1 Kings 22

1 Kings, chapter 22 1 Kings 22 1 Kings 21 chapter 21 2 Kings 1 2 Kings 1 First book of Kings Old Testament 11 Nevi'im 4 Former Prophets Leningrad-codex-09-kings.pdf 250px The pages containing the Books of Kings (1 & 2 Kings) Leningrad Codex (1008 CE). 1 Kings 22 is the 22nd (and the last) chapter of the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible.Halley 1965 198Collins 2014 288 The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE.McKane 1993 324 This chapter belongs to the section comprising 1 Kings 16:15 to 2 Kings 8:29 which documents the period of the Omrides.Dietrich 2007 244 The focus of this chapter is the reign of king Ahab and Ahaziah in the northern kingdom, as well as of king Jehoshaphat in the southern kingdom.Dietrich 2007 248 Scholars such as Gösta W. Ahlström, with regards to external historical chronology, believe that 1 Kings 20 and 22 are referring to later events. It is therefore difficult to ascribe strict historicity to these battle accounts.Ahlström Gösta Werner https://books.google.co.tz/books/about/The_History_of_Ancient_Palestine.html?id=5cSAlLBZKaAC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y The History of Ancient Palestine 1993 Fortress Press 978-0-8006-2770-6 575-577 en The battle at Qarqar in 853 is one of the few clear dates in the history of Israel. Shalmaneser's inscription mentions that Irhuleni of Hamath had received help from Adad-'idri of Damascus, Ahab of Israel and others, a total of 12 kings. [...] Knowing this, it is somewhat hard to ascribe any historicity to the stories in 1 Kings about the battles between Ahab and Ben-Hadad. Philippe Wajdenbaum of the Coppenhagen School, argued that 1 Kings 22 and other Biblical narratives surrounding kingship and military campaigns, show structural patterns as those contained in the war epics of the Iliad and Ancient Greek literature.Wajdenbaum Philippe https://books.google.co.tz/books/about/Argonauts_of_the_Desert.html?id=3kiPBAAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y Argonauts of the Desert: Structural Analysis of the Hebrew Bible 2014-09-19 Routledge 978-1-317-54390-9 280 en The 'fingerprint' marking the thematic citation is that Ahab hates Micaiah for never saying anything good—only evil (1 Kgs 22:8)—exactly like Agamemnon and the seer Calchas in the first lines of the Iliad... Text This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 53 verses in Christian Bibles, but into 54 verses in the Hebrew Bible as in the verse numbering comparison table below.Note [b] on 1 Kings 22:43 in NET Bible Verse numbering + Verse numbering for 1 Kings 22 English Hebrew22:1-43a22:1-4422:43b22:4422:44-5322:45-54 This article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions. Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).Würthwein 1995 35-37 Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 6Q4 (6QpapKgs; 150–75 BCE) with extant verses 28–31.Ulrich 2010 328Dead sea scrolls - 1 KingsFitzmyer 2008 104,1066Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).Würthwein 1995 73-74The whole book of 1 Kings is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.Codex Sinaiticus Old Testament references 1 Kings 22:1–12 9: 2 Chronicles 18:1–11 91 Kings 22, Berean Study Bible 1 Kings 22:13–28 9: 2 Chronicles 18:12–27 9 1 Kings 22:29–40 9: 2 Chronicles 18:28–34 9 1 Kings 22:41–50 9: 2 Chronicles 20:31–34 9 1 Kings 22:51–53 9: 2 Kings 1:1–16 9 Death of Ahab (22:1–40) Despite the announcement that his punishment for his crime against Naboth only befell his sons and he seemed to die of natural causes (1 Kings 22:40), Ahab was not left unreprimanded.Dietrich 2007 247 The narrative of his death displays much life of Ahab into a single climactic story:Leithart 2006 158 Ahab was confronted by a prophet (this time Micaiah ben Imlah), as he was warned throughout his reign by other prophets, such as Elijah (1 Kings 17:1 for worshipping Baal and 1 Kings 21 for murdering and taking vineyard from Naboth) and an unnamed prophet for sparing Ben-hadad, the king of Aram (1 Kings 20). Despite his efforts to elude his fate, Ahab was dead according to the words of YHWH through Micaiah. he fought Arameans, as he had before (1 Kings 20); his building projects are mentioned again (as mentioned in 1 Kings 16:32–34)Leithart 2006 158 Three prophets, three warnings, three witnesses; these are the sign of Yahweh's continuing mercy to Ahab and Ahab cannot plead ignorance nor innocence: first warning, Ahab became sullen and