnaG)Bigger, Edward Coey Sir Edward Coey Bigger Dublin Medical Doctor Seanad 5658 Elected w/o quota 65.5 65 Brady, PJ P. J. Brady Dublin Solicitor Seanad 4328 Eliminated 63 Brown, Samuel Lombard Samuel Lombard Brown Dublin Barrister-at-law Outgoing 2787 Eliminated 33 Browne, Kathleen Kathleen Browne Wexford Farmer Seanad 2044 Eliminated 25 (pro-CnaG) Sought women's voteButler, Richard A. Richard A. Butler Dublin Farmer Outgoing 5943 Eliminated 61 Farmers' Party Byrne, Laurence Patrick Laurence Patrick Byrne Dublin Journalist Dáil 1612 Eliminated 20 Labour Party Wrote under the pen name "Andrew E. Malone"Cahill, Francis Francis Cahill Dublin Teacher Dáil 1057 Eliminated 11 (pro-CnaG) Chance, Arthur Sir Arthur Chance Dublin Surgeon Seanad 3792 Eliminated 57 Cole, Walter L. Walter L. Cole Dublin Fruit merchant Seanad 1393 Eliminated 19 Counihan, John John Counihan Dublin Farmer Outgoing 6431 Elected w/o quota 65.5 65 (pro-CnaG) Supporter of livestock tradeCrosbie, George George Crosbie Cork Journalist Dáil 2056 Eliminated 32 (pro-CnaG) Cuffe, John Patrick John Patrick Cuffe Dublin Farmer Dáil 3180 Eliminated 35 Supporter of livestock tradeCummins, William William Cummins Kildare National school teacher Outgoing 10693 Elected 51 Labour Party De Loughry, Peter Peter de Loughry Kilkenny Iron founder and manufacturer Outgoing 5938 Eliminated 60 (pro-CnaG) De Roiste, Liam Liam de Róiste Cork Secretary-director of public company Dáil 2993 Eliminated 42 (pro-CnaG) Dillon, James James Dillon Kilkenny Farmer Dáil 7499 Elected 62 Farmers' Party Eason, John Charles John Charles Eason Dublin Merchant Dáil 2621 Eliminated 30 (pro-CnaG) Of Eason & Son newsagents.http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/73814/biographical%20portraits%20of%20the%20past%20presidents%20of%20the%20Statistical%20and%20Social%20Inquiry%20society%20of%20ireland%20final%20-%20last%20updated%20april%202014.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y#page=34 https://web.archive.org/web/20151105062917/http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/73814/biographical%20portraits%20of%20the%20past%20presidents%20of%20the%20Statistical%20and%20Social%20Inquiry%20society%20of%20ireland%20final%20-%20last%20updated%20april%202014.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y#page=34 dead 5 November 2015 Biographical Portraits of the Past Presidents of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland Rankin Kieran Paul Sweeney Bill Keating April 2014 31 Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland 29 October 2015Fanning, Michael Michael Fanning Dublin Grocer and vintner Dáil 9024 Elected w/o quota 65.5 65 Licensed vintners' lobbyFiggis, Darrell Darrell Figgis Dublin Author and Independent TD Dáil 512 Eliminated 4 Died by suicide on 27 October 1925Fitzgerald, Edward John Edward John Fitzgerald Cork Joiner Seanad 5754 Eliminated 64 Labour Party Foran, Thomas Thomas Foran Dublin Trade union official Outgoing 6844 Elected 65 Labour Party Garvey, John William Frederick John William Garvey Dublin Solicitor Dáil 2799 Eliminated 38 Harrison, Henry Henry Harrison Dublin Journalist Dáil 2000 Eliminated 22 (pro-CnaG) Hickie, William Sir William Hickie Tipperary Major-General (retired) Dáil 9712 Elected 45 Ex-servicemen's lobbyHoey, Patricia Ethel Patricia HoeyDublin Journalist and industrial organiser Seanad 334 Eliminated in 2nd Count 1 Sought women's voteHooper, Patrick Patrick Hooper Dublin Journalist and barrister-at-law Seanad 3346 Eliminated 40 Horgan, John J. John J. Horgan Cork Solicitor Dáil 2037 Eliminated 23 (pro-CnaG) Houston, Denis Denis Houston Dublin Trade union organiser Dáil 4828 Eliminated 50 Labour Party Howard Bury, Charles Kenneth Charles Howard-Bury Westmeath Lt.