2010s in South American history

none 2010s in history The history of South America during the 2010s covers political events which happened in the countries of the region between 2010 and 2019. History by country Argentina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner won the 2011 general election with 54.11% of the votes,2017-08-29 Elecciones 2011 https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/dine/resultadosyestadisticas/2011 2021-11-19 Argentina.gob.ar es the highest percentage obtained by any presidential candidate since 1983. The 37.3% difference between votes for hers and the runner-up ticket Binner-Morandini was the second largest in the history of Argentine general elections.Gallego-Díaz Soledad Rebossio Alejandro 2011-10-24 Histórica victoria de Cristina Fernández de Kirchner es El País https://elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/23/actualidad/1319395089_551123.html 2021-11-19 1134-6582Clarín.com 2011-10-24 Cerca de la mayor diferencia en la historia, y con el porcentaje más alto desde 1983 https://www.clarin.com/politica/cerca-mayor-diferencia-historia-porcentaje_0_ryw4cYi2PXx.html 2021-11-19 Clarín es he established currency controls during her second term, and the country fell into sovereign default in 2014. During her two terms as president, several corruption scandals took place and subsequently her government faced several demonstrations against her rule. She was charged for fraudulent low price sales of dollar futures,Politi Daniel 24 March 2017 Argentine Ex-President Faces Trial in $3.5 Billion Fraud Case The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/24/world/americas/argentina-christina-kirchner-trial-peso-macri.html 13 January 2020 and later acquitted.Sobreseyeron a Cristina Kirchner y Axel Kicillof en la causa "dólar futuro" | el fallo fue por unanimidad y asegura que no existió delito 13 April 2021 https://www.pagina12.com.ar/335393-sobreseyeron-a-cristina-kirchner-y-axel-kicillof-en-la-causa In 2015, she was indicted for obstructing the investigation into the 1994 AMIA Bombing,Goñi Uki 14 January 2015 Argentinian president accused of covering up details about the country's worst terrorist attack The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/14/argentina-cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-jewish-community-centre-bombing 1 February 2020 after Alberto Nisman's controversial accusation of a purported "pact" (a memorandum) signed between her government and Iran which was supposedly seeking impunity for Iranians involved in the terrorist attack.26 October 2017 Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner, ex-president of Argentina, faces arrest warrant Deutsche Welle https://www.dw.com/en/cristina-fernandez-de-kirchner-ex-president-of-argentina-faces-arrest-warrant/a-41694194 13 January 2020 In 2017, an arrest warrant issued by Claudio Bonadio for Fernández de Kirchner charged her with "treason",Confalonieri Mariano Por qué Bonadio acusa a Cristina Kirchner de 'traición a la patria' Perfil https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/pacto-con-iran-por-que-bonadio-acusa-a-cristina-kirchner-de-traicion-a-la-patria.phtml 13 January 2020 but due to her parliamentary immunity, she did not go to prison, and the treason accusation was later dropped, while others charges related to Nisman's accusation remained.Mander Benedict What's at stake as Cristina Fernández goes on trial in Argentina Financial Times https://www.ft.com/content/27b99176-7ccd-11e9-81d2-f785092ab560 13 January 2020Salinas Lucia Pacto con Irán: pidieron que Cristina Kirchner vaya a juicio oral por traición a la Patria es Clarin https://www.clarin.com/politica/pacto-iran-pidieron-cristina-kirchner-vaya-juicio-oral-traicion-patria_0_BkiVmSkBG.html 13 January 2020 In 2018, she was also indicted for corruption on charges alleging that her administration had accepted bribes in exchange for public works contracts.18 September 2018 Former Argentinian President Indicted Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-corruption/former-argentina-president-indicted-on-corruption-charges-idUSKCN1LX2I6 23 November 2018Argentina ex-President Kirchner hit with more corruption charges https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/argentina-president-kirchner-hit-corruption-charges-180918152408543.html 23 November 2018 Al Jazeera General elections were held in Argentina on 25 October 2015 to elect the President and National Congress, and followed primary elections which were held on 9 August 2015. A second round of voting between the two leading candidates took place on 22 November, after surprisingly close results forced a runoff.Es oficial: hay fecha para las PASO y las elecciones generales https://web.archive.org/web/20150923223445/http://www.diarioregistrado.com/politica/101148-es-oficial--hay-fecha-para-las-paso-y-las-elecciones-generales.html 23 September 2015 Diario Registrado, 2 September 2014 es On the first runoff voting ever held for an Argentine Presidential Election, Buenos Aires Mayor Mauricio Macri narrowly defeated Front for Victory candidate and Buenos Aires Province Governor Daniel Scioli with 51.34% of votes.Simon Romero and Jonathan Gilbert 22 November 2015 In Rebuke to Kirchner, Argentines Elect Opposition Leader Mauricio Macri as President https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/23/world/americas/argentina-president-election-mauricio-macri.html 24 November 2015 The New York Times As of 2021, his vote count of nearly 13 million votes makes it the highest number of votes any candidate has ever received in Argentinian history. He took office on 10 December, making him the first freely elected president in almost a century who was not either a Radical or a Peronist. One of Macri's first economic policies was the removal of currency controls, allowing Argentinians to freely buy and sell foreign currencies on the market.Politi Daniel 16 December 2015 President Mauricio Macri lifts Argentina's capital controls https://www.ft.com/content/556d51b4-a447-11e5-873f-68411a84f346 17 February 2017 Financial Times17 December 2015 Argentina to relax foreign exchange controls https://www.bbc.com/news/business-35114972 17 February 2017 BBC Another early policy was the removal of export quotas and tariffs on corn and wheat.29 December 2015 Argentina's Macri scraps corn and wheat export quotas https://www.reuters.com/article/argentina-grains-idUSL1N14I1KX20151229 18 February 2017 Reuters Tariffs on soybeans, Argentina's most lucrative export, were reduced from 35 to 30 percent.3 October 2016 Argentina delays soy export tax cut to 2018 amid budget shortfall https://www.reuters.com/article/argentina-grains-idUSL2N1C9256 18 February 2017 Reuters And he also ended the national default.Bob Van Voris 13 April 2016 Argentina Wins Court Ruling Letting Bond Sale Proceed Bloomberg https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-13/argentina-wins-court-ruling-letting-bond-sale-proceed 13 April 2016 Though these measures where applauded by the experts and foreign trade organisations, it failed to produce the economic boom that president Marci had promised during his campaign. Inflation remained high and the overall economic growth was weak.Bremmer Ian 21 October 2016 Argentina's Mauricio Macri on the Challenge of Change https://time.com/4540098/argentina-mauricio-macri-challenge-of-change/ 18 February 2017 Time The 2018 Argentine monetary crisis was a severe devaluation of the Argentine peso, caused by high inflation and steep fall in the perceived value of the currency at the local level as it continually lost purchasing power, along with other domestic and international factors. As a result of it, the presidency of Mauricio Macri requested a loan from the International Monetary Fund.30 August 2018 Argentina asks IMF to release $50bn loan as crisis worsens https://www.bbc.com/news/business-45350218 https://web.archive.org/web/20181124220850/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-45350218 24 November 2018 11 March 2019 BBC dmy-all In the 