1703 Apennine earthquakes

Series of earthquakes in Italy October 2024 1703 Apennine earthquakes yes 14 January 1703 Italy Center#Italy none 250 Italy Center#Italy 14 January 42.709 13.070 Cercle rouge 100%.svg 8 left Italy Center# Italy 16 January 42.623 13.102 Cercle rouge 100%.svg 8 right Italy Center#Italy 2 February 42.435 13.292 Cercle rouge 100%.svg 8 left yes 6.7–6.2–6.7 ML 42.7 13.07 inline(first event) Italy 10,000 deaths The 1703 Apennine earthquakes were a sequence of three earthquakes of magnitude ≥6 that occurred in the central Apennines of Italy, over a period of 19 days. The epicenters were near Norcia (14 January), Montereale (16 January) and L'Aquila (2 February), showing a southwards progression over about 36 km. These events involved all of the known active faults between Norcia and L'Aquila. A total of about 10,000 people are estimated to have died as a result of these earthquakes,Seismically Induced Ground Ruptures and Large Scale Mass Movements: Field Excursion and Meeting 21–27 september 2001 http://www.apat.gov.it/site/_contentfiles/00037500/37545_atti_2002_04.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20110717121523/http://www.apat.gov.it/site/_contentfiles/00037500/37545_atti_2002_04.pdf 17 July 2011 dead 25 September 2009 although because of the overlap in areas affected by the three events, casualty numbers remain highly uncertain. Tectonic setting The central part of the Apennines has been characterised by extensional tectonics since the Pliocene epoch (i.e. about the last 5 million years), with most of the active faults being normal in type and NW-SE trending.http://www.bssaonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/2A/585?stoc Effect of Time Dependence on Probabilistic Seismic-Hazard Maps and Deaggregation for the Central Apennines, Italy The Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 99 2A 585 6 April 2009 6 April 2009 Seismological Society of America https://web.archive.org/web/20090410080953/http://www.bssaonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/99/2A/585?stoc 10 April 2009 live 2009BuSSA..99..585A Akinci A. Galadini F. Pantosti D. Petersen M. Malagnini L. Perkins D. 10.1785/0120080053 subscription The extension is due to the back-arc basin in the Tyrrhenian Sea opening faster than the African plate is colliding with the Eurasian plate.https://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2009/us2009fcaf/#summary Magnitude 6.3 – CENTRAL ITALY 2009 April 06 01:32:42 UTC 6 April 2009 6 April 2009 United States Geological Survey https://web.archive.org/web/20090409075310/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2009/us2009fcaf/ 9 April 2009 The Norcia earthquake The earthquake occurred at 18:00 UTC on 14 January with an estimated magnitude of 6.7.IISEENET (Information Network of Earthquake disaster Prevention Technologies) – Search Page http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/utsu/utsuweq_bak_eng.html https://web.archive.org/web/20100721030928/http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/utsu/utsuweq_bak_eng.html 21 July 2010 live 25 September 2009 It was caused by movement on an en echelon set of three normal faults, known as the Norcia Fault System. Damage There was extensive damage in the area around Norcia, with Spoleto and Rieti also affected. Modern estimates give a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme).http://www.apat.gov.it/site/_files/Inqua/2009_abruzzo_earthquake_report.pdf Geological effects induced by the L'Aquila earthquake (6 April 2009, Ml = 5.8) on the natural environment: preliminary report 21 May 2012 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20120217201758/https://www.apat.gov.it/site/_files/Inqua/2009_abruzzo_earthquake_report.pdf 17 February 2012 Ground rupture was observed at several locations and these have been confirmed by modern investigations. Casualties Estimates of the death toll vary from 6,240https://archive.org/stream/sciencetechnolog07wolpuoft/sciencetechnolog07wolpuoft_djvu.txt Davison, C. 1912–1913. The death-rate of earthquakes, Science progress in the twentieth century, A quarterly journal of Scientific work & thought 21 May 2012 to 9,761. The Montereale earthquake The earthquake occurred at 13:30 UTC on 16 January with an estimated magnitude of 6.2. It is thought to have been caused by movement on the Montereale Fault. Damage was recorded in Montereale, Cittareale, Accumoli and Amatrice. Although of lower magnitude than the other two events, this earthquake was still felt in Rome. The estimated intensity for this event is VIII (Severe). No separate casualty figures are available for this event. The L'Aquila earthquake The earthquake occurred at 11:05 UTC on 2 February with an estimated magnitude of 6.7. It was caused by movement on the Mt. Marine Fault. Damage Most of the buildings in L’Aquila were badly damaged or completely destroyed. Damage was reported from as far away as Rome.http://legacy.ingv.it/roma/attivita/pererischio/macrosismica/Hist/Storiadeipapi_en.html Description of the effects in Rome caused by the three earthquakes Legacy.ingv.it 21 May 2012 Modern estimates give a maximum intensity of X (Extreme). The earthquake caused a huge landslide on the Mt. Marine ridge, a large slope failure near Posta and liquefaction along the Aterno River. Casualties Estimates of the death toll vary from 2,500 to 5,000.Georges Louis Leclerc Buffon Buffon's Natural History 2 J.S. Barr 1792 316760617 London Summary of earthquakes Details taken from Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500)http://storing.ingv.it/cfti/cfti5/quake.php?01148IT Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500) Guidoboni E. Ferrari G. Mariotti D. Comastri A. Tarabusi G. Sgatoni G. Valensise G. INGV-SGA 31 March 2022 Summary of earthquakes Name Date Time Coordinates Magnitude Intensity Norcia 14 January 18:00 42.70 13.07 inline,title 6.7 XI Montereale 16 January 13:30 42.62 13.10 6.2 VIII L'Aquila 2 February 11:05 42.43 13.30 6.7 X Relationship between the events Some seismologists interpret these events as related. It has been suggested that the Norcia earthquake led directly to the Montereale event, which had the effect of further loading the fault at Aquila, thus triggering the final event.Galli, P. Galadini, F. Calzoni, F. amp 2005 Surface faulting in Norcia (central Italy): a "paleoseismological perspective 10.1016/j.tecto.2005.04.003 403 1–4 Tectonophysics 117–130 2005Tectp.403..117G Such sequential adjacent events are examples of coulomb stress transfer. See also 2009 L'Aquila earthquake 1706 Abruzzo earthquake 1461 L'Aquila earthquake List of earthquakes in Italy List of historical earthquakes References Further reading Galli P. Messina P. Peronace E Galderisi A. Ilardo I. Polpetta F. Paleoseismic evidence of five magnitude 7 earthquakes on the Norcia fault system in the past 8,000 years (Central Italy) Frontiers in Earth Science 11 2023 10.3389/feart.2023.1188602 2296-6463 free Category:Earthquakes in Italy Category:1700s earthquakes Category:1703 disasters Apennine earthquakes Earthquake 1703 Category:History of Abruzzo Category:Earthquake clusters, swarms, and sequences Category:Disasters in Abruzzo