-Colonel (retired) Seanad 785 Eliminated 8 Ex-servicemen's lobbyHyde, Douglas Douglas Hyde Dublin Dean of the Celtic Faculty in the National University of Ireland Outgoing 1721 Eliminated 28 (pro-CnaG) Hynes, Owen Owen Hynes Dublin General secretary Seanad 1273 Eliminated 18 Labour Party Irwin, Cornelius Cornelius Irwin Wexford Farmer and businessman Outgoing 2884 Eliminated 37 (pro-CnaG) Johnston, Joseph Joseph Johnston Dublin Fellow and tutor of Trinity College Dáil 1168 Eliminated 14 (pro-CnaG) Jordan, Michael Michael Jordan Wexford Farmer Dáil 4777 Eliminated 49 Farmers' Party Kennedy, Cornelius Cornelius Kennedy Wicklow Merchant and farmer Dáil 11857 Elected 54 (pro-CnaG) Licensed vintners' lobbyKennedy, Denis Denis Kennedy Dublin Surgeon Dáil 3202 Eliminated 36 (pro-CnaG) Hospitals' lobbyLinehan, Thomas Thomas Linehan Cork Farmer Outgoing 6624 Elected w/o quota 65.5 65 Farmers' Party Love, Joseph Clayton Joseph Clayton Love Cork Merchant Outgoing 2249 Eliminated 27 (pro-CnaG) Macbride, Anthony Anthony MacBride Mayo Surgeon Dáil 2059 Eliminated 26 (pro-CnaG) Maccabe, Alexander Alexander McCabe Dublin Estate agent Dáil 4034 Eliminated 46 Maccartan, Patrick Patrick McCartan Dublin Surgeon Seanad 626 Eliminated 5 Macenri, Seaghan Padhraic Seán Pádraig Mac Énrí Galway Medical doctor and university professorIn Irish: "Dochtúir leighis agus ollamh ollsgoile" Dáil 1636 Eliminated 21 (pro-CnaG) Macevoy, Edward Edward MacEvoy Laois Wholesale merchant Outgoing 5423 Eliminated 56 (pro-CnaG) Macguinness, Francis Francis McGuinness Longford Merchant Dáil 7662 Elected w/o quota 65.5 65 (pro-CnaG) Mackenna, Thomas Patrick Thomas Patrick McKenna Cavan Farmer Dáil 5768 Eliminated 55 (pro-CnaG) Grandfather of actor T. P. McKennaMacloughlin, Edward Patrick Edward Patrick McLoughlin Dublin Medical profession Dáil 1183 Eliminated 15 (pro-CnaG) Maclysaght, Edward Edward MacLysaght Clare Proprietor of the Raheen Rural Industries Outgoing 4025 Eliminated 48 MacSwiney, Valentine Patrick Patrick MacSwiney Dublin Gentleman Dáil 789 Eliminated 9 (pro-CnaG) Created a marquis in the Papal nobility by pope Leo XIII.http://landedestates.nuigalway.ie/LandedEstates/jsp/estate-show.jsp?id=3323 Estate Record: McSweeney/MacSwiney (Cork) Landed Estates Database NUI Galway 29 October 2015Macveagh, Jeremiah Jeremiah McVeagh Dublin Barrister-at-law Dáil 3601 Eliminated 43 Maddock, Simon William Sir Simon Maddock Dublin Secretary and director of public companies Dáil 3876 Eliminated 44 Business candidateMilroy, Sean Seán Milroy Dublin Journalist Dáil 1697 Eliminated 24 (pro-CnaG) Mulcahy, Mary Josephine Mary Josephine Mulcahy Dublin Married woman Seanad 2659 Eliminated 39 Wife of Richard Mulcahy, and sister of James RyanNealon, Daniel Daniel Nealon Tipperary National school teacher (retired) Dáil 1278 Eliminated 16 Nesbitt, George George Nesbitt Dublin Merchant and manufacturer Outgoing 1210 Eliminated 17 (pro-CnaG) Obriain, Liam Liam Ó Briain Galway Professor of Romance Languages in University College Galway Seanad 1056 Eliminated 13 Obrien, Conor Conor O'BrienMcGee Owen O Brien, Conor 006464.v1 Dublin Architect Seanad 497 Eliminated 3 Oconnor, Joseph Joseph O'Connor Kildare Cattle salesman and farmer Dáil 6740 Elected w/o quota 65.5 65 (pro-CnaG) Supporter of livestock tradeOdea, Michael Michael O'Dea Dublin Merchant Outgoing 4011 Eliminated 58 (pro-CnaG) Ofarrell, JT J. T. O'Farrell Dublin Irish Secretary Railway Clerks' Association Outgoing 12336 Elected 51 Labour Party Railwaymen's candidateOfoghludha, Risteard Ristéard Ó Foghludha Dublin ManagerIn Irish: "Bainisteoird" Dáil 660 Eliminated 6 (pro-CnaG) Ohanlon, Michael F. Michael F. O'Hanlon Dublin General secretary Dáil 8238 Elected 59 Farmers' Party Omara, Stephen, Snr Stephen O'Mara, Snr Limerick Merchant Dáil 6205 Elected w/o quota 65.5 65 (pro-CnaG) Omurthuile, Sean Seán Ó Murthuile Dublin Gentleman Dáil 1022 Eliminated 10 (pro-CnaG) Caught up in the 1924 Irish Army MutinyLong Patrick Ó Murthuile, Seán 006416.v1Oneill, John John O'Neill Wicklow Cycle manufacturer