11th New York Infantry Regiment

Infantry regiment of the Union Army June 2013 11th New York Infantry Regiment Zouaves 11224 lg.gif 275 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment at Camp Lincoln on the heights opposite the Washington Navy YardRandall 1960 245 May 7, 1861 – June 2, 1862 United States of America Union United States Army Zouave Infantry 1,079Hillhouse 1862 11As reported back to Adjutant General Hillhouse upon departure from New York on June 27, 1861 Willcox's Brigade Heintzelman's Division McDowell's Army of Northeastern Virginia Ellsworth Zouaves, First Fire Zouaves, First Regiment New York Zouaves, and U.S. National Guards Battle of Arlington Mills First Battle of Bull Run Peninsula Campaign New York Draft Riots Col. Elmer E. Ellsworth First Commander Lt. Col. Noah L. Farnham Second Commander (Acting) Col. Charles M. Loeser Third and Final Commander 100px Colors of the 11th New YorkNew York U.S. Volunteer Infantry Regiments 1861-1865 10th New York Infantry Regiment 12th New York Infantry Regiment The 11th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Union Army in the early years of the American Civil War. The regiment was organized in New York City in May 1861 as a Zouave regiment, known for its unusual dress and drill style, by Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth, a personal friend of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln.Dyer 1908 1409 Federal Publishing Company 1908 56 Phisterer 1912 1861 Drawn from the ranks of the city's many volunteer fire companies, the unit was known alternately as the Ellsworth Zouaves, First Fire Zouaves, First Regiment New York Zouaves, and U.S. National Guards.Dyer 1908 1409 Federal Publishing Company 1908 56 Phisterer 1912 1861 The unit was among the first to occupy the territory of a Confederate state when it captured Alexandria, Virginia, on May 24, 1861, less than 24 hours after the Commonwealth seceded from the Union. The regiment suffered extensive casualties during the First Battle of Bull Run during the fighting on Henry House Hill and while serving as the rear guard for the retreating Union Army. The regiment would later be stationed near Hampton Roads during the Peninsula Campaign, but experienced little fighting. Sent back to New York City in May 1862, the regiment was mustered out of service on June 2, 1862. There were several attempts to reorganize as a light infantry regiment through the summer of 1863, and many new enlistees were involved in suppressing the New York Draft Riots but those efforts failed and the enlistees were transferred to the 17th New York Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Organization and muster On April 15, 1861, President Lincoln issued an Executive Order calling for 75,000 ninety-day enlistments to "repossess the forts, places, and property which have been seized from the Union."U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 1 1880 That day, Lincoln wrote Ellsworth asking for his assistance in raising a regiment.Randall 1960 229 Ellsworth had known the president well, from having assisted in organizing his campaign for the presidency in 1860MoH, Elmer Ellsworth 2004 and received a commission to organize the 11th New York Infantry as a 90-day regiment. To the enlistees, a common yet often unknown stipulation included 90 days of service to the Federal government and up to two years of service to the state. This was not always communicated to the men who enlisted, including those of the 11th New York.Murray 2005 11The 11th's service commitment was later transferred by the State of New York to the Federal government, which ordered them to serve "for the war". Ellsworth's military knowledge came from a lifetime of studying military tactics, history, and manuals; and later as colonel of Chicago's National Guard Cadets. He never achieved his dream of attending West Point, as he could not gain the needed sponsorship. He was introduced to the famous French Zouaves through the teachings of his fencing instructor, Charles DeVillers, a former French Zouave. Ellsworth introduced this drill team to the flashy Zouave uniforms and drill that emulated French colonial troops in Algeria and turned the group, renamed the U.S. Zouave Cadets, into a national champion drill team. A national tour in 1860 brought Ellsworth to the attention of Abraham Lincoln, for whom the unit performed hundreds of military drill movements with their muskets and bayonets.ACWW, Elmer Ephraim Ellsworth 2006 When a civil war seemed unavoidable, Ellsworth proceeded to New York City to recruit his own regiment from the city's volunteer fire companies, stating: "I want the New York Firemen, for there are no more effective men in the country, and none with whom I can do so much. They are sleeping on a volcano at Washington and I want men who can go into a fight now."Ingraham 1925 127 Two days after his arrival, Ellsworth awarded officer commissions to several foremen of the volunteer fire companies and began recruiting in earnest. Within four days, 2,300 men had answered Ellsworth's call. A selection of only the most desirable men cut that number to 1,100, which was considered a regiment's full strength.Ingraham 1925 128 When the state could not afford to supply the new troops, fundraisers were successful in raising $60,000 for the regiment, enough to provide uniforms, several different models of Sharps rifles, and provisions.Ingraham 1925 128 News media covered the regiment's formation: More work has been done in six days than seemed possible. The men have been mustered into service; the officers elected; the uniforms made, and on