2019 election Alberto Fernández, Cristina Kirchner's former chief of the cabinet, was elected president. The new Kirchnerist administration immediately refused to take the remaining $11 billion of the loan and argued that that meant that it was no longer obliged to adhere to the IMF conditions.Grigera Juan Argentina debt crisis: IMF austerity plan is being derailed en The Conversation http://theconversation.com/argentina-debt-crisis-imf-austerity-plan-is-being-derailed-128800 4 February 2020 The value of the peso continued to plummet as foreign investors pulled out and the COVID-19 pandemic hit the country in early 2020. Fernández soon brought back some of Cristina Kirchner's more criticised economic policies often expanding on them. This included an extremely tight control on all currency exchange operations with a maximum of exchange of $200 US dollars per month for all citizen and a new 35% tax on all foreign currency exchange operations and froze the official exchange rate.Blacno Javier Dólar. El refuerzo del cepo reabrió la salida de depósitos es https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/el-refuerzo-del-cepo-reabrio-salida-depositos-nid2458023 16 November 2020 By September 2020 the government had banned most exchange operations.Super cepo al dolar es https://www.cronista.com/finanzasmercados/Super-cepo-al-dolar-quienes-no-podran-comprar-el-cupo-de-us-200-20200926-0006.html 16 November 2020 Bolivia The 2011 Bolivian protests were a series of demonstrations by indigenous peoples who opposed the construction of the Villa Tunari – San Ignacio de Moxos Highway through the Isiboro Sécure National Park and Indigenous Territory, the ancestral lands of over 12,000 indigenous residents, from the Chimane, Yuracaré, and Mojeño-Trinitario peoples.Costas Monje Patricia Informe 2010: Territorios Indígena Originario Campesinos entre la Loma Santa y la Pachamama María Virginia Ortiz Echazú Fundación Tierra Fundación Tierra 2010 La Paz, Bolivia 265–287 [269] Estudio de caso Nº 2: TIPNIS, la coca y una carretera acechan a la Loma Santa: Territorio indigena en Cochabamba y Beni The highway project was supported by domestic migrants, highland indigenous groups affiliated with peasant organizations, and the government.Bolivia to hold referendum on forest road – Americas http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2011/09/20119262719973198.html Al Jazeera English 29 September 2011 During the protests the lowland tribes peoples briefly held Foreign Minister David Choquehuanca in their protests so as to pass through a police roadblock.Bolivia's foreign minister briefly held at Amazon highway protest https://web.archive.org/web/20110925173709/http://www.newser.com/article/d9pv6v1g0/bolivias-foreign-minister-briefly-held-at-amazon-highway-protest.html 25 September 2011 Newser, 27 September 2011 Defense Minister María Chacón Rendón later resigned as a result of the violent crackdown on protests on 24 September that caused four deaths; due to the adverse reaction to the government crackdown Interior Minister Sacha Llorenty also resigned. In April 2013, the Supreme Court ruled that the first term of President Evo Morales did not count towards constitutional term limits as the constitution of Bolivia had since been amended. On 20 May, Vice President Alvaro Garcia Linera signed a bill into law in the presence of MPs, members of the armed forces and Movement for Socialism representatives. He said: "President Evo Morales is constitutionally permitted to run for re-election in 2015." This was despite Morales not having made an announcement to run. Unnamed opposition leaders said they would appeal the ruling in trying to overturn it.Bolivia law lets Morales run for third term http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/05/2013521517384962.html He was re-elected in the 2014 Bolivian general election. A constitutional referendum was held on Sunday, 21 February 2016. The proposed constitutional amendments would have allowed the president and vice president to run for a third consecutive term under the 2009 Constitution (which would be a fourth consecutive term, including his pre-2009 term).Bolivia's Re-election Referendum: The case for Yes and No http://latincorrespondent.com/2016/02/bolivias-re-election-referendum-the-case-for-yes-and-no/ usurped https://web.archive.org/web/20160219103934/http://latincorrespondent.com/2016/02/bolivias-re-election-referendum-the-case-for-yes-and-no/ 19 February 2016 18 February 2016 Latin Correspondent dmy-all The referendum was voted down by a 51.3% majority. In September 2017, the Movement for Socialism applied to the Plurinational Constitutional Court to abolish term limits. In November the court ruled in favour of their abolition, citing the American Convention on Human Rights.Bolivian court clears way for Morales to run for fourth term Reuters, 28 November 2017 The ruling allowed Morales to run for re-election in the 2019 elections.Blair Laurence 3 December 2017 Evo for ever? Bolivia scraps term limits as critics blast 'coup' to keep Morales in power The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/03/evo-morales-bolivia-president-election-limits 1 January 2018 Disputes over the transparency and legitimacy of the elections prompted weeks of widespread protests in Bolivia after incumbent President Evo Morales was declared the winner with 47.08% of the vote; because this was greater than ten-point margin over his nearest competitor, Carlos Mesa, this was enough for Morales to be announced as a winner without a run-off second-round vote.Bolivia's Morales to call fresh election after OAS audit, BBC News (10 November 2019).25 October 2019 Bolivia protests as Morales declared poll winner BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50178188 Following protests, as well as calls for a second-round election from several foreign countries, Morales agreed on 10 November to hold new elections,Anthony Faiola & Rachelle Krygier, Bolivia's Morales agrees to new elections after OAS finds 'manipulation', The Washington Post (10 November 2019). at a date to be determined. On the same day, Morales and his vice president, Álvaro García Linera, were forced to resign from office after losing support from the police and military.Ernesto Londoño, Bolivian Leader Evo Morales Steps Down, The New York Times (10 November 2019). Furthermore, the President of the Senate and the President of the Chamber of Deputies – both party allies of Morales, also resigned on the same day, thus exhausting the constitutional line of succession. As a result, the second vice president of the Senate, Jeanine Áñez of the opposition Democrat Social Movement, assumed the interim presidency of Bolivia on 12 November 2019.13 November 2019 Bolivia crisis: Jeanine Áñez assumes interim presidency BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-50399640 Due to the annulment of the 2019 elections, MAS retained their supermajority of more than two-thirds in both chambers in opposition to the government, although they would lose this in the 2020 elections.25 October 2020 The MAS did not reach 2/3 in two of the last four elections https://correodelsur.com/politica/20201025_el-mas-no-alcanzo-los-2-3-en-dos-de-las-ultimas-cuatro-elecciones.html es Brazil The 2013 protests in Brazil were public demonstrations in several Brazilian cities. The demonstrations were initially organized to protest against increases in bus, train, and metro ticket prices in some Brazilian cities,Arias Juan June 12, 2013 Brasil se levanta en protesta contra el aumento de los precios del transporte http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/12/actualidad/1371000636_370579.html 13 June 2013 El País esArias Juan 14 June 2013 São Paulo vive una nueva noche de protestas con escenas de guerra http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/06/14/actualidad/1371171229_461963.html 14 June 2013 El País esArias Juan 14 June 2013 Brésil : manifestations contre la hausse du prix des transports