and motor trader Outgoing 2448 Eliminated 31 (pro-CnaG) Parkinson, James James Parkinson Kildare Veterinary surgeon and bloodstock breeder Outgoing 6248 Elected w/o quota 65.5 65 (pro-CnaG) Phelan, Patrick Patrick Phelan Kildare Farmer Dáil 5423 Eliminated 53 Farmers' Party Pigot, John Henry John Henry Pigot Dublin Barrister-at-law Seanad 413 Eliminated 2 Nephew of John Edward Pigot, and brother of Edward PigotRyan, John John Ryan Limerick Farmer Dáil 4281 Eliminated 41 Farmers' Party Ryan, Thomas Thomas Ryan Waterford Insurance agent Dáil 3436 Eliminated 34 Labour Party Staines, Michael Michael Staines Dublin Wholesale merchant Seanad 2028 Eliminated 29 Summerfield, Frederick Frederick Summerfield Dublin Managing director Seanad 1123 Eliminated 12 Motorists' lobbyToal, Thomas Thomas Toal Monaghan Farmer Dáil 14082 Elected 47 (pro-CnaG) Notes Legacy The shortcomings of the 1925 election created a consensus that a single national constituency was unworkable.O'Sullivan 1940 231 Political scientist Harold Foote Gosnell wrote of the election, "the ballot is a confusing one and the size of the constituency makes electioneering difficult."Gosnell 1926 117–120 In 1928, in the lead-up to the next triennial Seanad election, the Oireachtas formed a joint committee to change the selection procedures.O'Sullivan 1940 231http://193.178.2.84/test/R/1928/REPORT_16051928_0.html Report into the constitution and powers of, and methods of election to, Seanad Éireann Oireachtas joint committee on the Constitution 16 May 1928 Committee Reports 22 August 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120311191922/http://193.178.2.84/test/R/1928/REPORT_16051928_0.html 11 March 2012 dead dmy-all While some members favoured retaining some form of voting by the general electorate, Fianna Fáil in particular wanted to ensure the Seanad was subordinate to the Dáil by restricting the franchise to Oireachtas members.O'Sullivan, pp.232–34 This was effected by a constitutional amendment enacted on 23 July and an electoral act on 25 October.http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1928/en/act/pub/0013/index.html Constitution (Amendment No. 6) Act, 1928 23 July 1928 Government of Ireland Acts of the Oireachtas 30 October 2008http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1928/act/29/enacted/en/html Seanad Electoral Act, 1928 Irish Statute Book 29 October 2015 Thus, the 1925 election remains the only Seanad popular election.Coakley, p.231–32 References Sources Ireland's Unique Electoral Experiment: The Senate Election of 1925 10.1080/07907180500359327 John Coakley Irish Political Studies 2005 20 3 231–269 Gosnell Harold F. An Irish Free State Senate Election https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400110068/type/journal_article subscription The American Political Science Review 1926 20 1 117–120 10.2307/1945103 1945103 0003-0554 O'Sullivan Donal The Irish Free State and its Senate: A Study in Contemporary Politics Faber & Faber London 1940 https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.115100/2015.115100.The-Irish-Free-State-And-Its-Senate-A-Study-In-Contemporary-Politics#page/n181/mode/2up 15 March 2018 Regan John M. The Irish Counter-revolution, 1921–1936: Treatyite Politics and Settlement in Independent Ireland 1999 Gill & Macmillan 9780717128853 "An exceedingly severe test": The Irish Senate elections of 1925 http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/h1925.htm Nicholas Whyte 23 April 2000 17 February 2002 23 October 2008 CAIN https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1922/act/1/schedule/1/enacted/en/html Constitution of The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann) Irish Statute Book Office of the Attorney General of Ireland 1922 30 October 2008 Citations 30em Category:1925 in Irish politics Category:Seanad Éireann elections Category:September 1925 in Europe