Sunday afternoon eleven hundred as efficient and hardy soldiers as ever handled a gun, will start for the scene of rebellion. Col. Ellsworth arrived in this city on Thursday of last week. On Friday he called together a number of the principal men of the department. On Saturday he selected his officers. On Sunday he mustered one thousand men. On Monday he drilled them.NYSMM, 11th Infantry Regiment, New York: Civil War Newspaper Clippings (2019) thumb|Harper's Weekly; Late Headquarters of Colonel Ellsworth, of the N.Y. Fire Zouaves, at the Capitol, at Washington. The New York Fire Zouaves Quartered in the House of Representatives at Washington, D.C., May 25, 1861. Before the regiment departed from New York City on April 29, 1861, its members were reviewed by General John Adams Dix, Ambassador Cassius Marcellus Clay of Kentucky, as well as other members of the city and its fire department.Ingraham 1925 130 Soon after, they marched through the streets escorted by 5,000 firemen.NYSMM, 11th Infantry Regiment, New York: Civil War Newspaper Clippings (2019) Along the way, they received from the fire department a large white flag measuring 68 in m by 54 in m to serve as the regimental colors. Charlotte Augusta Gibbes also presented the unit with a flag.Ingraham 1925 130, 132 Smith Younghusband 1996 58 Unbeknownst to the regiment, Washington D.C. had postponed their departure because they did not comply with army regulations. John E. Wool, commander of the Department of the East, knew of the postponement, but allowed the men to embark, unaware the steamer Baltic carried no provisions.Reeves 1975 25 Quartermaster Arthur quickly purchased five-day rations, by paying a higher price, and hired three tug boats to catch the steamer to deliver them.Reeves 1975 26 The Baltic arrived in Annapolis, Maryland where the men boarded a train to Washington, D.C..NYSMM, 11th Infantry Regiment, New York: Civil War Newspaper Clippings (2019) In Washington, men in the regiment broke into taverns, frightened women, swedged on meals and pursued imagined Confederates. They were returned to New York City and quartered in Battery Park. Their public antics and insubordination continued. Arthur had arrested any Fire Zouave found on the streets and jailed them on a steamer. When the number jailed reached 400 the steamer embarked to Hampton Roads where the men were banded with another regiment.Reeves 1975 26 Early action The regiment arrived in Washington, D.C., on the evening of May 2.Ingraham 1925 134 There, they completed additional training and performed picket duty throughout the district. While quartered on the floor of the United States House of Representatives, the enlisted men took it upon themselves to set up a mock session, passing a law first abolishing the House of Representatives, then the Union and reconstituting both in a manner of their liking.Randall 1960 237 The more embarrassing and lawbreaking actions by the regiment included the burning of fences, which resulted in a letter of reprimand from Brigadier General Joseph K. Mansfield along with six enlisted men being removed and sent back to New York.Ingraham 1925 134-136 Randall 1960 239 On May 7, the 11th New York was officially sworn into Federal service by Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell on the East Front of the unfinished Capitol in the presence of Lincoln, his son Tad and personal secretary John Hay.Randall 1960 239 On May 9, the regiment had an opportunity to apply their experience as firefighters when asked to help extinguish a blaze at the Willard Hotel.GL-IAH, Elmer Ellsworth (1837–1861) 2006 Upon receiving word from General Mansfield, commander of the Department of Washington, Ellsworth dispatched ten men from each company to attend to the fire. Soon however, the entire regiment responded to the blaze. With Ellsworth having more men on the scene than the Washington Fire Department, he claimed the fire chief's trumpet and assumed command of the incident.Randall 1960 241–242 When the fire was extinguished, Henry Willard, owner of the hotel, invited the regiment to breakfast and money was collected providing them with $500.Randall 1960 242 After nine days quartered at the capitol, the men of the 11th New York were moved to the heights near the Insane Asylum to Camp Lincoln. This move would allow for easy transport across the Potomac and into Virginia when necessary.Randall 1960 246 While just five miles (8 km) from the capitol, the standard of living the men were used to had changed dramatically, as their usual foodstuffs were replaced with beef steak, dry bread, and coffee. Ellsworth wrote to his fiancé that they had not had butter in a week.Randall 1960 246 thumb|right|An 1861 Currier & Ives lithograph titled "Death of Col. Ellsworth" thumb|right|Photographs show Colonel Elmer Ellsworth of Field and Staff, 11th New York Infantry Regiment; Marshall House at the corner of King and Pitt Streets, Alexandria, Virginia, the scene of the assassination of Col. Ellsworth on May 24, 1861; and Lieutenant Francis Brownell of Co. A, 11th New York Infantry Regiment, who killed James Jackson after he murdered Col. Ellsworth. From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress. Photographs by Mathew BradyLoC, Memorial Col. E.E. Ellsworth 1861 thumb|"Quaker guns" (logs used as ruses to imitate cannons) in former Confederate fortifications at Manassas Junction March 1862 thumb|Quaker gun near Centreville, Virginia, in March 1862, after the Confederate withdrawal; a man with a stick is pretending to "fire" it with a linstock When the Commonwealth of Virginia seceded from the Union on May 23, the