angry; second warning, Ahab showed repentance; third warning: Ahab defiantly went to battle in disguise, but he got three chances, so it was strike three, in the third year (1 Kings 22:1), and he was removed.Leithart 2006 158 The peace between Aram and Israel following the Battle of Aphek (1 Kings 20) lasted three years, Ahab decided to capture the strategic Transjordan trading hub, Ramoth Gilead, while he made use of the close ties between the kingdoms of Judah and Israel (remained until the rise of Jehu and Joash (2 Kings 9–11)).Coogan 2007 530 Hebrew Bible Ahab did not hesitate to sacrifice Jehoshaphat (Ahab advised Jehoshaphat not to disguise) to the enemy in order to save himself who went in disguise (verses 29–30). However, the results were different (verses 31–36), as Jehoshaphat remained unhurt whereas a stray arrow hit Ahab and he could not leave the battlefield until evening (verse 38; related to Elijah's prophecy in 1 Kings 21:19).Dietrich 2007 248 The narrative also has an underlying theme of the battle between true and false prophecy (first initiated in 1 Kings 13).Leithart 2006 158 A fundamental problem regarding the prophets is the unaccountability of their own attitude towards God's messages (as in Jeremiah 28 and Micah 3:5–8). Micaiah ben Imlah states that the 'prophets' with opposing messages were possessed by an evil spirit who helped to drive Ahab to death, because he witnessed the discussions at a heavenly council (in a vision, cf. Isaiah 6). Just as Isaiah's warning to the people was ignored (Isaiah 6:9–10), Micaiah's message for Ahab to change course was not heard, so Ahab would meet his doom according to the true prophecy from YHWH.Dietrich 2007 248 Verse 1 And they continued three years without war between Syria and Israel.1 Kings 22:1 KJV KJV "Three years without war": These three years were not full years (based on verse 2), but were to be counted from the second defeat of Ben-hadad (1 Kings 20:34–43).Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (Editors). On "1 Kings 22". In: The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. Accessed 24 April 2019. George Rawlinson conjectures that during this period the Assyrian invasion under Shalmaneser III took place and as stated in the Black Obelisk 'Ahab of Jezreel' joined an alliance of kings (including Ben-hadad of Syria) against the Assyrians, furnishing a force of 10,000 footmen and 2000 chariots. Rawlinson George Historical Illustrations of the Old Testament Christian Knowledge Society 1871 113, 114 Verse 2 And it came to pass in the third year, that Jehoshaphat the king of Judah came down to the king of Israel.1 Kings 22:2 KJV KJV "The third year": during the peace between Syria and Israel, not after the event involving Naboth. The marriage of Jehoram, son of Jehoshaphat, with Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab and Jezebel, would have taken place some years before this date (2 Chronicles 18:1, 2). "Came down": The journey from Jerusalem to the provinces was termed as "going down", whereas the trip to Jerusalem as "going up". Jehoshaphat, the king of Judah (22:41–50) Jehoshaphat was officially introduced, after the report that he was closely linked to Ahab, supporting the statement in the Annals that there was no war with Israel during his reign.Dietrich 2007 248 The kingdom of Judah at this time controlled Edom and therefore had access to the Red Sea at the seaport of Ezion-geber, but they lacked the nautical skill to undertake trade projects and the big ships (the type which can sail to Tarshish) were wrecked at the harbor Dietrich 2007 248Coogan 2007 530 Hebrew Bible Verses 41–42 41 And Jehoshaphat the son of Asa began to reign over Judah in the fourth year of Ahab king of Israel. 42 Jehoshaphat was thirty and five years old when he began to reign; and he reigned twenty and five years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Azubah the daughter of Shilhi.1 Kings 22:41–42 KJV KJV Cross reference: 2 Chronicles 20:31 "In the fourth year of Ahab": in Thiele's chronology (improved by McFall), Jehoshaphat became coregent in Tishrei (September) 873 BCE (Thiele has 872 BCE, on the 39th year of Asa, his father), and starting to rule as a sole king on the 4th year of Ahab between September 870 and April 869 BCE (when Asa died) until his death between April and September 848 BCE.McFall 1991 no. 19 It is not clear whether Jehoshaphat was 35 years of age when he became coregent or when he became king; his age of death