http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2013/06/14/bresil-manifestations-contre-la-hausse-du-prix-des-transports_3430069_3222.html 14 June 2013 Le Monde fr but grew to include other issues such as the high corruption in the government and police brutality used against some demonstrators.Anistia Internacional critica repressão a protestos no Rio e em SP http://www.ebc.com.br/noticias/brasil/2013/06/anistia-internacional-critica-repressao-a-protestos-no-rio-e-em-sao-paulo EBC 13 June 2013 25 November 2021 12 November 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20131112224511/http://www.ebc.com.br/noticias/brasil/2013/06/anistia-internacional-critica-repressao-a-protestos-no-rio-e-em-sao-paulo dead2013-06-14 Associação de jornais condena ação da PM http://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/vidaecidadania/conteudo.phtml?tl=1&id=1381932&tit=Associacao-de-jornais-condena-acao-da-PM dead https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083148/http://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/vidaecidadania/conteudo.phtml?tl=1&id=1381932&tit=Associacao-de-jornais-condena-acao-da-PM 2014-04-07 2013-06-20 Gazeta do Povo pt By mid-June, the movement had grown to become Brazil's largest since the 1992 protests against former President Fernando Collor de Mello.es."Nuestros 20 céntimos son el parque de Estambul El País In February 2014, an investigation by Brazilian Federal Police called "Operation Car Wash" implicated the state-owned energy company Petrobras at the center of what became the largest corruption scandal in Brazil's history.Costas Ruth Petrobras scandal: Brazil's energy giant under pressure 21 November 2014 https://www.bbc.com/news/business-30129184 BBC Sao Paulo 20 March 2015Dwyer Rob Brazil: Petrobras would be shut out of bond markets until 2016 March 2015 http://www.euromoney.com/Article/3433924/Category/8224/ChannelPage/0/Brazil-Petrobras-will-be-shut-out-of-bond-markets-until-2016.html Euromoney 20 March 2015 In 2015 and 2016, a series of protests in Brazil denounced corruption and the government of President Dilma Rousseff, triggered by revelations that numerous politicians allegedly accepted bribes connected to contracts at Petrobras between 2003 and 2010 and connected to the Workers' Party,Kenneth Rapoza March 10, 2016 Brazil's Ex-President Lula And His Workers' Party Now A House Of Cards Forbes https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2016/03/10/brazils-ex-president-lula-and-his-workers-party-now-a-house-of-cards/#2eb95ba86599 while Rousseff chaired the company's board of directors. On 3 December 2015, impeachment proceedings against Rousseff were officially accepted by the Chamber of Deputies.Jonathan Watts 3 December 2015 Brazil opens impeachment proceedings against president Dilma Rousseff https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/02/brazil-dilma-rousseff-impeachment-proceedings The Guardian On 12 May 2016, the Federal Senate temporarily suspended Rousseff's powers and duties for up to six months or until the Senate reached a verdict: to remove her from office if found guilty or to acquit her from the crimes charged.Dilma Rousseff suspended as Senate votes to impeach https://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/12/americas/brazil-rousseff-impeachment-vote/index.html 12 May 2016 CNN 12 May 2016 Vice President Michel Temer, of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party, assumed her powers and duties as Acting President of Brazil during the suspension.12 May 2016 Brazil's Senate Votes to Impeach President Dilma Rousseff NBC News https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/brazil-senate-votes-impeach-president-dilma-rousseff-n572606 12 May 2016Afastada, Dilma mantém salário, Alvorada, avião e assessores http://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/noticias/afastada-dilma-mantem-salario-alvorada-aviao-e-assessores/ Congresso em Foco 12 May 2016 pt On 31 August 2016, the Senate voted 61–20 in favor of impeachment, finding Rousseff guilty of breaking budgetary laws and removing her from office.Catherine E. Shoichet Euan McKirdy Brazil's Senate ousts Rousseff in impeachment vote CNN http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/31/americas/brazil-rousseff-impeachment-vote/index.html 31 August 2016 Accordingly, Temer was sworn in as the 37th president of Brazil.Shoichet Catherine E. McKirdy Euan 31 August 2016 Brazil's Senate ousts Rousseff in impeachment vote http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/31/americas/brazil-rousseff-impeachment-vote/index.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20160831155212/http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/31/americas/brazil-rousseff-impeachment-vote/index.html 31 August 2016 31 August 2016 CNN31 August 2016 Brazil impeachment: Key questions https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36028117 4 January 2017 BBC News Temer was himself accused by an Odebrecht executive of soliciting campaign donations in 2014 for his party.Phillips Dom 12 December 2016 Brazil president Michel Temer accused of soliciting millions in illegal donations The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/12/brazil-president-michel-temer-illegal-campaign-donations 28 April 2017 Temer, whose age of 75 at inauguration made him the oldest to ever take office, broke sharply with his predecessor's policies and amended the constitution to freeze public spending.Magalhaes Luciana Jelmayer Rogerio 31 August 2016 Michel Temer Seeks New Start as Brazil's President The Wall Street Journal https://www.wsj.com/articles/michel-temer-seeks-new-start-as-brazils-president-1472676685 subscription 3 September 2016 0099-9660 He was extraordinarily unpopular, reaching an approval rating of 7% versus 76% in favor of his resignation.Phillips Dom 26 June 2017 President Michel Temer of Brazil Is Charged With Corruption The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/26/world/americas/brazil-temer-corruption-charge-joesley-batista.html limited 23 July 2017 Despite mass demonstrations against his rule, including a 2017 general strike and a 2018 truck drivers' strike, Temer refused to step down and served the duration of his term in office.Romero Simon 26 May 2017 Their Government in Chaos, Brazilians Fear the Joke Is on Them https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/26/world/americas/brazil-michel-temer-corruption.html limited 28 May 2017 The New York Times Due to being convicted of breaking campaign finance laws, Temer was ineligible to run in 2018.Greenwald Glenn 3 June 2016 Credibility of Brazil's Interim President Collapses as He Receives 8-Year Ban on Running for Office https://theintercept.com/2016/06/03/credibility-of-brazils-interim-president-collapses-receives-8-year-ban-on-running/ 10 September 2016 The Intercept The candidacy of Jair Bolsonaro, a controversial federal deputy from Rio de Janeiro known for his far-right politicsBrooke James 25 July 1993 Conversations/Jair Bolsonaro; A Soldier Turned Politician Wants To Give Brazil Back to Army Rule The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/25/weekinreview/conversations-jair-bolsonaro-soldier-turned-politician-wants-give-brazil-back.html live 7 September 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181024103225/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/25/weekinreview/conversations-jair-bolsonaro-soldier-turned-politician-wants-give-brazil-back.html 24 October 2018Editorial Board 8 October 2018 Brazilian Swamp Drainer The Wall Street Journal https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/brazilian-swamp-drainer-1539039700 live 11 October 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181010234348/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/brazilian-swamp-drainer-1539039700 10 October 20187 October 2014 O inquietante 'fenômeno Bolsonaro' http://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2014/10/07/politica/1412684374_628594.