regiment was ordered to assist in the occupation of Arlington Heights and Alexandria, Virginia, directly across the Potomac River from Washington.VHS, Secession: 13 February 1861 2001 On May 24, the regiment boarded the steamers Baltimore and Mount Vernon and was transported across the Potomac, landing at the Alexandria wharves under the guard of the gunboat Pawnee.U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 2 1880 The 11th New York was one of eight to enter Virginia, and Ellsworth's men met no resistance as they moved through the streets.Smithsonian, Ellsworth Flag 2001 After landing, members of Company E under Captain Leveridge were sent to take the railroad station, while Ellsworth, Major Charles Loeser, Lieutenant H. J. Winser and several men from Company A set out to secure the telegraph office.Randall 1960 256 On the way there, Ellsworth spotted a Confederate flag atop the Marshall House inn. It was the same flag Ellsworth had seen for weeks from the White House during his visits with Lincoln.Randall 1960 257 Ellsworth's group entered the inn and quickly cut down the flag, but they encountered the proprietor, James Jackson, as they descended the stairs. Jackson killed Ellsworth with a shotgun blast to the chest, and Cpl. Francis Brownell responded in kind by fatally shooting the innkeeper.Randall 1960 257–258 After the death of Ellsworth, Noah L. Farnham, the regiment's lieutenant colonel, was the obvious choice to take command. He was reluctant, however, labeling it an "unwelcome responsibility". His appointment was graded as temporary, he was not commissioned as the regiment's colonel and remained at rank while in its command.Murray 2005 58 Regardless, he was a popular choice both with the enlisted men and in New York.New York Times, May 26, 1861, The Successor of Col. Ellsworth 2001 One enlisted wrote in a letter home, "We have great faith in Colonel Farnham, having known him long and intimately as one deserving the confidence and esteem of his associates, and fully deserving of the position that he now occupies."NYSMM, 11th Infantry Regiment, New York: Civil War Newspaper Clippings (2019) Several of the officers recruited by Ellsworth, however, did not approve and caused a small controversy by resigning their commissions.Murray 2005 15 The regiment remained on guard duty in and around Alexandria until July 15, 1861, when orders were received attaching the regiment to Orlando B. Willcox's brigade, of Samuel P. Heintzelman's division, in Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell's Army of Northeast Virginia. They were to march out the next morning.Murray 2005 21 From July 16 to 21, the regiment advanced to intercept Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard's Confederate Army of the Potomac. Three of McDowell's five divisions advanced towards Bull Run, outside the railroad junction at Manassas, Virginia. The 11th New York expected to first engage Confederates at Fairfax Court House on July 17, only to find that they had pulled back towards Centreville, leaving Quaker Guns in their place.Murray 2005 22, 26 These movements were to precipitate the first large-scale battle of the Civil War. First Bull Run thumb|right|The 11th New York was on the front lines for much of the fighting on Henry House Hill that occurred in the early afternoon of July 21. thumb|right|Mathew Brady, upon his return from the First Battle of Bull Run July 22, 1861. Although Brady was photographed wearing a sword under his linen duster and claimed to have received the weapon at First Bull Run from the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment—see Miller's Photographic History of the Civil War Vol 1 p. 31—there is doubt as to whether he took pictures at the battle. See Frassantito's Antietam (reference only). The Zouaves' first major combat experience occurred during the First Battle of Bull Run. On the morning of July 21, Farnham's men were awoken at 2:00 a.m. to begin their march to intercept the Confederate army. McDowell's plan for the day was for divisions under Colonel Daniel Tyler and Brig. Gen. Heintzelman to cross Bull Run at Sudley Ford, expected to be only several miles north of their camp. Poor scouting by Union chief engineer John G. Barnard resulted in a 14 mi km on march for men entering battle that morning.Detzer 2004 218–221 During the march, lead units engaged skirmishers east of Sudley's Ford with artillery in the early dawn.Murray 2005 38 McDowell had divided his three divisions, sending Heintzelman to the north, sweeping down to cover the Union right, and thus his was the last division to engage. The other two divisions, under Tyler and David Hunter, engaged first on the Union left and center, at Matthews Hill.Murray 2005 38–39 With those divisions facing heavy resistance, Heintzelman's division with the 11th New York was called forward at the double-quick. One observer commented that the 11th New York looked more like firemen randomly running to a fire than soldiers marching towards the front.Murray 2005 48 As the fight moved from Matthews Hill to Henry House Hill, the 11th New York fought beside the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment and a battalion of US Marines. These units were ordered to support two batteries of cannon on the Federal right flank led by Captains Charles Griffin and James B. Ricketts. The 11th New York and 1st Minnesota were directed into position at the top of Henry House Hill by Major William Farquhar Barry, McDowell's chief of artillery, and ordered to assault the Confederate line.U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 2 1880 On the