1991 Hong Kong legislative election

none 1991 Hong Kong legislative election Hong Kong Flag of Hong Kong 1959.svg parliamentary no List of Legislative Council of Hong Kong members 1988–91 1988 Hong Kong legislative election 1988 1995 Hong Kong legislative election 1995 39 (of the 60) seats to the Legislative Council 31 members elected 12 & 15 September 1991 1,916,925 (GC) 750,467 (39.15%) Martin Lee 2014 cut.jpg Martin Lee United Democrats of Hong Kong Pro-democracy Hong Kong Island East 14 12 618,209 45.15% Hu Fa-kuang Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong Conservative bloc (Hong Kong) Appointed(before election) 3 3 70,697 5.16% Anthony Cheung Bing-leung.JPG Anthony Cheung Meeting Point Pro-democracy Did not stand 2 2 98,588 7.20% Cys profile picture - 52852443000 (cropped).jpg Chan Yat-sen Federation for the Stability of Hong Kong Conservative bloc (Hong Kong) Did not stand 2 2 30,871 2.25% Leong Che-hung 2015.jpg Leong Che-hung Hong Kong Democratic Foundation Pro-democracy Medical 2 1 19,806 1.45% Vincent Lo Hong-shui 2021.png Vincent Lo Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong Conservative bloc (Hong Kong) Did not stand 2 1 N/A N/A Frederick Fung at Alliance for True Democracy.jpg Frederick Fung Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood Pro-democracy Kowloon West 1 60,770 4.44% Lee Chark-tim Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions Pro-Beijing Did not stand 1 44,894 3.28% Lo Tak-shing New Hong Kong Alliance Pro-Beijing Did not stand 1 1 11,934 0.87% 400px Elected candidates by each constituency The 1991 Hong Kong Legislative Council election was held for members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo). The election of the members of functional constituencies was held on 12 September 1991 and the election of geographical constituency seats was held on 15 September respectively. It was the first ever direct election of the Legislative Council in Hong Kong history. There were 18 members from directly elected geographical constituencies, 21 members from functional constituencies, 17 members appointed by the Governor, and 3 official members. A coalition of the United Democrats and the Meeting Point, together with other smaller parties, groups and independents in the pro-democracy camp had a landslide victory, getting 16 of the 18 geographical constituency seats. Two-seat constituency two vote system was used with two seats to be filled in each constituency. The voting system helped the pro-democracy coalition win with landslide success and faced criticisms. In the end, the government prescribed simple plurality in the next election. Background Sino-British Joint Declaration 1988 Hong Kong electoral reform After the Sino-British Joint Declaration signed in December 1984 stated the sovereignty of Hong Kong would be transferred from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China, the pace of the democratisation towards a government of high autonomy towards 1997 became a major political debate. The Hong Kong government denied the demand of the pro-democracy groups of introducing direct elections in the 1988 Legislative Council elections, due to the main opposition from Beijing and the conservative business and professional elites. As a result, the electoral methods of the functional constituencies being elected by different business and professional sectors and the Electoral Colleges being elected by the District Boards and the two municipal councils (Urban Council and Regional Council) remained in the 1988 elections but it was promised by the government that direct elections would be introduced in the 1991 elections. Overview The Hong Kong government's assumed the two-seat constituencies would produce a mixture of liberal, rural conservative and business representatives as well as some members of the "United Front" organisations which supported by Beijing, as the voters would cast their ballots for prominent individuals rather than a "party" label.https://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/9a143dfa460b1378f2b447a98a057d8e.pdf Asian Journal of Public Administration Ian Scott An Overview of the Hong Kong Legislative Council Elections of 1991 13 2 1991 11–37 10.1080/02598272.1991.10800247 However, the two-seat and two-vote system benefited the pro-democracy coalition in the end. The election was largely affected by the