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20180616203834/https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2014/10/07/politica/1412684374_628594.html 16 June 2018 18 June 2017 brasil.elpais.com pt14 October 2017 Brazil's congress starts to reform itself The Economist https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21730206-clean-up-sleazy-political-system-will-require-lot-more-work-brazils-congress-starts live 15 October 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171015151746/https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21730206-clean-up-sleazy-political-system-will-require-lot-more-work-brazils-congress-starts 15 October 2017 and defense of the former Brazilian military dictatorship,8 July 2016 Defensor da Ditadura, Jair Bolsonaro reforça frase polêmica: "o erro foi torturar e não matar" - Pânico - Jovem Pan FM São Paulo 100.9 http://jovempanfm.uol.com.br/panico/defensor-da-ditadura-jair-bolsonaro-reforca-frase-polemica-o-erro-foi-torturar-e-nao-matar.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20180904101345/http://jovempanfm.uol.com.br/panico/defensor-da-ditadura-jair-bolsonaro-reforca-frase-polemica-o-erro-foi-torturar-e-nao-matar.html 4 September 2018 13 September 2018 Jovem Pan FM pt-BR31 March 2015 Bolsonaro chama ditadura militar brasileira de "intervenção democrática" pt-BR R7.com https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/bolsonaro-chama-ditadura-militar-brasileira-de-intervencao-democratica-31032015 live 13 September 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181005123054/https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/bolsonaro-chama-ditadura-militar-brasileira-de-intervencao-democratica-31032015 5 October 2018 overshadowed other conservative candidates. The campaign was marked by political violence, with Bolsonaro being a victim of a stabbing attack at a campaign rally in Minas GeraisLondoño Ernesto 6 September 2018 Brazil Presidential Candidate Jair Bolsonaro Is Stabbed at Campaign Rally en The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/06/world/americas/brazil-jair-bolsonaro.html live 6 September 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180907010028/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/06/world/americas/brazil-jair-bolsonaro.html 7 September 2018 In the first round of the election, Bolsonaro received approximately 46% of the vote to Haddad's 29%, with Ciro coming in third place with over 12% of the vote. In the second round, Bolsonaro defeated Haddad by approximately ten percentage points, with the deputy receiving over 55% of the vote to less than 45% for Haddad. Bolsonaro took office on 1 January 2019 as President of Brazil. Presidency of Dilma Rousseff Presidency of Michel Temer Chile The 2011–2013 Chilean protests were a series of student-led protests across Chile, demanding a new framework for education in the country, including more direct state participation in secondary education and an end to the existence of profit in higher education. Beyond the specific demands regarding education, there is a feeling that the protests reflect a "deep discontent" among some parts of society with Chile's high level of inequality.Long Gideon August 11, 2011 Chile student protests point to deep discontent BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-14487555 August 14, 2011 Protests have included massive non-violent marches, but also a considerable amount of violence on the part of a side of protestors as well as riot police. In the 2013 Chilean general election, former president Michelle Bachelet fell short of the absolute majority needed for an outright win. In the runoff election, held on 15 December, she beat former senator and Minister of Labor Evelyn Matthei with over 62% of the vote, with turnout significantly lower than in the first round. In the parliamentary elections, the New Majority coalition (backing Bachelet's candidacy) won back control of both chambers of Congress, winning 12 of the 20 contested seats in the Senate, for a total of 21 out of 38 total seats, and 67 of the 120 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Though Bachelet's New Majority gained a majority of seats in the legislature, it failed to gain a four-sevenths majority required to pass legislation for her cornerstone education reform, which was the reason for mass mobilisation amidst the ongoing 2011–13 Chilean student protests. They also failed to get a two-thirds majority to restructure the 1981 constitution of Chile enacted during the Augusto Pinochet regime. The 2019 Chilean protests were a series of massive demonstrations and severe riots that began in Chile's capital, Santiago, as a coordinated fare evasion campaign by secondary school students which led to spontaneous takeovers of the city's main train stations and open confrontations with the Carabineros de Chile (the national police force). On 18 October, the situation escalated as a group of people began vandalizing city's infrastructure; seizing, vandalizing, and burning down many stations of the Santiago Metro network and disabling them with extensive infrastructure damage, and for a time causing the cessation of the network in its entirety. 81 stations have sustained major damage, including 17 burned down.BNamericas – Metro de Santiago: 80 estaciones dañadas o d... https://www.bnamericas.com/es/noticias/metro-de-santiago-80-estaciones-danadas-o-destruidas-durante-protestas live https://web.archive.org/web/20191025183130/https://www.bnamericas.com/es/noticias/metro-de-santiago-80-estaciones-danadas-o-destruidas-durante-protestas 25 October 2019 26 October 2019 BNamericas.comDigitalproserver Usuarios reportan nuevo incendio en la Estación de Metro Plaza de Maipú https://www.radioagricultura.cl/nacional/2019/10/23/usuarios-reportan-nuevo-incendio-en-la-estacion-de-metro-plaza-de-maipu.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20191026043927/https://www.radioagricultura.cl/nacional/2019/10/23/usuarios-reportan-nuevo-incendio-en-la-estacion-de-metro-plaza-de-maipu.html 26 October 2019 26 October 2019 radioagricultura.cl On the same day, President of Chile Sebastián Piñera announced a state of emergency, authorizing the deployment of Chilean Army forces across the main regions to enforce order and prevent the destruction of public property, and invoked before the courts the Ley de Seguridad del Estado ("State Security Law") against dozens of detainees. A curfew was declared on 19 October in the Greater Santiago area.19 October 2019 General Iturriaga decreta toque de queda en Santiago para afrontar graves disturbios https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-metropolitana/2019/10/19/general-iturriaga-anuncia-toque-de-queda-en-santiago-para-afrontar-graves-disturbios.shtml live https://web.archive.org/web/20191019225339/https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-metropolitana/2019/10/19/general-iturriaga-anuncia-toque-de-queda-en-santiago-para-afrontar-graves-disturbios.shtml 19 October 2019 20 October 2019 BioBioChile – La Red de Prensa Más Grande de ChileDecretan inédito toque de queda en Santiago tras fracaso del gobierno en contener ola de protestas https://www.eldesconcierto.cl/2019/10/19/decretan-inedito-toque-de-queda-en-santiago-tras-fracaso-del-gobierno-en-contener-ola-de-protestas/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20191020002030/https://www.eldesconcierto.cl/2019/10/19/decretan-inedito-toque-de-queda-en-santiago-tras-fracaso-del-gobierno-en-contener-ola-de-protestas/ 20 October 2019 20 October 2019 El Desconcierto es In the following days, protests and riots expanded to other Chilean cities, including Concepción, San Antonio and Valparaíso.19 October 2019 Protestas y destrucción se registran en San Antonio y Valparaíso tras caos en el Gran Santiago https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-valparaiso/2019/10/19/protestas-y-destruccion-se-registran-en-san-antonio-y-valparaiso-tras-caso-en-el-gran-santiago.shtml live https://web.archive.org/web/20191019223252/https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-valparaiso/2019/10/19/protestas-y-destruccion-se-registran-en-san-antonio-y-valparaiso-tras-caso-en-el-gran-santiago.shtml 