initial confrontation with the 33rd Virginia Infantry on the left of Confederate General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's line, both the Union and Confederate forces were initially confused because the some of 11th New York were wearing several colors of shirts and the Virginians were clad in dark blue frock coats and dark blue trousers. The Virginians fired a volley that took down several men and the Zouaves and Marines broke and ran, but a few of the men remained.Ballard 2004 24 As the 11th New York and 1st Minnesota were regrouping along the Manassas-Sudley Road, they were encountered by Confederate Colonel J. E. B. Stuart and his 150 cavalrymen. Stuart mistook the New Yorkers for retreating Confederates in the smoke and quickly rode forward, shouting, "Don't run, boys; we are here." But after seeing a color bearer passing with the United States flag, he realized his mistake.Ballard 2004 25 Stuart ordered a small band of "Black Horse" cavalry, led by R. Welby Carter and the men of his Loudoun Company, to charge from the right and strike the 11th's rear guard.Murray 2005 63 The 11th New York saw them coming and shifted formations to meet Carter's men.Detzer 2004 407 The 11th's volleys quickly killed eight of the riders and wounded nine with the rest escaping back into the woods; the charge had little effect on the organization of Fire Zouaves.Detzer 2004 408 Murray 2005 65 While repulsing the cavalry charge, Colonel Farnham was wounded, but remained on the field aided by Lt. Colonel John Cregier and Major Loeser.Murray 2005 66 thumb|right|Prisoners of war of the 11th New York Infantry "Fire Zouaves" at Castle Pinckney, South Carolina. By 2:00 p.m., the 11th New York and 1st Minnesota were joined by the 14th Brooklyn Regiment and again took their place behind the Union guns. However, soon confusion again erupted on the battlefield in front of them. As the gunners confronted the blue-clad 33rd Virginia, Major Barry ordered Ricketts to hold his fire, allowing the Virginians to charge the batteries and capture the guns. While the 14th Brooklyn was able to quickly retake the guns, the Union regiments supporting the cannon were unable to withstand the near constant barrage from Confederate artillery and infantry and fell back again to the Manassas-Sudley Road.Ballard 2004 25 The 11th New York, the Irish 69th New York Militia and 14th Brooklyn would charge Henry Hill four times, first in an effort to retake Ricketts' and Griffin's cannon, but each attempt failed. In the wild melee, the 69th's color bearers were killed and its colors lost, but an officer of the 11th, Captain John Wildey, was able to recapture the Irish color, and then handed it back to the grateful Irishmen.Bilby 1998 17 When the order to withdraw from the field came later that evening from General McDowell, the 11th New York served as a rearguard. It was during this retreat that the regiment saw its heaviest casualties. Although accounts of the battle differ, most sources list 177 men lost at Bull Run, with 35 men killed, 74 wounded, and another 68 missing and presumed captured.Murray 2005 110 Those that were taken prisoner were initially confined in Richmond. In September, they were transferred to Castle Pinckney, South Carolina, where they remained until they were paroled the following May.SCSPA, History of Castle Pinckney 1992 After Bull Run On August 12, 1861, the remaining members of the regiment were sent back to New York City to disband, in preparation to reorganize, obtain equipment and replacements.New York Times, August 13, 1861, Reports from Alexandria On September 14, 1861, after reorganizing, they were ordered by Governor Edwin D. Morgan, at the request of Secretary of War Simon Cameron, to return to Virginia with two days' cooked rations. They were to be encamped at Fort Monroe on the tip of the Virginia Peninsula.U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Series III, Vol. 1 1899 Morgan must not have been quick to follow up with Cameron, as two days later Cameron sent him a cable pleading for an update, asking, "Did you send the Fire Zouaves to Fort Monroe, as indicated in your message of the 14th?"U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Series III, Vol. 1 1899 An entry from January 31, 1862, of the Official Records places the 11th New York as a unit of the Department of Virginia at Camp Butler under the command of Brig. Gen. Joseph Mansfield.U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 9 1883 On March 8, 1862, they watched from shore as the USS Monitor and CSS Virginia dueled off the coast of Hampton Roads. Two members of the regiment were detailed to the nearby USS Cumberland and manned its cannons until they were forced to abandon ship. With manpower further depleted as a result of injury and disease, the regiment was returned to New York City on May 7. There, it was mustered out of service on June 2, 1862. Draft Riots and disbanding On May 18, 1863, Colonel James C. Burke received authority to reorganize the original regiment as a three-years regiment to be known as the J. T. Brady Light Infantry. Burke was required to raise 250 men for the effort but failed. His authorization was revoked on June 7 and transferred to Colonel Henry F. O'Brien. O'Brien was required to raise 250 men by August 1, 250 others by September 1, and an additional 250 men by November 1.NYSMM, 11th Infantry Regiment, New York: Historical Sketch 2019 These recruiting efforts were hampered by the draft riot in New York City of July 1863. As the 11th New York Regiment had experienced first hand, the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861 