events in May and June 1989 in China when the Tiananmen Square protest was bloodily cracked down by the Beijing government. The events sparked the great fear among the Hong Kong population who closely concerned or enthusiastically supported the student movement. The pro-democracy groups supported the student protests by forming the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China in May 1989. After the crackdown, the liberal leaders, Martin Lee and Szeto Wah had been labelled as "subversives" by the Beijing government and expelled form the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee. In 1990, members of the three major pro-democracy groups, the Meeting Point, the Hong Kong Affairs Society and the Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood came together under the banner of the United Democrats of Hong Kong, which self-proclaimed as the first political party in Hong Kong. The pro-democracy liberals won a landslide in the geographical constituency direct elections. The United Democrats led by Martin Lee became the largest party, by winning 12 of the 18 seats in the geographical constituencies. Two other seats went to its ally Meeting Point headed by Anthony Cheung. Frederick Fung, Chairman of the ADPL won a seat in Kowloon West. Of the remaining seats, one went to a liberal independent Emily Lau, one to an independent incumbent Andrew Wong and the other to an incumbent rural conservative Tai Chin-wah. The conservative Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong, newly founded in 1990 mainly by business and professional groups favouring collaboration with Beijing, polled only 5.1% of the vote. None of its candidates were elected in the direct elections. The pro-Beijing "united front" organisations received only 7.9% of the vote and were also very easily defeated. Chan Yuen-han, the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (FTU) candidate in Kowloon Central polled about 11,000 votes fewer than the second place United Democrat, Dr. Conrad Lam and was about 23,000 votes behind the winner, United Democrat Lau Chin-shek. In Island East, Cheng Kai-nam who had the support of a pro-Beijing group, Hong Kong Citizen Forum, polled 29,902 against the United Democrats' leader Martin Lee, who received 76,831 votes. The advantage of the liberals was balanced with the functional constituency indirectly elected by the limited electorates of the business and professional sectors as well as the appointed members by the government. the Chief Secretary Sir David Ford said on television that the elections should be seen in the context of a 50% registration rate, of whom perhaps only 50% might turn out at the polls therefore the majority who were not represented would be reserved by appointing members who might be thought to represent those who had not registered or had not voted. General results Overall Summary of the 12 & 15 September 1991 Legislative Council of Hong Kong election results |- !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" rowspan=2 colspan=3 |Political affiliation !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" colspan=4 |Geographical constituencies !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" colspan=4 |Functional constituencies !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" rowspan=2 |Totalseats |- !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;"|Votes !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;"|% !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;"|Candidates !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;"|Seats !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;"|Votes !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;"|% !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;"|Candidates !style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;"|Seats |- |rowspan=5 style="background-color:LightGreen;border-bottom-style:hidden;"| | width=1px style="background-color: United Democrats of Hong Kong"| |style="text-align:left;"|United Democrats of Hong Kong |618,209 |45.15 |14 |12 |15,208 |66.46 |3 |2 |14 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Meeting Point" | |style="text-align:left;"|Meeting Point |98,588 |7.20 |3 |2 |− |− |− |− |2 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Hong Kong Democratic Foundation" | |style="text-align:left;"|Hong Kong Democratic Foundation |19,806 |1.45 |1 |0 |487 |2.13 |2 |2 |2 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood" | |style="text-align:left;"|Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood |60,770 |4.44 |3 |1 |− |− |− |− |1 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Independent politician" | |style="text-align:left;"|Independents and others |46,515 |3.40 |1 |1 |− |− |− |− |1 |-style="background-color:LightGreen" |colspan=3 style="text-align:left;"|Total for Liberals |843,888 |61.63 |22 |16 |15,695 |68.59 |5 |4 |20 |- |rowspan=3 style="background-color:LightBlue;border-bottom-style:hidden;" | | width=1px style="background-color: Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong" | |style="text-align:left;"| Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong |69,832 |5.10 |5 |0 |1,118 |4.89 |5 |3 |3 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong" | |style="text-align:left;"| Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong |− |− |− |− |968 |4.23 |3 |2 |2 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Federation for the Stability of Hong Kong" | |style="text-align:left;"| Federation for the Stability of Hong Kong |30,871 |2.25 |1 |1 |10 |0.04 |2 |1 |2 |- |-style="background-color:LightBlue" |colspan=3 style="text-align:left;"|Total for Conservatives |100,703 |7.35 |6 |1 |2,096 |9.16 |10 |6 |7 |- |rowspan=4 style="background-color:Pink"| | width=1px style="background-color: Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions" | |style="text-align:left;"|Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions |44,894 |3.28 |1 |0 |– |– |1 |1 |1 |- | width=1px style="background-color: New Hong Kong Alliance" | |style="text-align:left;"| New Hong Kong Alliance |11,934 |0.87 |2 |0 |136 |0.59 |2 |1 |1 |- | width=1px style="background-color:Hong Kong Citizen Forum" | |style="text-align:left;"| Hong Kong Citizen Forum |29,902 |2.18 |1 |0 |− |− |− |− |0 |- |style="background-color:#9E5238"| |style="text-align:left;"| Kwun Tong Man Chung Friendship Promotion Association |21,225 |1.55 |1 |0 |− |− |− |− |0 |- |-style="background-color:Pink" |colspan=3 style="text-align:left;"|Total for pro-Beijing |107,955 |7.88 |5 |0 |136 |0.59 |3 |2 |2 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council" | |colspan=2 style="text-align:left;"| Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council |3,393 |0.25 |1 |0 |− |− |1 |1 |1 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Hong Kong Civic Association" | |colspan=2 style="text-align:left;"| Hong Kong Civic Association |14,145 |1.03 |1 |0 |− |− |− |− |0 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Reform Club of Hong Kong" | |colspan=2 style="text-align:left;"| Reform Club of Hong Kong |8,257 |0.60 |1 |0 |− |− |− |− |0 |- | width=1px style="background-color:#CC0000" | |colspan=2 style="text-align:left;"| October Review |3,431 |0.25 |1 |0 |− |− |− |− |0 |- | width=1px style="background-color: Independent politician" | |colspan=2 style="text-align:left;"|Independents and others |287,561 |21.00 |17 |1 |4,957 |21.66 |21 |8 |9 |- |style="text-align:left;background-color:#E9E9E9" colspan="3"|Total (turnout 39.15%) |width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|1,369,333 |style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00 |width="75" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|54 |width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|18 |width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|22,884 |style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.00 |width="75" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|40 |style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|21 |width="30" style="text-align:right;background-color:#E9E9E9"|39 |} Note: There were also 18 members appointed by the Governor and 3 Ex-Officio members. Votes summary Popular vote #ddd 600px 500px UD United Democrats of Hong Kong 45.15 Meeting Point Meeting Point 7.20 LDF Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong 5.16 ADPL Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood 4.44 FTU Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions 3.28 FSHK Federation for the Stability of Hong Kong 2.25 PHKS Progressive Hong Kong Society 2.20 CF navy 2.18 KCMCFPA Kwun Tong Residents Association 1.55 DF Hong Kong Democratic Foundation 1.45 Civic Hong Kong Civic Association 1.03 NHKA New Hong Kong Alliance 0.87 