19 October 2019 20 October 2019 BioBioChile – La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile The state of emergency was extended to the Concepción Province, all Valparaíso Region (except Easter Island and Juan Fernández Archipelago) and the cities of Antofagasta, Coquimbo, Iquique, La Serena, Rancagua, Valdivia, Osorno, and Puerto Montt. The protests have been considered the "worst civil unrest" having occurred in Chile since the end of Augusto Pinochet's military dictatorship due to the scale of damage to public infrastructure, the number of protesters, and the measures taken by the government.19 October 2019 Bloomberg: "Santiago despierta en la devastación" https://www.elmostrador.cl/dia/2019/10/19/bloomberg-santiago-despierta-en-la-devastacion/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20191020042309/https://www.elmostrador.cl/dia/2019/10/19/bloomberg-santiago-despierta-en-la-devastacion/ 20 October 2019 20 October 2019 El Mostrador es Widespread looting has occurred at shops and businesses. On 15 November 2019, Chile's National Congress signed an agreement to hold a national referendum that would rewrite the constitution if it were to be approved. Colombia In 2010, Juan Manuel Santos won the presidential election as the protégé of his predecessor Álvaro Uribe Vélez.Internet Unidad Editorial Santos: 'Presidente Uribe, éste es su triunfo' Colombia elmundo.es https://www.elmundo.es/america/2010/05/31/colombia/1275269910.html 2018-10-26 El Mundo SpainDávila Vicky https://books.google.com/books?id=ayNWDwAAQBAJ&q=Quiero+dar+las+gracias+al+presidente+%C3%81lvaro+Uribe+V%C3%A9lez+santos&pg=PT35 El nobel 2018-04-01 Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial Colombia 9789585650534 es However, some months after Santos' possession, Uribe became his strongest opponent, who also founded, three years later, the opposition party Democratic Center.Restrepo Estefanía Carvajal Las peleas que divorciaron a Uribe y Santos es-ES elcolombiano.com http://www.elcolombiano.com/colombia/politica/las-peleas-de-juan-manuel-santos-y-alvaro-uribe-en-los-ultimos-6-anos-FY5111214 2018-10-26Santos v Uribe en The Economist https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2012/04/07/santos-v-uribe 2018-10-26 This rivalry determined both Santos' unpopularity and his near-missed defeat during the presidential election in 2014 before Uribe's protégé Oscar Iván Zuluaga.Semana 4 August 2018 ¿Por qué Santos fue tan impopular? https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/razones-que-explican-la-impopularidad-de-juan-manuel-santos/578012 2018-10-26 Razones que explican la impopularidad de Juan Manuel SantosMundo Redacción BBC 13 May 2014 Colombia: encuesta coloca a Zuluaga derrotando a Santos en primera y segunda vuelta https://www.bbc.com/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2014/05/140513_ultnot_zuluaga_adelante_encuesta_hr 2018-10-26 BBC News Mundo es On 7 October 2016, Santos was announced as recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, for his efforts negotiating a peace treaty with the FARC-guerrilla in the country, despite his defeat in the referendum held over the deal, where the "no" campaign led by Uribe's party Democratic Center won.The Nobel Peace Prize 2016 - Press Release https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2016/press.html 2016-10-07 Nobel Foundation The Colombian government and the FARC signed a revised peace deal on 24 November and sent it to Congress for ratification instead of conducting a second referendum.24 November 2016 Colombia signs new peace deal with Farc BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-38096179 Both houses of Congress ratified the revised peace accord on 29–30 November 2016, thus marking an end to the conflict. Ecuador Using its own form of 21st century socialism, Rafael Correa's administration increased government spending, reducing poverty, raising the minimum wage and increasing the standard of living in Ecuador.18 February 2017 Ecuador election: Who will succeed Rafael Correa? BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-38976948 24 February 201716 February 2017 What to expect from Ecuador's elections The Economist https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21717119-under-rafael-correa-living-standards-rose-he-governed-heavy-hand-and-leaves-lot 24 February 2017Schipani Andres 22 February 2017 Ecuador's Lasso looks to overturn Correa's revolution Financial Times https://www.ft.com/content/e714ff42-f8f4-11e6-9516-2d969e0d3b65 24 February 2017 By the end of Correa's tenure, reliance on oil, public expenditures, 2016 earthquakes (more than 650 deaths and damage estimated at the equivalent of about 3% of GDP), and international pressure caused Ecuador's economy to enter a recession, resulting in government spending being slashed.Solano Gonzalo 19 February 2017 Official: Ecuador's presidential election headed to runoff The Seattle Times http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/ruling-party-candidate-leads-in-ecuadors-presidential-vote/ 24 February 2017 Lenín Moreno was nominated as the candidate for Correa's PAIS Alliance, a democratic socialistOrtiz-T. Pablo Ecuador The Indigenous World 2008 147 2008 International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs political party, in the 2017 presidential election and won a narrow victory in Ecuador's second round of voting on 2 April 2017.Ecuador's ruling-party candidate Moreno declared presidential winner ABC News https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/latest-ecuadoreans-choosing-president-close-race-46528194 However, after his election Moreno drastically shifted his political stance, distancing himself from Correa's leftist legacy in both domestic and foreign policy.Gallegos Franklin Ramírez 1 December 2018 Ecuador veers to neoliberalism https://mondediplo.com/2018/12/06ramirez Le Monde diplomatique Peru In the general elections held on 10 April 2011 former army officer Ollanta Humala narrowly defeated Keiko Fujimori, daughter of imprisoned former President Alberto Fujimori.Bajak Frank 6 June 2011 Leftist Humala narrowly wins Peru election Forbes Associated Press https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/06/06/general-lt-peru-election_8501624.html 6 June 2011January 2022 medicmedic Originally and a socialist and left-wing nationalist affiliated with the ethnocacerist movement, he was considered to have shifted towards neoliberal policies and the political centre during his presidency.Cruz Diego Sánchez dela 2014-07-06 Ollanta Humala consolida el modelo liberal en Perú https://www.libremercado.com/2014-07-06/ollanta-humala-consolida-el-modelo-liberal-en-peru-1276522406/ 2021-04-16 Libre Mercado es-ES 2013-10-30 Peru's Humala reshuffling Cabinet in investor-friendly move en Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-cabinet-idUSBRE99T19C20131030 2021-04-16 Humala's unpopular presidency was dominated by corruption scandals surrounding him and his politically influential wife Nadine Heredia.2015-06-16 First lady drags Peru's President to new public approval low https://perureports.com/heredia-drags-humala-to-new-public-approval-low/1480/ 2021-04-16 Perú Reports en-US Post Colin The Prosecutor Investigating Peru's Powerful First Lady Has Been Fired https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-prosecutor-investigating-perus-powerful-first-lady-has-been-fired/ 2021-04-16 Vice.com 21 October 2015 en Environmentalists were highly critical of Humala's mining policies, and argued that he reneged on his campaign promise to rein in mining companies. 