had taken a heavy toll on Union forces, including those from New York City. As the war dragged on, a military manpower shortage occurred in the Union and Congress passed the first conscription act in United States history on March 3, 1863, authorizing the President to draft male citizens between the ages of 18 and 35 for a three-year term of military service.Rhodes 1904 320–323 Initially intended to express anger at the draft, the protests deteriorated into "a virtual racial pogrom, with uncounted numbers of blacks murdered on the streets".Foner 1988 32 The conditions in the city were such that Major General John E. Wool stated on July 16, "Martial law ought to be proclaimed, but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it".U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 27/1 1889 States' militias and Federal troops attached to the Army of the Potomac, including the newly reorganized 11th New York, were dispatched to quell the riots. Other regiments utilized included the 152nd New York, the 26th Michigan, the 27th Indiana and the 7th Regiment New York State Militia, which arrived from Frederick, Maryland after a forced march. In addition, New York governor Horatio Seymour sent the 74th and 65th regiments of the New York state militia, which had not been federalized, and a section of the 20th Artillery from Fort Schuyler in Throgs Neck. At the height of the violence, Colonel O'Brien, the 11th Regiment's commanding officer, was seized by the mob, beaten, and killed.NYSMM, Col. Henry F. O'Brian, 11th NY Regiment, Civil War Period 2019 In the wake of the riots, the reorganization produced few recruits and stalled.Dyer 1908 1409 Federal Publishing Company 1908 56 Phisterer 1912 1861 On October 1, 1863, the reorganization was discontinued and the men who had enlisted were transferred to the 17th New York Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment.Dyer 1908 1409 Federal Publishing Company 1908 56 Phisterer 1912 1861 Aftermath and legacy thumb|alt=Black and white photo of old men in a parade|Memorial Day May 30, 1918 - Old Zouaves of 1861 marching in New York City During its limited but intense combat experience, the regiment saw 51 members killed, including three officers and 48 enlisted men. Among these was the regiment's first commander, Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth, who was the first conspicuous casualty of the Civil War.MoH, Elmer Ellsworth 2004 Private Francis E. Brownell became the first soldier in the Civil War to be awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in killing Col. Ellsworth's murderer.MoH, Francis Brownell 2004 Following Ellsworth's death, Remember Ellsworth! and Avenge Ellsworth became Union rallying cries. The 44th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment was raised by the People's Ellsworth Committee and were known as the "People's Ellsworth Regiment", or more commonly "Ellsworth's Avengers", under the command of Stephen W. Stryker, a former lieutenant in the 11th New York.Randall 1960 274NYSMM, 1st Lieut. Stephen W. Stryker, Company B, 11th Infantry Regiment 2019 Apart from those who died of battle wounds, three officers and 12 enlisted men succumbed to disease, including its second colonel, Noah Farnham, who died as a result of his wounds sustained at Bull Run and a bout of typhoid.New York Times, August 16, 1861, The Late Col. Farnham 2001 A total of 66 men of the 11th New York Infantry Regiment died in the course of the war.Dyer 1908 1409 Federal Publishing Company 1908 56 Phisterer 1912 1861 In 1903, the flag for which Ellsworth gave his life, taken down from the top of Marshal House, was presented to the War Department by its custodian, the Ellsworth Post, Grand Army of the Republic. The flag had been carried by the regiment throughout the war and afterward maintained at their post headquarters. It was added to the war flag collection in Cullum Memorial Hall at West Point.New York Times, November 15, 1903, Flag Carried by Ellsworth Historian David Detzer has argued that the fame that surrounds the 11th New York is misplaced.Detzer 2004 403 During its time in service, the 11th New York Regiment saw little fighting compared with other well-known regiments such as the 69th New York, 20th Maine, and 28th Massachusetts. The 11th New York was often overshadowed by the 73rd New York, also known as the Second Fire Zouaves, which fought at Antietam, Gettysburg, and Appomattox.NYSMM, 73rd Regiment, Battles and Casualties 2019 In addition, Ellsworth failed to consider that the New York City fire companies from which his troops were drawn often competed against each other at blazes. The cohesion he sought in firefighters did not exist and would not be created when they joined the regiment.Detzer 2004 403 In that respect, 11th New York was no different from many regiments, North and South.Detzer 2004 403 Gallery Affiliations, battle honors, detailed service, and casualties Organizational affiliation Attached to:Dyer 1908 1409 BGEN Willcox's Brigade, BGEN Heintzelman's Division, BGEN McDowell's Army of Northeast Virginia, to August to October, 1861 State of New York to October, 1861. Department of Virginia, to June, 1862. List of battles The official list of battles in which the regiment bore a part:Dyer 1908 1409 Phisterer 1912 1861 Battle of Arlington Mills First Battle of Bull Run Peninsula Campaign New York Draft Riots Detailed service 40em Detailed service is as follows:Dyer 1908 1409 1861 Left State for Washington, D. C, April 29, 1861 Duty at Washington May 2–23 Occupation of Arlington Heights and Alexandria, Va., May 24 (Ellsworth killed) Duty near Alexandria till July 16 Occupation of Fairfax Court House July 17 Battle of Bull Run July 21 Duty in New York Harbor and in Westchester County, N. Y., September–October, 1861 Newport News, Va., Dept. of Virginia, to May, 1862. 