1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election

Election held in Indian-administered Kashmir January 2020 April 2018 1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election Jammu and Kashmir (state) parliamentary 1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election 1983 23 March 1987 1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election 1996 all 76 seats in Legislative Assembly 39 74.9%(1.70%) Farooq Abdullah with Greg Barker (cropped).jpg Farooq Abdullah Jammu & Kashmir National Conference 46 40 6 32.98% 14.31% Hand INC.svg Indian National Congress 26 26 20.20% 10.12% MUF 00FF00 0 4 4 Collective leadership 18.9% 18.9% Lotus flower symbol.svg Bharatiya Janata Party 0 2 2 5.10% 1.91% Independents 4 4 15.86% Chief Minister Farooq Abdullah Jammu & Kashmir National Conference Farooq Abdullah Jammu & Kashmir National Conference Election for the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir were held on 23 March 1987. Farooq Abdullah was reappointed as the Chief Minister.Statistical Report on the General Election, 1987, Election Commission of India, New Delhi. The election is widely perceived to have been rigged.Arshad Sameer 22 November 2014 History of electoral fraud has lessons for BJP in J&K http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gray-areas/history-of-electoral-fraud-has-lessons-for-bjp-in-jk/ The Times of IndiaPrakash Smita 17 November 2014 Elections in Kashmir Mid-Day http://www.mid-day.com/articles/elections-in-kashmir/15771184 After the following elections to the Parliament in 1989, which saw low turn-out,Maqbool Umer 14 March 2015 Decline in voter turnout in Kashmir after 'rigged election of 1987' https://www.greaterkashmir.com/more/decline-in-voter-turnout-in-kashmir-after-rigged-election-of-1987 Greater Kashmir Governor's Rule was declared in Jammu and Kashmir in 1990, which lasted till 1996. The 1987 election was a watershed in the politics of the Jammu and Kashmir state. Assembly Election 1987 http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/basicfacts/politics/assembly_election.html www.jammu-kashmir.com 22 December 2014 15 June 2003 https://web.archive.org/web/20030615215933/http://jammu-kashmir.com/basicfacts/politics/assembly_election.html dead Ahmad Wajahat 1 October 2010 The Siege of Kashmir The Caravan http://www.caravanmagazine.in/perspectives/siege-kashmirMuhammad ZG 14 March 2015 Question of Simple Majority https://www.greaterkashmir.com/opinion/question-of-simple-majority Greater Kashmir25 November 2014 How representative is Jammu and Kashmir assembly? Daily News & Analysis (DNA) Gilani Iftikhar http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-how-representative-is-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-2038137 Background Kashmir conflict#Rise of the separatist movement and Islamism (1984–1986) The background of the 1987 election is fraught with multiple complexities. During the long years of imprisonment of Sheikh Abdullah, his loyalists split off from the National Conference party and formed a Plebiscite Front. The remaining members of the National Conference merged their party with the Indian National Congress. After Abdullah's release and his accord with Indira Gandhi, the Congress party accepted him as its own Head and elected him as the State's Chief Minister. However, during the 1977 election, Abdullah shunned the Congress party and revived a new National Conference party from the erstwhile Plebiscite Front. He won the election handsomely. After Sheikh Abdullah's death, the Congress party again sought an alliance with the National Conference for the 1983 election. It was again shunned and the new leader Farooq Abdullah won the election independently. Congress however emerged as the de facto party of the Jammu region. Congress exploited the internal squabbles in the National Conference and teamed up with Farooq's brother-in-law G. M. Shah to topple Farooq's government. This led to a period of instability during which the Governor's Rule was imposed. After Rajiv Gandhi became the leader of the Indian National Congress, another accord was reached with Farooq Abdullah. The Governor's Rule was lifted and Farooq returned to power in 1986, but with the understanding that Congress and the National Conference would ally for the 1987 election. In the view of scholar Sten Widmalm, the State's two largest parties had formed an 'election cartel', which had the result that popular discontent could not be channelled.Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective 2002 77 Before the election, various anti-establishment groups including Jamaat-e-Islami joined hands to form a Muslim United Front (MUF) mainly pointing out that the NC had capitulated before the Centre for the sake of power and bartered away the special status of the State. Efforts were made to arouse Muslim sentiments along communal lines.February 2018 MUF's election manifesto stressed the need for a solution to all outstanding issues according to Simla Agreement, work for Islamic unity and against political interference from the centre. Their slogan was wanting the law of the Quran in the Assembly.Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003 138 The NC-Congress(I) combine contested all the 76 seats and the MUF, 43 seats.Bose, Transforming India 2013 274–275 Voting The election was held on 23 March 1987. Nearly 75 percent of the voters participated, the highest recorded participation in the state. Nearly eighty percent of the people in the Valley voted.Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003 137Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003 49 Elections for Bhadrawah, Leh and Kargil were held in June 1987.Vaganan Mayil 10 April 2002 A Survey of Elections in Kashmir http://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=717 2021-12-26 Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies Results File:India Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly 1987.svg Jammu & Kashmir National Conference 857830 40 6 Indian National Congress 525261 26 0 Bharatiya Janata Party 132528 2 2 Others 181175 0 0 Independents 903971 8 6 1 61590 3555549 ECIhttps://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3793-jammu-kashmir-1987/ Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir Election Commission of India 10 February 2022 The NC-Congress alliance won 66 seats in the Assembly: NC winning 40 seats of the 45 it contested, and Congress winning 26 out of 31 (5 out of 6 contested seats in the Valley).Bose, Transforming India 2013 275Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003 137 The alliance received only 53% of the popular vote but garnered 87% of the seats.Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir 1997 1020 The BJP won 2 seats, in Jammu.Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003 49Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir 1997 1019 The MUF expected to win 10 seats out of the 44 seats it contested. But it won only 4 seats, even though it had polled 31% votes.Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003 137Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003 49Rai Mridu Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History Kashmir: From Princely State to Insurgency Oxford University Press 2018 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.184 9780190277727 Syed Ali Shah Geelani of Jamaat-e-Islami (a constituent of MUF) won from Sopore.Sopore Election 2014. Sitting and previous MLAs from Sopore Assembly constituency. http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/sopore.html www.elections.in The disparity between the popular vote and the seat wins was very high. (In comparison, in 1983, the NC and Congress polled 78% of the vote to achieve 95% of the seats.) Scholar Sten Widmalm explains the increased disparity as an effect of forming an "election cartel" (between the NC and Congress), which had a dominant effect in the first-past-the-post election system used in India. The cartel's victory seemed unfair to many Jammu and Kashmir voters, which was magnified when allegations of fraud came to the surface.Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir 1997 1020; Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective 2002 78: "The unusually poor correlation between votes and seats may possibly have planted unfounded suspicion in the minds of those who were unaware of the peculiarities of the majority election system with single-member constituencies." The MUF's garnering of 31% of the vote in its first electoral contest has been described as a 'huge' success.http://kashmirlife.net/muffed-99889/ MUFfed Hussain Masood 23 March 2016 Kashmir Life Despite all this, MUF polled huge. It took 470580 votes making 30.96 percent of the popular vote. Journalist Balraj Puri states that the MUF emerged as the main alternative to the NC-Congress alliance in all parts of the Valley, except the four constituencies of the Kupwara district where People's Conference came in the second place.Puri, Fundamentalism in Kashmir, Fragmentation in Jammu 1987 835 The People's Conference did not win a seat despite having been expected to do well in the constituencies of Bandipora, Sangrama, Handwara, and Kupwara. They still managed to capture 93,949 votes. Results by constituency Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituencyElection Commission of India Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf 14 January 2012 15 February 2024 pdfAssembly ConstituencyTurnout WinnerRunner UpMargin #k Names% Candidate Party Votes% Candidate Party Votes%1Karnah77.02%Sharifuddin ShariqJammu & Kashmir National Conference20,26950.88%Abdul Rashid MirchlJammu & Kashmir National Conference14,84437.26%5,4252Handwara82.19%Chowdary Mohammed RamzanJammu & Kashmir National Conference20,42346.93%Abdul Ghani LoneJammu & Kashmir National Conference19,09343.88%1,3303Langate80.15%Abdul Ahad WaniJammu & Kashmir National Conference10,67639.57%Ghulam Quadir LoneIndependent politician9,37134.73%1,3054Kupwara69.44%Mushtaq Ahmad LoneJammu & Kashmir National Conference12,58537.06%Abdul Haq KhanJammu & Kashmir National Conference10,80631.83%1,7795Bandipora76.66%Ghulam Rasool MirJammu & Kashmir National Conference17,89446.25%Nizam-Ud-DinJammu & Kashmir National Conference14,66837.91%3,2266Sonawari76.98%Mohammed Ud-Din KocheyJammu & Kashmir National Conference26,81967.53%Abdul Khaliq HaneefIndependent politician11,14628.06%15,6737Pattan82.03%Aga Syed Mahmood AlmosviJammu & Kashmir National Conference16,87144.02%Moulvi Mustafa HussainIndependent politician9,29124.24%7,5808Gulmarg78.95%Sheikh Mustafa KamalJammu & Kashmir National Conference19,26062.36%Ghulam Hassan MirIndependent politician10,52634.08%8,7349Sangrama74.5%Ghulam Mohiuddin BhatJammu & Kashmir National Conference10,50941.25%Vakil Abdul MajidIndependent politician6,81026.73%3,69910Sopore84.75%Syed Ali Shah GeelaniIndependent politician24,39254.24%Abdul Ahmad VakilJammu & Kashmir National Conference19,94244.35%4,45011Rafiabad77.31%Ghulam Mohammed KhanJammu & Kashmir National Conference12,37839.99%Abdul Majid BhatIndependent politician7,06622.83%5,31212Baramulla77.35%Shiekh Mohammed MaqbolJammu & Kashmir National Conference16,24748.06%Ghulam MohmadIndependent politician14,81143.81%1,43613Uri83.42%Mohammad ShafiJammu & Kashmir National Conference27,79389.61%Abdul RehmanIndependent politician2,5658.27%25,22814Kangan80.48%Mian Altaf Ahmed LarviIndian National Congress14,64446.04%Ghulam Mohammed WarIndependent politician9,95231.29%4,69215Ganderbal83.37%Farooq AbdullahJammu & Kashmir National Conference30,25578.75%Abdul Khaliq SofiIndependent politician7,44619.38%22,80916Hazratbal76.98%Mohmad Yasin ShahJammu & Kashmir National Conference19,16761.41%Syed Fayaz NaqashbandiIndependent politician7,93625.43%11,23117Amira Kadal71.39%Ghulam Mohi-Ud-Din ShohJammu & Kashmir National Conference19,56755.35%Mohammed Yussouf ShohIndependent politician15,27843.22%4,28918Habba Kadal60.06%Piyare Lal HandooJammu & Kashmir National Conference17,24048.51%Mushtaq AhmadIndependent politician15,95144.89%1,28919Zaina Kadal75.56%Ali Mohammad CharlooJammu & Kashmir National Conference22,82064.42%Firdous AttaIndependent politician12,24334.56%10,57720Eidgah76.63%Mohammed Shafi KhanJammu & Kashmir National Conference26,90470.41%Bashir AhmedIndependent politician11,12229.11%15,78221Zadibal71.24%Peer Mohammed ShafiJammu & Kashmir National Conference27,31654.42%Peer Abdul RoufIndependent politician22,12144.07%5,19522Nagin99.89%Abdul Samad TeliJammu & Kashmir National Conference14,09348.24%Hakim Mohammed JawadIndependent politician12,51042.82%1,58323Beerwah74.12%Syed Ahmad SyedJammu & Kashmir National Conference15,34147.28%Ghulam Mohammed MirIndependent politician10,01630.87%5,32524Khan Sahib82.21%Ghulam Mohmad MirIndian National Congress24,18070.03%Ghulam Qadir WarJammu & Kashmir National Conference4,16612.07%20,01425Budgam82.74%Syed Ghulam Hussain GeelaniJammu & Kashmir National Conference18,91144.96%Mohammed Sultan BhatIndependent politician12,55629.85%6,35526Chadoora72.97%Mir MustafaIndependent politician12,92040.59%Abdul Samad MirJammu & Kashmir National Conference11,51436.17%1,40627Charari Sharief85.54%Abdul Rahim RatherJammu & Kashmir National Conference25,44782.94%Abdul RashidIndependent politician3,0629.98%22,38528Pulwama80.99%Bashir Ahmed NengrooJammu & Kashmir National Conference23,29759.57%Mushtaq AhmedIndependent politician14,91038.12%8,38729Pampore81.8%Ghulam Mohi Ud DinJammu & Kashmir National Conference22,18657.33%Ali Mohammed LoneIndependent politician15,38339.75%6,80330Tral87.45%Ghulam Nabi NaikIndian National Congress13,62935.17%Mohmad SultanIndependent politician12,27431.67%1,35531Wachi83.42%Nazir Ahmad WaniJammu & Kashmir National Conference17,90049.66%Mohmad AbdullahIndependent politician17,77849.33%12232Shopian81.68%Sheikh Mohammad MansoorJammu & Kashmir National Conference18,08348.%Abdul Ahad ThokerIndependent politician17,74747.11%33633Noorabad82.33%Abdul Aziz ZargarIndian National Congress27,13276.51%Bashir Ahmad MalikIndependent politician7,43020.95%19,70234Devsar77.85%Peerzada Ghulam AhmadJammu & Kashmir National Conference17,16950.49%Hamid Ulla RangrezIndependent politician14,55042.79%2,61935Kulgam79.97%Haji Abdul Pazak MirIndependent politician15,60749.95%Ghulam Nabi DarJammu & Kashmir National Conference12,03138.5%3,57636Hom Shali Bugh84.91%Ghulam NabiIndependent politician20,88658.22%Abdul Salam DevaJammu & Kashmir National Conference14,18039.52%6,70637Pahalgam77.7%Rafi Ahmad MirJammu & Kashmir National Conference16,25752.89%Ghulam Nabi HagrooIndependent politician13,47643.84%2,78138Srigufwara–Bijbehara83.06%Abdul Gani ShahJammu & Kashmir National Conference16,81847.72%Mohammed SultanIndependent politician16,71847.44%10039Anantnag83.8%Mohammed Syeed ShahIndependent politician24,80073.92%Mirza Masood BegIndian National Congress8,09524.13%16,70540Shangus–Anantnag East81.38%Abdul Rashid DarJammu & Kashmir National Conference14,28343.97%Jamseed Ghulam Mohammed Independent politician8,23725.36%6,04641Kokernag87.95%Peerzada Mohammad SyedIndian National Congress28,46380.92%Mohammed Abdulla SheikhIndependent politician4,77813.58%23,68542Dooru74.94%Mohammed Akbar GanieJammu & Kashmir National Conference13,82649.6%Noor Ud Din ShahIndependent politician12,59445.18%1,23243Leh68.25%Tsering SamphelIndian National Congress16,14256.39%Tokdan RinpocheyIndependent politician7,13824.94%9,00444Kargil78.64%Qamar Ali AkhoonJammu & Kashmir National Conference35,55988.93%Kachoo Mohammed Ali KhanIndependent politician4,42711.07%31,13245Kishtwar69.85%Bashir Ahmed KichlooJammu & Kashmir National Conference18,04467.95%Man MohanBharatiya Janata Party3,30912.46%14,73546Inderwal65.5%Shareef NaizIndian National Congress27,06990.78%Sheikh Ghulam Mohammed Independent politician1,0453.5%26,02447Bhaderwah (SC)51.4%Hari LalIndian National Congress11,77254.17%Gian ChandLokdal8,33338.34%3,43948Doda78.05%Attaullah SohrawardiJammu & Kashmir National Conference29,23292.46%Chuni LalLokdal1,3954.41%27,83749Ramban66.9%Bharat GandhiIndian National Congress14,33958.32%Tirth SinghIndependent politician8,59734.97%5,74250Banihal64.32%Molvi Abdul RashidJammu & Kashmir National Conference13,94957.92%Mohammed Akhter NizamIndependent politician6,05625.15%7,89351Gulabgarh72.36%Haji Buland KhanJammu & Kashmir National Conference15,54548.37%Abdul GaniIndependent politician11,14334.67%4,40252Reasi66.58%Mohammed Ayub KhanIndian National Congress15,54546.99%Jagjiwan LalIndependent politician5,76217.42%9,78353Udhampur64.93%Balak RamIndian National Congress18,84753.72%Shiv Charan GuptaBharatiya Janata Party13,55238.63%5,29554Chenani62.86%Yash Paul KhajuriaIndian National Congress15,84256.01%Thakur Dass ChanotraJammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party10,46236.99%5,38055Ramnagar (SC)51.01%Chandhu LalIndian National Congress14,31158.77%Girdhari LalJammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party6,80727.95%7,50456Samba70.2%Parkash SharmaIndian National Congress10,31827.34%Hoshiar SinghIndependent politician7,40719.63%2,91157Bari Brahmana (SC)76.69%Swaran LataIndian National Congress14,53945.51%Gurnbachan