2016-07-27 Anti-mining politician freed from jail in Peru slams government en Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-mining-idUSKCN1072PW 2021-04-16Peru: Humala Submits to the United States and the Mining Industry https://nacla.org/article/peru-humala-submits-united-states-and-mining-industry 2021-04-16 NACLA en In 2017, Humala was arrested by Peruvian authorities on corruption charges.McDonnell Adriana Leon and Patrick J. Another former Peruvian president is sent to jail, this time as part of growing corruption scandal https://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-peru-humala-20170714-story.html Los Angeles Times 14 July 2017 On 15 December 2017, the Congress of Peru, which was controlled by the opposition Popular Force, initiated impeachment proceedings against President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, after he was accused of lying about receiving payments from a scandal-hit Brazilian construction firm Odebrecht in the mid-2000s.Collyns Dan 15 December 2017 Peruvian officials begin impeachment process against president Kuczynski The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/15/impeachment-proceedings-against-perus-president-pedro-pablo-kuczynski 15 December 2017 However, on 21 December 2017, the Peruvian congress lacked the majority of votes needed to impeach Kuczynski.22 December 2017 PPK no fue vacado por el Congreso de la República es PPK was not vacated by the Congress of the Republic El Comercio https://elcomercio.pe/politica/ppk-vacado-congreso-republica-noticia-483477 22 December 2017 After further scandals and facing a second impeachment vote, Kuczynski resigned the presidency on 21 March 2018 following the release of videos showing alleged acts of vote buying, presenting his resignation to the Council of Ministers.21 March 2018 PPK renunció a la presidencia del Perú tras 'keikovideos' LaRepublica.pe es La República http://larepublica.pe/politica/1214846-ppk-presento-su-renuncia-a-la-presidencia-del-peru-tras-keikovideos 21 March 2018(Spanish)21 March 2018 PPK renunció a la presidencia del Perú es Gestión https://gestion.pe/peru/pedro-pablo-kuczynski-renuncia-presidencia-peru-229887 21 March 2018(Spanish) He was succeeded as president by his First Vice President Martín Vizcarra. On 28 April 2019, Kuczynski was sentenced to three years of house arrest due to poor health while under investigation for allegedly taking bribes from Odebrecht.2019-04-28 Peru ex-president Kuczynski ordered into pre-trial house arrest en Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-corruption-idUSKCN1S40BG 2021-11-14 Paraguay Fernando Lugo, elected President of Paraguay in 2008, was impeached and removed from office by the Congress of Paraguay in June 2012. On 21 June the Chamber of Deputies voted 76 to 1 to impeach Lugo, and the Senate removed him from office the following day, by 39 votes to 4, resulting in Vice President Federico Franco, who had broken with Lugo, becoming president. A number of Latin American governments declared the proceeding was effectively a coup d'état. Lugo himself formally accepted the impeachment, but called it a "parliamentary coup".Reuters, 26 June 2012, Paraguay's Lugo says only miracle can reinstate him On 31 March 2017, a series of protests began in Paraguay, during which demonstrators set fire to the Congress building. The demonstrations occurred in response to a constitutional amendment that would permit President Horacio Cartes to run for re-election,Romero Simon 31 March 2017 Protests Erupt in Paraguay Over Efforts to Extend President's Term A9 The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/31/world/americas/paraguay-protests-horacio-cartes.html 1 April 2017 a move described by the opposition as "a coup".1 April 2017 'A coup has been carried out': Paraguay's congress set alight after vote to let president run again The Guardian London https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/01/paraguays-congress-set-on-fire-after-vote-to-let-president-run-again 1 April 2017 One protester was killed and several protesters, politicians and journalists, as well as police, were reported injured, including one lower-house deputy who had to undergo surgery after being injured by rubber bullets.1 April 2017 Paraguay congress set on fire amid presidential controversy BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-39465064 1 April 2017Desantis Daniela 1 April 2017 A protester was killed in Paraguay after a secret Senate vote for a constitutional amendment The Independent London https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/protester-killed-paraguay-rodrigo-quintana-asuncion-horacio-cartes-a7662106.html https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/protester-killed-paraguay-rodrigo-quintana-asuncion-horacio-cartes-a7662106.html 2022-05-01 subscription 3 April 2017 On 17 April, President Cartes announced that he was resigning from any possible candidacy for a second presidential term. On 26 April, the Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay rejected the proposed constitutional amendment for presidential re-election. Uruguay José Mujica took office as president on 1 March 2010. He was described as "the world's humblest head of state" due to his austere lifestyle and his donation of around 90 percent of his $12,000 monthly salary to charities that benefit poor people and small entrepreneurs.Hernandez Vladimir 14 November 2012 Jose Mujica: The World's 'Poorest' President BBC News Magazine https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20243493Jonathan Watts (13 December 2013). Uruguay's president José Mujica: no palace, no motorcade, no frills. The Guardian. Retrieved 15 December 2013. In June 2012, Mujica's government made a controversial move to legalize state-controlled sales of marijuana in Uruguay in order to fight drug-related crimes and health issues, and stated that they would ask global leaders to do the same.21 June 2012 BBC News – Uruguay government aims to legalise marijuana BBC News bbc.co.uk https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-18529993 12 November 2012Padgett Tim 26 June 2012 Should the world follow Uruguay's legalization of marijuana? https://world.time.com/2012/06/26/uruguay-wants-to-legalize-marijuana-sales-should-the-rest-of-the-world-follow/#ixzz1z0z02xqa Time 17 November 2024 25 November 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20241125064206/https://world.time.com/2012/06/26/uruguay-wants-to-legalize-marijuana-sales-should-the-rest-of-the-world-follow/#ixzz1z0z02xqa dead Mujica said that by regulating Uruguay's estimated $40 million-a-year marijuana business, the state would take it away from drug traffickers, and weaken the drug cartels. The state would also be able to keep track of all marijuana consumers in the country and provide treatment to the most serious abusers, much like that which is done with alcoholics.Oppenheimer Andres 23 August 2012 Uruguay's plan to sell pot may not be that crazy The Korea Herald http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20120823001028&cpv=0 5 December 2021 29 October 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204133/http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20120823001028&cpv=0 dead Mujica also passed a same-sex marriage law6 May 2013 Uruguay:Homosexuales podran casarse desde agosto https://peru21.pe/mundo/uruguay-homosexuales-podran-casarse-agosto-105173-noticia/ 6 May 2013 peru21.pe and legalized abortion for women.17 October 2012 Uruguay legalises abortion BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19986107 17 October 2012 Tabaré Vázquez took office on 1 March 2015, succeeding Mujica.1 March 2015 Tabaré Vázquez toma posesión como presidente de Uruguay https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2015/03/01/tabare-vazquez-toma-posesion-como-presidente-de-uruguay CNN in Spanish es On 9 September 2017, his running mate and Vice President Raúl Fernando Sendic resigned after he was accused allegedly of misusing public funds while heading state oil company Ancap.9 September 2017 Uruguay vice president quits after accused of misuse of funds https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-uruguay-politics/uruguay-vice-president-quits-after-accused-of-misuse-of-funds-idUKKCN1BK0T6 https://web.archive.org/web/20170910013336/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-uruguay-politics/uruguay-vice-president-quits-after-accused-of-misuse-of-funds-idUKKCN1BK0T6 