1862 Hampton Roads March 8, 1862 Duty at New York May 7 to June 2 Mustered out June 2, 1862. Casualties Regiment lost during service 3 Officers and 48 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 3 Officers and 12 Enlisted men by disease. Total 66. Dyer 1908 1409 The regiment's bloodiest battle was First Bull Run.Phisterer 1912 1861 Armament & uniforms Armament Throughout its service, the regiment was armed with National Armory (NA) manufacturedIn government records, National Armory refers to one of three United States Armory and Arsenals, the Springfield Armory, the Harpers Ferry Armory, and the Rock Island Arsenal. Rifle-muskets, muskets, and rifles were manufactured in Springfield and Harper's Ferry before the war. When the Rebels destroyed the Harpers Ferry Armory early in the American Civil War and stole the machinery for the Confederate central government-run Richmond Armory, the Springfield Armory was briefly the only government manufacturer of arms, until the Rock Island Arsenal was established in 1862. During this time production ramped up to unprecedented levels ever seen in American manufacturing up until that time, with only 9,601 rifles manufactured in 1860, rising to a peak of 276,200 by 1864. These advancements would not only give the Union a decisive technological advantage over the Confederacy during the war but served as a precursor to the mass production manufacturing that contributed to the post-war Second Industrial Revolution and 20th century machine manufacturing capabilities. American historian Merritt Roe Smith has drawn comparisons between the early assembly machining of the Springfield rifles and the later production of the Ford Model T, with the latter having considerably more parts, but producing a similar numbers of units in the earliest years of the 1913–1915 automobile assembly line, indirectly due to mass production manufacturing advancements pioneered by the armory 50 years earlier. Smithsonian, Civil War symposium, (2012)NPS, Springfield Armory NHS, (2010) model 1855 rifle-muskets drawn from state arsenals.Hillhouse 1862 11 Uniform Like most Zouave regiments, the men of the 11th New York were fashioned in uniforms not typical of the standard ensemble of a Union soldier. During their service, the 11th New York wore two different style of uniforms, the first issued during the forming of the regiment and the second shortly before the Battle of Bull Run. The initial uniforms were purchased with funds donated by the Union Defense Committee.Ingraham 1925 128 They were based on Ellsworth's own design.Bull Runnings, Fire Zouaves: A Picture is Worth 1,000 Words 2008 They consisted of light gray jackets of a chasseur style, with dark blue and red trim along with gray trousers of a jeans cloth material with a blue stripe running down the seam, and tan leather leggings.Smith Younghusband 1996 57 Along with their gray uniforms, they wore red kepis with a blue band and also received a red fez with a blue tassel, military-issue shirt and/or overshirts.Bull Runnings, Fire Zouaves: A Picture is Worth 1,000 Words 2008Howard Lanham, Francis Brownell in Fire Zouave Uniform 2006 Many Zouaves went off to war wearing the fire badge of their respective fire company. Contrary to modern art prints, the Fire Zouaves did not go off to war wearing fireman's belts or paint mottos on their fezzes.Smith Younghusband 1996 57–58 The second uniform was issued when the first, not made of quality materials, fell apart on most men.Smith Younghusband 1996 58 This uniform was issued by the federal government, and to the disgust of the men, was not of the true Zouave style, but an American Zouave style. The new uniform had a dark blue Zouave jacket with red cuffs and red trimming with sky blue trimming inside the red. Blue fezzes with blue tassels were issued to provide greater flair to the uniform, as well as dark blue sashes, an issue of red overshirts (not firemen's shirts), and dark blue trousers.Smith Younghusband 1996 57 Before the First Battle of Bull Run, most of the Zouaves left their jackets in camp due to the July heat, however, they all retained their blue and red fezzes, and their red blue banded kepis. A number of havelocks were also issued to the regiment.Bull Runnings, Fire Zouaves: A Picture is Worth 1,000 Words 2008 Commanders In the original organization: Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth — April 20, 1861–May 24, 1861 Lieutenant Colonel Noah L. Farnham (Acting) — May 24, 1861–August 14, 1861 Colonel Charles M. Loeser — August 14, 1861–June 2, 1862 After reorganization: Colonel James C. Burke — May 18, 1863–June 27, 1863 Colonel Henry O'Brien — June 27, 1863–July 16, 1863 Colonel Augustus B. Sage — July 16, 1863–October 1, 1863 See also List of New York Civil War regiments References Footnotes 50em Citations Sources 50em Ballard Ted 2004 Staff Ride Guide: Battle of First Bull Run http://www.history.army.mil/StaffRide/1st%20Bull%20Run/Overview.htm United States Army Center of Military History Washington, DC en pdf December 17, 2007 October 9, 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20081009124717/http://www.history.army.mil/StaffRide/1st%20Bull%20Run/Overview.htm dead Bilby Joseph G. 1998 Irish Brigade In The Civil War: The 69th New York And Other Irish Regiments Of The Army Of The Potomac https://books.google.com/books?id=cGUVAQAAMAAJ Combined Pub. Conshohocken, PA 