KumariIndependent politician8,46626.5%6,07358Bishnah (SC)66.2%Parma NandJammu & Kashmir National Conference16,31953.65%Gian ChandIndependent politician6,49521.35%9,82459Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South77.47%Ranjit SinghIndian National Congress14,04337.51%Thakur DassIndependent politician9,52325.44%4,52060Jammu Cantonment68.24%H. S. BaliIndependent politician10,97026.62%Trilochan DuttaIndian National Congress10,11024.54%86061Jammu West (SC)61.52%Mangat Ram SharmaIndian National Congress16,20448.99%Chander Mohan SharmaBharatiya Janata Party10,13030.63%6,07462Jammu East63.74%Chaman Lal GuptaBharatiya Janata Party13,93049.52%Ved ParkashIndian National Congress10,69738.02%3,23363Jandrah Gharota72.59%Shiv Dev SinghIndian National Congress13,12134.56%Rattan Chand GandhiIndependent politician8,88723.41%4,23464Marh (SC)78.5%Mula RamIndian National Congress17,16252.24%Sat PalJammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party11,81835.97%5,34465Akhnoor79.78%Govind Ram SharmaIndependent politician19,64259.52%Dharam PalIndian National Congress9,20227.88%10,44066Chhamb81.06%Madan LalIndian National Congress15,52752.5%Ram NathBharatiya Janata Party10,79536.5%4,73267Basohli (SC)61.64%Jagdish Raj SapoliaIndian National Congress11,32240.69%Lal ChandIndependent politician10,05436.14%1,26868Billawar (SC)60.71%Swram SinghIndian National Congress17,73158.99%Loknath SangraBharatiya Janata Party7,14323.76%10,58869Kathua (SC)70.08%Om ParkashIndian National Congress16,80549.61%Kulbhushan KumarBharatiya Janata Party10,17530.04%6,63070Hiranagar71.97%Baldev SinghBharatiya Janata Party17,08845.17%Ram Das DograIndian National Congress14,58038.54%2,50871Nowshera68.54%Beli RamIndian National Congress24,05360.51%Balwant SinghIndependent politician5,80814.61%18,24572Darhal75.78%Chowdhary Mohmmad HussainJammu & Kashmir National Conference28,70764.34%Mohammed Sadiq MalikIndependent politician13,49630.25%15,21173Rajouri82.74%Mirsa Abdul RashidIndian National Congress33,44372.02%Chowdhary Talib HussainIndependent politician10,64822.93%22,79574Surankote80.35%Aslam Chowdhary MohammadIndian National Congress26,39468.81%Mohammed Ayub ShabnamIndependent politician11,67730.44%14,71775Mendhar (SC)80.64%Nisar Ahamed KhanJammu & Kashmir National Conference19,82052.46%Lal Mohammed SabirIndependent politician16,04942.48%3,77176Haveli67.84%Chaudhry Bashir AhmedIndependent politician19,10356.22%Ghulam Ahmed GanaiJammu & Kashmir National Conference14,38442.33%4,719 Electoral malpractice India Today reported that "starting about two weeks before the election, 600 opposition workers were arrested in areas where the MUF, independents, and PC [People's Conference] candidates were showing strength".Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir 1997 1020-1021 In the Amira Kadal constituency of Srinagar, MUF's Syed Mohammed Yusuf Shah was a candidate. As the vote-counting began, it was becoming clear that Yusuf Shah was winning by a landslide. His opponent, Ghulam Mohiuddin Shah, went home dejected. But he was summoned back by the electoral officials and declared the winner. When the crowds protested, the police arrived and arrested Yusuf Shah and his supporters. They were held in custody till the end of 1987.Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003 48–49 Leader of the People's Conference party, Abdul Ghani Lone, complained that vote counting in the constituency of Handwara was tampered with by the deputy inspector-general of police, A.M. Watali. There were several cases like this with other candidates but the petitions to the courts did not lead to any action. There was no response from the central government, courts, or the election commission to the demands that the allegations of rigging be investigated. Kashmir's High Court chose not to probe the allegations and the Election Commission was inactive at the time.Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir 1997 1020-1021 Balraj Puri has noted three constituencies where the MUF lost narrowly: Bijbehara, Wachi, and Shopian. The number of rejected votes in these constituencies was far higher than the margin of victory for the alliance, indicating that the vote-counting could have been easily manipulated.Puri, Fundamentalism in Kashmir, Fragmentation in Jammu 1987 835 Whereas it took only three hours to count the votes in Farooq Abdullah's seat, the vote-counting in seats where the MUF had influence took considerably longer. In Anantnag, it was reported that the results were delayed for two and a half days while the polling station was surrounded by hundreds of policemen. In Bijbehara the polling officers refused to count when they found that a MUF candidate had taken an early lead. In Doru, an NC candidate with a lead of 300 votes was declared the winner even though more than a thousand votes remained to be counted. Counting in the Pulwama constituency took no account of the strategic Tahab belt. Counting in Shopian and Sopore went on for three days.http://kashmirlife.net/muffed-99889/ MUFfed Hussain Masood 23 March 2016 Kashmir Life BBC quoted a Kashmiri politician Khem Lata WakhlooKhem Lata Wakhloo was one of the 12 legislators of the National Conference that defected to the G. M. Shah's faction in 1984.Wani, What Happened to Governance in Kashmir? 2019 337 Her political affiliation in 1987 is uncertain but Sumantra Bose believes she was still part of the National Conference at that time.Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003 48 in 2002, remembering that there was widespread rigging in Kashmir and that losing candidates were declared winners. She said that it damaged the people's faith in the elections.Kashmir's flawed elections Hussain Altaf 14 September 2002 BBC https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2223364.stm Governor Jagmohan is reported to have been appalled at what was being done, but he said that he was ordered by the central government in Delhi not to interfere. Many see this rigged election as a cause of militancy in Kashmir.Is BJP planning poll tie-ups with separatist groups in Jammu & Kashmir? Daily News & Analysis 28 July 2014 http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-is-bjp-planning-poll-tie-ups-with-separatist-groups-in-jammu-kashmir-2005769 Abdul Ghani Lone became a separatist leader after the 1987 election and stated that many young people, out of frustration with the democratic process, decided to go for an armed struggle.Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir 1997 1020-1021 Extent of electoral malpractice The extent of election malpractice has been debated by scholars and analysts.Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective 2002 79: "The exact extent of rigging is still difficult to assess, but qualified estimates have been made."Habibullah, My Kashmir 2008: "But to suggest that every constituency in Kashmir was corrupt in equal measure would be an overstatement." Scholar Victoria Schofield has stated that the MUF might have won four more seats if there was no electoral fraud.Foreign Affairs Committee South Asia: fourth report of session 2006–07, report, together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence https://books.google.com/books?id=2sgvqiIHjboC 2007 The Stationery Office, Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons 978-0-215-03378-9 28–29 On the other hand, an anonymous source in the Intelligence Bureau has advanced the estimate that the MUF may have lost approximately 13 seats due to electoral malpractice.Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir 1997 1021 Other journalists and commentators have estimated a loss of fifteen to twenty seats.Donthi, Praveen (23 March 2016). How Mufti Mohammad Sayeed Shaped The 1987 Elections In Kashmir. The Caravan. Farooq Abdullah conceded that the opposition parties might have been able to win 20 seats instead of 10 in the absence of rigging. He denied his own involvement in the rigging.Paul R. Brass https://books.google.com/books?id=dtKe6XV8z7wC&pg=PA222 The Politics of India Since Independence 1994 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-45970-9 pp. 221–222, not 107: "Farooq Abdullah virtually admitted that these elections were rigged, though he denies that he rigged them or that the Congress-Conference coalition would have lost had they not been rigged. He did concede that the MUF might have won twenty seats instead of ten if the elections had been held more fairly." Former Kashmir civil servant Wajahat Habibullah states that clear indications of malpractice were found in