would be at 59 if the former, or at 56 if the latter.McFall 1991 no. 19 Verse 43 a And he walked in all the ways of Asa his father; he turned not aside from it, doing that which was right in the eyes of the Lord b nevertheless the high places were not taken away; for the people offered and burnt incense yet in the high places.1 Kings 22:43 KJV KJV or 1 Kings 22:43–44 HE in Hebrew Bible Verse 22:43b in the English Bible is numbered as 22:44 in the Hebrew text (BHS). Ahaziah, the king of Israel (22:51–53) Ahaziah, Ahab's son and successor, followed the footsteps of his father and his mother in his short reign, so did not change the punishment of Omri's dynasty which was only postponed.Dietrich 2007 248 Verse 51 Ahaziah the son of Ahab began to reign over Israel in Samaria the seventeenth year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and he reigned two years over Israel.1 Kings 22:51 MEV MEV "In the 17th year of Jehoshaphat": in Thiele's chronology (improved by McFall), Ahaziah became king between April and September 853 BCE, and he died between April and September 852 BCE.McFall 1991 no. 21 Verse 52 He did what the Lord considered evil. He followed the example of his father and mother and of Jeroboam (Nebat’s son) who led Israel to sin. 1 Kings 22:52 GW GW See also 22em Edom Idolatry Israel Jehoram of Judah Jezreel Prophet Ramoth-Gilead Samaria Throne of God Related Bible parts: 1 Kings 14, 1 Kings 15, 1 Kings 16, 2 Kings 1, 2 Chronicles 18, 2 Chronicles 20, Isaiah 6, Jeremiah 28, Micah 3 Notes References Sources Collins John J. Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures Chapter 14: 1 Kings 12 – 2 Kings 25 277–296 Fortress Press 2014 https://books.google.com/books?id=fbsoBAAAQBAJ 978-1451469233 Coogan Michael David Michael D. Coogan The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 Coogan Michael David Marc Zvi Brettler Carol Ann Newsom Pheme Perkins Augmented 3rd Oxford University Press 2007 978-0195288810 https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ Dietrich Walter 13. 1 and 2 Kings The Oxford Bible Commentary John Barton John Barton (theologian) John Muddiman John Muddiman Oxford University Press first (paperback) 2007 232–266 978-0199277186 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ February 6, 2019 Fitzmyer Joseph A. Joseph Fitzmyer A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC 2008 9780802862419 Grand Rapids, MI Halley Henry H. Henry Hampton Halley Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary 24th (revised) Zondervan Publishing House 1965 https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr registration 0-310-25720-4 Hayes Christine Introduction to the Bible Yale University Press 2015 https://books.google.com/books?id=SKbkXYHxvlAC 978-0300188271 Leithart Peter J. 1 & 2 Kings Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible Brazos Press 2006 https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_gvin9G7LgC 978-1587431258 http://www.btinternet.com/~lmf12/TransGuide.pdf Leslie McFall Translation Guide to the Chronological Data in Kings and Chronicles Bibliotheca Sacra 148 1991 3–45 https://web.archive.org/web/20100827065339/http://www.btinternet.com/%7Elmf12/TransGuide.pdf dead 2010-08-27 McKane William Kings, Book of Metzger Bruce M Bruce M. Metzger Coogan Michael D The Oxford Companion to the Bible https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458 registration Oxford University Press 1993 409–413 978-0195046458 Metzger Bruce M Bruce M. Metzger Coogan Michael D The Oxford Companion to the Bible Oxford University Press 1993 978-0195046458 Thiele, Edwin R., The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, (1st ed.; New York: Macmillan, 1951; 2d ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965; 3rd ed.; Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983). 9780825438257 Ulrich Eugene The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants 2010 Brill https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls Würthwein Ernst Ernst Würthwein The Text of the Old Testament Wm. B. Eerdmans Grand Rapids, MI 1995 Erroll F. Rhodes 0-8028-0788-7 https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC January 26, 2019 External links Jewish translations: Melachim I - I Kings - Chapter 22 (Judaica Press). Hebrew text and English translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org Christian translations: Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) 1 Kings chapter 22. Bible Gateway 22