978-0-938289-97-5 40109373 en July 11, 2024 subscription Detzer David 2004 Donnybrook: The Battle of Bull Run, 1861 https://archive.org/details/donnybrookbattle0000detz/mode/2up Harcourt Orlando, FL 978-0-15-100889-6 54611165 2004005227 1st en pdf July 11, 2024 registration Dyer Frederick Henry Frederick H. Dyer A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion Dyer Pub. Co. Des Moines, IA 1908 8697590 09005239 https://archive.org/details/08697590.3359.emory.edu/page/1409/mode/2up?view=theater en PDF July 11, 2024 29, 42, 188, 271, 330, 1409 B01BUFJ76Q registration Federal Publishing Company Military Affairs and Regimental Histories of New York, Maryland, West Virginia, And Ohio Federal Publishing Company The Union Army: A History of Military Affairs in the Loyal States, 1861–65 – Records of the Regiments in the Union army – Cyclopedia of battles – Memoirs of Commanders and Soldiers. II 1908 Madison, WI https://archive.org/details/unionarmyhistory02madi/page/56/mode/1up July 11, 2024 1086145633 PDF 56 Foner Eric Eric Foner 1988 Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 https://books.google.com/books?id=Eo0OAQAAMAAJ Harper & Row New American Nation Series New York, NY 978-0-06-015851-4 1301922754 1st en pdf July 11, 2024 subscription Hillhouse Thomas Thomas Hillhouse (American politician) Adjutant General's Report, 1861 New York (State). Adjutant General's Office Annual Reports of the Adjutant General of the State of New York January 15, 1862 Albany, NY 1–735 en https://museum.dmna.ny.gov/application/files/6115/8014/6697/AG_Report_1861.pdf 2020-04-10 registration sn94095328 1040003486 Ingraham Charles Anson 1925 Chicago Historical Society's Collection 11 https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015014449816 Chicago Historical Society via the University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL Elmer E. Ellsworth and the Zouaves of '61 2027/mdp.39015014449816 684533 25024989 en pdf July 11, 2024 Murray R.L. 2005 "They Fought Like Tigers": The 11th New York FIre Zouaves, 14th Brooklyn and the Irish 69th New York at First Bull Run https://books.google.com/books?id=AdIdcgAACAAJ Benedum Books Army of the Potomac Journal Wolcott, NY 630116073 en July 11, 2024 subscription Phisterer Frederick Frederick Phisterer Seventh Regiment of Infantry - Sixty Ninth Regiment of Infantry J. B. Lyon Company, State Printers New York in the War of Rebellion, 1861-1865 3 3rd 1912 Albany, NY 1861–1873 en https://archive.org/details/phisterernewyork03fredrich/page/1861/mode/1up July 11, 2024 registration 14013311 1359922 PDF Randall Ruth Painter Ruth Randall 1960 Colonel Elmer Ellsworth: a biography of Lincoln's friend and first hero of the Civil War https://archive.org/details/colonelelmerells00rand/mode/2up Little, Brown and Company Boston, MA 563066292 60006527 1st en pdf 334 July 1, 2024 registration Reeves Thomas C. Gentleman Boss https://archive.org/details/gentlemanbosslif00reev/page/25 registration Alfred A. Knopf 1975 New York, NY 0-394-46095-2 Rhodes James Ford James Ford Rhodes 1904 1860-1862 History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 III https://archive.org/details/historyunitedst12rhodgoog/page/n10/mode/2up Macmillan Co. New York, NY 19282554 2021771663 en pdf July 11, 2024 Smith Robin Younghusband William 1996 American Civil War Zouaves https://books.google.com/books?id=2mPJAAAACAAJ Osprey Elite Series London, UK 978-1-84176-067-4 35042353 en July 11, 2024 subscription U.S. War Department Vol. I, Chap. I-VIII, Dec. 20, 1860-Jun 26, 1861 U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 1880 The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies I 427057 2027/coo.31924077725913 U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 1 1880 U.S. War Department Operations in Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. Apr 16-Jul 31, 1861 U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 1880 The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies II 427057 2027/coo.31924077730194 U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 2 1880 U.S. War Department Operations, January 11, to September 20, 1862. U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 1883 The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies IX 427057 2027/coo.31924079609552 U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 9 1883 U.S. War Department Operations in North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Department of the East. June 3-August 3, 1863, Part I - Reports U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 1889 The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies XXVII 427057 2027/coo.31924077699761 U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 27/1 1889 U.S. War Department Union Authorities: Correspondence, Orders, etc., from November 1, 1860, to March 31, 1862. U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 1899 The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies IX 427057 2027/coo.31924079622175 U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Series III, Vol. 1 1899 https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1861/05/26/78658082.pdf The Successor of Col. Ellsworth 2001 The New York Times May 26, 1861 April 9, 2008 New York Times, May 26, 1861, The Successor of Col. Ellsworth 2001 Reports from Alexandria The New York Times August 13, 1861 New York Times, August 13, 1861, Reports from Alexandria https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1861/08/16/78664396.pdf The Late Col. Farnham 2001 The New York Times August 16, 1861 April 9, 2008 New York Times, August 16, 1861, The Late