dead September 10, 2017 Reuters Sendic's bad image began with a scandal over his non-existent degree in Human Genetics in 2016, and deeply damaged the image of Vázquez and his government which already suffered from historically low approval.10 September 2017 Dimite el vicepresidente de Uruguay tras un intenso proceso de descrédito https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/09/09/actualidad/1504984110_551211.html El País es Martínez Magdalena Venezuela After Chávez's death was announced on 5 March 2013, Maduro assumed the presidency. A special presidential election was held in 2013, which Maduro won with 50.62% of the vote as the United Socialist Party of Venezuela candidate. Shortages in Venezuela and decreased living standards led to protests beginning in 2014 that escalated into daily marches nationwide, repression of dissent and a decline in Maduro's popularity.Washington, Richard 22 June 2016 'The Maduro approach' to Venezuelan crisis deemed unsustainable by analysts CNBC https://www.cnbc.com/2016/06/22/analysts-deem-venezuelas-situation-unsustainable.html live 23 June 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160623042954/http://www.cnbc.com/2016/06/22/analysts-deem-venezuelas-situation-unsustainable.html 23 June 2016Lopez, Linette Why Venezuela is a nightmare right now Business Insider http://www.businessinsider.com/how-venezuela-went-bad-2016-6 live 23 June 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160622123003/http://www.businessinsider.com/how-venezuela-went-bad-2016-6 22 June 2016Faria, Javier 25 February 2015 Venezuelan teen dies after being shot at anti-Maduro protest Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-protests-idUSKBN0LS29K20150225 live 26 February 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20151204094805/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-protests-idUSKBN0LS29K20150225 4 December 2015* Usborne, David Dissent in Venezuela: Maduro regime looks on borrowed time as rising public anger meets political repression The Independent https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/dissent-in-venezuela-maduro-regime-looks-on-borrowed-time-as-rising-public-anger-meets-political-repression-10070607.html live 26 February 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150925182419/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/dissent-in-venezuela-maduro-regime-looks-on-borrowed-time-as-rising-public-anger-meets-political-repression-10070607.html 25 September 2015 According to The New York Times, Maduro's administration was held "responsible for grossly mismanaging the economy and plunging the country into a deep humanitarian crisis" and attempting to "crush the opposition by jailing or exiling critics, and using lethal force against antigovernment protesters".8 March 2019 Venezuela blackout, in 2nd day, threatens food supplies and patient lives The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/08/world/americas/venezuela-blackout-power.html live 18 March 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190316205111/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/08/world/americas/venezuela-blackout-power.html 16 March 2019 The Maduro administration has been responsible for grossly mismanaging the economy and plunging the country into a deep humanitarian crisis in which many people lack food and medical care. He has also attempted to crush the opposition by jailing or exiling critics, and using lethal force against antigovernment protesters. An opposition-led National Assembly was elected in 2015 and a movement toward recalling Maduro began in 2016, which was ultimately cancelled by Maduro's government; Maduro maintained power through the Supreme Tribunal, the National Electoral Council and the military.A 2016 Presidential Recall Seems Less and Less Likely https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/2016-presidential-recall-seems-less-and-less-likely dead https://web.archive.org/web/20160609123128/https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/2016-presidential-recall-seems-less-and-less-likely 9 June 2016 23 June 2016 Stratfor The Supreme Tribunal removed power from the elected National Assembly, resulting in a constitutional crisis and protests in 2017. On 1 April 2017, the Supreme Tribunal partially reversed its decision.Dreier Hannah Sanchez Fabiola 1 April 2017 Venezuela high court reverses move to strip congress' power en USA Today https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/04/01/venezuela-high-court-reverses-move-strip-congress-power/99904910/ live 1 April 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170401164458/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/04/01/venezuela-high-court-reverses-move-strip-congress-power/99904910/ 1 April 2017 As a response to the protests, Maduro called for a rewrite of the constitution, and the Constituent Assembly of Venezuela was elected in 2017, under what many—including Venezuela's chief prosecutor Luisa OrtegaSanchez, Fabiola and Joshua Goodman 15 April 2017 Venezuela's top prosecutor Luisa Ortega Diaz rebukes Supreme Court power grab The Globe and Mail Associated Press https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/venezuelas-top-prosecutor-luisa-ortega-diaz-rebukes-supreme-court-power-grab/article34548004/ live 4 March 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190322092505/https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/venezuelas-top-prosecutor-luisa-ortega-diaz-rebukes-supreme-court-power-grab/article34548004/ 22 March 2019 Charner, Flora and Euan McKirdy and Steve Almasy 3 August 2017 Controversial Venezuela vote to be investigated, attorney general says CNN https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/02/americas/venezuela-constituent-assembly/index.html live 4 March 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043523/https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/02/americas/venezuela-constituent-assembly/index.html 6 March 2019 and Smartmatic, the company that ran the voting machinesCasey, Nicholas 2 August 2017 Venezuela Reported False Election Turnout, Voting Company Says The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/world/americas/venezuela-election-turnout.html live 4 March 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190301191451/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/world/americas/venezuela-election-turnout.html 1 March 2019—considered irregular voting conditions;Brodzinsky, Sibylla and Daniel Boffey 2 August 2019 40 countries protest Venezuela's new assembly amid fraud accusations The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/02/venezuela-voting-fraud-corruption-allegations-protests live 4 March 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190414053444/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/02/venezuela-voting-fraud-corruption-allegations-protests 14 April 2019 Phippen, J. Weston 31 July 2017 Violence and Claims of Fraud in Venezuela's Controversial Vote https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2017/07/venezuela-vote-constituent-assembly/535434/ live 4 March 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043535/https://www.theatlantic.com/news/archive/2017/07/venezuela-vote-constituent-assembly/535434/ 6 March 2019 all of its members were pro-Maduro.30 July 2017 What are Venezuelans voting for and why is it so divisive? BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-40704184 live 30 July 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20190407075113/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-40704184 7 April 2019Bronstein Hugh 29 July 2017 Venezuelan opposition promises new tactics after Sunday's vote en-IN Reuters India https://in.reuters.com/article/venezuela-politics-idINKBN1AE0JM dead 30 July 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20190407042827/https://in.reuters.com/article/venezuela-politics-idINKBN1AE0JM 7 April 2019 On 20 May 2018, presidential elections were called prematurely;The original electoral date was December 2018 but was pulled ahead to 22 April and then pushed back to 20 May.