ten constituencies. These constituencies were mainly in Srinagar and all of them were counted as wins of the National Conference.Habibullah, My Kashmir 2008 62: "Clear indications of malpractice in the 1987 election had been found in only ten constituencies, primarily in Srinagar, where the support base of the NC had been tenuous. Moreover, such evidence appeared only in those constituencies that were won by the National Conference." He believes that Farooq Abdullah allowed them to be rigged to gain a majority for the National Conference in the Assembly so that it would not be dependent on support from the Indian National Congress.Habibullah, My Kashmir 2008 63 He also notes that the methods of rigging appeared "blatant" and lacked the finesse of the pre-1977 elections.Habibullah, My Kashmir 2008 61 Aftermath Farooq Abdullah was elected Chief Minister and formed a coalition government. However, the Government lacked legitimacy in the eyes of the people in the Valley. Rebels branded the election as a "thoroughly made one".Das Gupta, Islamic Fundamentalism and India 2002 106 The Valley sank into a "morass of frustration and radicalisation", states scholar Sumantra Bose. In June 1988, there were protests against a hike in the electricity tariffs, resulting in police firings. In July, the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front launched its first bomb attack in Srinagar.Bose, Transforming India 2013 276 A cycle of violence and protests took hold, steadily rising in tempo. In January 1990, the Union Government appointed Jagmohan as the governor of the state. Farooq Abdullah resigned in protest, and Governor's Rule was declared. See also Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Kashmir conflict Notes References Bibliography Sumantra Bose Sumantra Bose Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace Harvard University Press 2003 0-674-01173-2 https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC Bose, Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003 Bose Sumantra Sumantra Bose Transforming India Harvard University Press 2013 9780674728196 https://books.google.com/books?id=reiwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA274 Bose, Transforming India 2013 Das Gupta J. B. Islamic Fundamentalism and India https://books.google.com/books?id=CmWu_eEiqf0C&pg=PT130 2002 Hope India Publications (for Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies) Gurgaon 978-1-61820-159-1 Das Gupta, Islamic Fundamentalism and India 2002 Verinder Grover Ranjana Arora Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab https://books.google.com/books?id=aPVtAAAAMAAJ 1996 Deep & Deep 978-81-7100-723-3 Grover & Arora, Encyclopaedia of India and Her States 1996 Ramachandra Guha Ramachandra Guha India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy Pan Macmillan 2008 978-0330396110 https://books.google.com/books?id=29lXtwoeA44C Guha, India after Gandhi 2008 Habibullah Wajahat My Kashmir: Conflict and the Prospects for Enduring Peace United States Institute for Peace Press Washington DC 2008 978-1-60127-031-3 Habibullah, My Kashmir 2008 Wajahat Habibullah Balraj Puri Fundamentalism in Kashmir, Fragmentation in Jammu Economic and Political Weekly 22 22 30 May 1987 835–837 4377036 Puri, Fundamentalism in Kashmir, Fragmentation in Jammu 1987 Balraj Puri Schofield Victoria Victoria Schofield Kashmir in Conflict I. B. Taurus & Co London and New York 2003 First published in 2000 1860648983 https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003 Wani Aijaz Ashraf What Happened to Governance in Kashmir? https://books.google.com/books?id=mPqNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84 2019 OUP India 978-0-19-909715-9 Wani, What Happened to Governance in Kashmir? 2019 Sten Widmalm The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir Asian Survey 37 11 November 1997 1005–1030 2645738 Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir 1997 10.2307/2645738 Widmalm Sten Kashmir in Comparative Perspective: Democracy and Violent Separatism in India https://books.google.com/books?id=eOnwrHsyXDQC 2002 Psychology Press 978-0-7007-1578-7 Widmalm, Kashmir in Comparative Perspective 2002 Jammu and Kashmir 1987 1987 Category:Electoral fraud in India Category:Politics of the Kashmir conflict