Col. Farnham 2001 Flag Carried by Ellsworth The New York Times November 15, 1903 New York Times, November 15, 1903, Flag Carried by Ellsworth http://www.us-civilwar.com/ellsworth.htm Elmer Ephraim Ellsworth Aldie's Civil War Weekly 2006 December 18, 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20071021181332/http://us-civilwar.com/ellsworth.htm October 21, 2007 ACWW, Elmer Ephraim Ellsworth 2006 Smeltzer Harry Fire Zouaves: A Picture is Worth 1,000 Words Bull Runnings July 20, 2008 https://bullrunnings.wordpress.com/2008/07/20/fire-zouaves-a-picture-is-worth-1000-words/ July 12, 2024 Bull Runnings, Fire Zouaves: A Picture is Worth 1,000 Words 2008 http://www.mrlincolnswhitehouse.org/inside.asp?ID=39&subjectID=2 Elmer Ellsworth (1837–1861) The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 2006 December 4, 2007 October 14, 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20071014060647/http://www.mrlincolnswhitehouse.org/inside.asp?ID=39&subjectID=2 dead GL-IAH, Elmer Ellsworth (1837–1861) 2006 Lanham Dr. Howard G. U.S. Army Regulations Illustration: link 225 Francis Brownell in Fire Zouave Uniform Howard Lanham's 'United States Army Shoulder Straps' Book Web Site 2018 https://howardlanham.tripod.com/linkgr5/link225.html July 12, 2024 Howard Lanham, Francis Brownell in Fire Zouave Uniform 2006 Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries Ellsworth. Memorial Col. E.E. Ellsworth, the patriot martyr. The Marshall house, Alexandria, Va. Francis E. Brownell, the avenger of Ellsworth. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2015645487/ Library of Congress 12 February 2020 en 1861 LoC, Memorial Col. E.E. Ellsworth 1861 http://www.medalofhonor.com/ElmerEllsworth.htm Elmer Ellsworth Medal of Honor.com 2004 December 4, 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083729/http://www.medalofhonor.com/ElmerEllsworth.htm September 29, 2007 MoH, Elmer Ellsworth 2004 http://www.medalofhonor.com/FrancisBrownell.htm Francis Brownell Medal of Honor.com April 8, 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20070711184815/http://www.medalofhonor.com/FrancisBrownell.htm July 11, 2007 MoH, Francis Brownell 2004 Springfield Armory National Historic Site http://www.museum.nps.gov/spar/vfpcgi.exe?IDCFile=/spar/DETAILM.IDC,SPECIFIC=9341,DATABASE=29426021, NPS.gov National Park Service (US Govt) 13 September 2010 NPS, Springfield Armory NHS, (2010)June 2025 medicmedic 11th Infantry Regiment, New York: Civil War Newspaper Clippings New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs 2019 http://www.dmna.state.ny.us/historic/reghist/civil/infantry/11thInf/11thInfCWN.htm NYSMM, 11th Infantry Regiment, New York: Civil War Newspaper Clippings (2019) April 8, 2020 11th Regiment, New York Volunteer Infantry, Historical Sketch from the 3rd Annual Report of the Bureau of Military Statistics New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs 2019 http://www.dmna.state.ny.us/historic/reghist/civil/infantry/11thInf/11thInfBMSHistSketch.htm NYSMM, 11th Infantry Regiment, New York: Historical Sketch 2019 April 8, 2020 73rd Regiment, Battles and Casualties, Civil War, New York New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs 2019 http://www.dmna.state.ny.us/historic/reghist/civil/infantry/73rdInf/73rdInfTable.htm NYSMM, 73rd Regiment, Battles and Casualties 2019 April 8, 2020 Col. Henry F. O'Brian, 11th NY Regiment, Civil War Period New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs 2019 http://www.dmna.state.ny.us/historic/reghist/civil/infantry/11thInf/11thInfPersonOBrian.htm NYSMM, Col. Henry F. O'Brian, 11th NY Regiment, Civil War Period 2019 April 8, 2020 1st Lieut. Stephen W. Stryker, Company B, 11th Infantry Regiment New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs 2019 http://www.dmna.state.ny.us/historic/reghist/civil/infantry/11thInf/11thInfPersonStryker.htm NYSMM, 1st Lieut. Stephen W. Stryker, Company B, 11th Infantry Regiment 2019 April 8, 2020 http://www.port-of-charleston.com/spa/community/history_environ/history1.asp M.P. Higgins History of Castle Pinckney South Carolina State Ports Authority July 16, 1992 April 8, 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20111024145051/http://www.port-of-charleston.com/spa/community/history_environ/history1.asp October 24, 2011 SCSPA, History of Castle Pinckney 1992 http://www.smithsonianlegacies.si.edu/objectdescription.cfm?ID=34 Fragment of Confederate flag cut down by Colonel Elmer Ephraim Ellsworth, 1861 Smithsonian Institution Press 2001 December 18, 2007 Smithsonian, Ellsworth Flag 2001 http://www.vahistorical.org/onthisday/21361.htm Toni Carter, Frances Pollard and Gregory Stoner Secession: 13 February 1861 2001 Virginia Historical Society December 4, 2007 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20080203111617/http://www.vahistorical.org/onthisday/21361.htm February 3, 2008 VHS, Secession: 13 February 1861 2001 Merritt Roe Smith 9 November 2012 Northern Weapons Manufacturing during the Civil War; keynote address of the 2012 Smithsonian Institution's Technology and the Civil War symposium C-SPAN https://www.c-span.org/video/?309361-1/northern-weapons-manufacturing-civil-war&start=1340 C-SPAN Smithsonian, Civil War symposium, (2012) External links The Civil War Archives: Union Regimental Histories: New York New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center - Civil War - 11th Infantry Regiment Infantry 011 Category:Military history of New York City Category:1861 establishments in New York (state) Category:Military units and formations established in 1861 Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1862