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42984448 Venezuela opposition weighs election run 8 February 2018 BBC News 8 February 2018 30 June 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210630062800/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42984448 livehttp://globovision.com/article/cne-el-22-de-abril-se-realizaran-las-presidenciales CNE: El 22 de abril se realizarán las presidenciales 7 February 2018 Globovision 7 February 2018 es 30 June 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210630063933/https://globovision.com/article/cne-el-22-de-abril-se-realizaran-las-presidenciales livehttps://www.voanoticias.com/a/elecciones-venezuela-postergan-mayo/4276068.html Postergan elecciones en Venezuela hasta mayo Redacción Voz de América - 1 March 2018 Voice of America es 1 March 2018 8 March 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210308190005/https://www.vozdeamerica.com/venezuela/elecciones-venezuela-postergan-mayo live opposition leaders had been jailed, exiled or forbidden to run, there was no international observation, and tactics to suggest voters could lose their jobs or social welfare if they did not vote for Maduro were used.Sen Ashish Kumar 18 May 2018 Venezuela's Sham Election en-gb Atlantic Council http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/venezuela-s-sham-election live 20 May 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20191026110848/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/venezuela-s-sham-election/ 26 October 2019 Nicolás Maduro is expected to be re-elected president of Venezuela on May 20 in an election that most experts agree is a sham16 May 2018 Venezuela's sham presidential election https://www.ft.com/content/edd6c4a0-5906-11e8-b8b2-d6ceb45fa9d0 live https://web.archive.org/web/20190925035420/https://www.ft.com/content/edd6c4a0-5906-11e8-b8b2-d6ceb45fa9d0 25 September 2019 20 May 2018 Financial Times en-GB The vote, of course, is a sham. Support is bought via ration cards issued to state workers with the implicit threat that both job and card are at risk if they vote against the government. Meanwhile, the country's highest profile opposition leaders are barred from running, in exile, or under arrest. Multiple nations did not recognize the Constituent Assembly election or the validity of Maduro's 2018 reelection;31 July 2017 La lista de los 40 países democráticos que hasta el momento desconocieron la Asamblea Constituyente de Venezuela es-LA Infobae http://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2017/07/31/la-lista-de-los-40-paises-democraticos-que-hasta-el-momento-desconocieron-la-asamblea-constituyente-de-venezuela/ live 1 August 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170801050300/http://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2017/07/31/la-lista-de-los-40-paises-democraticos-que-hasta-el-momento-desconocieron-la-asamblea-constituyente-de-venezuela/ 1 August 201726 July 2017 Almagro, 13 OAS Nations Demand Maduro Suspend Constitutional Assembly Latin American Herald Tribune http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=2440793&CategoryId=10717 dead 29 July 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170730020151/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=2440793&CategoryId=10717 30 July 2017 the Canadian,22 September 2017 Venezuela sanctions https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2017/09/venezuela_sanctions.html live https://web.archive.org/web/20181116095333/https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2017/09/venezuela_sanctions.html 16 November 2018 22 September 2017 Government of Canada22 September 2017 Canada sanctions 40 Venezuelans with links to political, economic crisis The Globe and Mail https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/canada-sanctions-40-venezuelans-with-links-to-political-economic-crisis/article36367074/?ref=https://www.theglobeandmail.com& live 22 September 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20211203221258/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/canada-sanctions-40-venezuelans-with-links-to-political-economic-crisis/article36367074/?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com 3 December 2021 Panamanian,29 March 2018 Estos son los 55 "rojitos" que Panamá puso en la mira por fondos dudosos El Cooperante es-ES El Cooperante https://elcooperante.com/conozca-a-los-55-jerarcas-chavistas-que-panama-puso-en-la-mira-por-fondos-dudosos/ live 1 April 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180402101149/https://elcooperante.com/conozca-a-los-55-jerarcas-chavistas-que-panama-puso-en-la-mira-por-fondos-dudosos/ 2 April 2018 and the United States governments sanctioned Maduro.Treasury Sanctions the President of Venezuela https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/sm0137.aspx United States Department of the Treasury 1 August 2017 31 July 2017 1 August 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170801154443/https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/sm0137.aspx live Amid widespread condemnation,Venezuela swears in an illegitimate President https://www.ft.com/content/401e52a0-1405-11e9-a581-4ff78404524e live https://web.archive.org/web/20190920084639/https://www.ft.com/content/401e52a0-1405-11e9-a581-4ff78404524e 20 September 2019 11 January 2019 Financial Times 10 January 2019 Herrero, Ana Vanessa and Megan Specia 10 January 2019 Venezuela is in crisis. So how did Maduro secure a second term? The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/world/americas/venezuela-maduro-inauguration.html live 11 January 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190111012015/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/world/americas/venezuela-maduro-inauguration.html 11 January 2019 0362-4331Redacción 7 January 2019 Christian Zerpa, el juez afín a Maduro que huyó a Estados Unidos y denuncia falta de independencia del poder judicial de Venezuela BBC News Mundo https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-46782539 live 11 January 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190107185734/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-46782539 7 January 2019 President Maduro was sworn in on 10 January 2019, and the president of the National Assembly, Guaidó, was declared interim president on 23 January 2019 by the National Assembly.24 January 2019 Guaido vs Maduro: Who backs Venezuela's two presidents? CNBC Reuters https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/24/reuters-america-guaido-vs-maduro-who-backs-venezuelas-two-presidents.html dead 27 January 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190127205654/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/24/reuters-america-guaido-vs-maduro-who-backs-venezuelas-two-presidents.html 27 January 201924 January 2019 Maduro faces off with U.S. over Venezuela rival's power claim PBS https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/maduro-faces-off-with-u-s-over-venezuela-rivals-power-claim live 28 January 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190127202927/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/maduro-faces-off-with-u-s-over-venezuela-rivals-power-claim 27 January 2019 Following a failed military uprising on 30 April 2019, representatives of Guaidó and Maduro began mediation, with the assistance of the Norwegian Centre for Conflict Resolution.29 May 2019 Meeting between envoys for Venezuela's government, opposition ends with no deal Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-norway/meeting-between-envoys-for-venezuelas-government-opposition-ends-with-no-deal-idUSKCN1SZ2BF live 29 May 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190529205308/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-norway/meeting-between-envoys-for-venezuelas-government-opposition-ends-with-no-deal-idUSKCN1SZ2BF 29 May 2019 See also 2010s in history 2020s in history Notes References Category:2010s in South America Category:2010s