Reform Reform Club of Hong Kong 0.60 TUC Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council 0.25 OR red 0.25 Independent Independent (politician) 24.40 Seats summary Seats #ddd 600px 500px UD United Democrats of Hong Kong 35.90 LDF Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong 7.69 Meeting Point Meeting Point 5.13 FSHK Federation for the Stability of Hong Kong 5.13 DF Hong Kong Democratic Foundation 5.13 BPF Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong 5.13 ADPL Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood 2.64 FTU Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions 2.64 NHKA New Hong Kong Alliance 2.64 TUC Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council 2.64 Independent Independent (politician) 20.51 Result breakdown Geographical Constituencies Constituency Candidates Affiliation Votes % Hong Kong Island East Martin Lee Chu-ming United Democrats of Hong Kong 76,831 74.6 Man Sai-cheong United Democrats of Hong Kong 43,615 42.3 Cheng Kai-nam Hong Kong Citizen Forum 29,902 29.0 Chan Ying-lun Hong Kong Democratic Foundation 19,806 19.2 Diana Leung Wai-tung Independent (politician) 15,230 14.8 Jennifer Chow Kit-bing Independent (politician) 5,805 5.6 Hong Kong Island West Yeung Sum United Democrats of Hong Kong 45,108 65.4 Huang Chen-ya United Democrats of Hong Kong 31,052 45.0 David Chan Yuk-cheung Independent (politician) 29,413 42.6 Alexander Chang Yau-hung Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong 12,145 17.6 Ronnie Wong Man-chiu New Hong Kong Alliance 6,113 8.9 Winnie Cheung Wai-sun New Hong Kong Alliance 5,821 8.4 Kowloon East Szeto Wah United Democrats of Hong Kong 57,921 70.3 Li Wah-ming Meeting Point 49,643 60.2 Hau Shui-pui KTMCA 21,225 25.8 Poon Chi-fai Independent (politician) 16,625 20.2 Chan Cheong October Review 3,431 4.2 Li Ting-kit Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council 3,393 4.1 Philip Li Koi-hop Nonpartisan politician (LDF) 865 1.0 Kowloon Central Lau Chin-shek United Democrats of Hong Kong 68,489 62.2 Conrad Lam Kui-shing United Democrats of Hong Kong 56,084 51.0 Chan Yuen-han Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions 44,894 40.8 Peter Chan Chi-kwan Hong Kong Civic Association 14,145 12.9 Cecilia Yeung Lai-yin Reform Club of Hong Kong 8,257 7.5 John Dragon Young Independent (politician) (HKAS/UDHK) 6,273 5.7 Justin Cheung Chung-ming Independent (politician) 2,158 2.0 Kowloon West Frederick Fung Kin-kee Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood 36,508 52.5 James To Kun-sun United Democrats of Hong Kong 26,352 37.9 Desmond Lee Yu-tai Independent (politician) (HKCA/UDHK) 21,471 30.9 Kingsley Sit Ho-yin Independent (politician) 18,634 26.8 Law Cheung-kwok Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood 17,145 24.7 Ng Kin-sun Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong 6,098 8.8 New Territories East Emily Lau Wai-hing Independent (politician) 46,515 48.1 Andrew Wong Wang-fat Independent (politician) 39,806 41.2 Tony Kan Chung-nin Independent (politician) 37,126 38.4 Lau Kong-wah United Democrats of Hong Kong 26,659 27.6 Johnston Wong Hong-chung United Democrats of Hong Kong 26,156 27.1 Choi Man-hing Independent (politician) 348 0.4 Eric Leung Ka-ching Independent (politician) 306 0.3 New Territories South Lee Wing-tat United Democrats of Hong Kong 52,192 56.9 Albert Chan Wai-yip United Democrats of Hong Kong 42,164 45.9 Leung Yiu-chung Independent (politician) (NWSC) 38,568 42.0 Yeung Fuk-kwong Independent (politician) (PHKS) 30,095 32.8 New Territories West Ng Ming-yum United Democrats of Hong Kong 42,319 51.9 Tai Chin-wah Federation for the Stability of Hong Kong 30,871 37.9 Zachary Wong Wai-yin Meeting Point 27,243 33.4 Tang Siu-tong Independent (politician) 23,389 28.7 Tso Shiu-wai Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong 20,018 24.6 New Territories North Fung Chi-wood United Democrats of Hong Kong 23,267 49.9 Tik Chi-yuen Meeting Point 21,702 46.5 Cheung Hon-chung Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong 16,221 34.8 Johnny Wong Chi-keung Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong 15,350 32.9 Ronald Chow Mei-tak Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood 7,117 15.3 Tong Wai-man Independent (politician) 1,449 3.1 Functional Constituencies Constituency Candidates Affiliation Votes % First Commercial James David McGregor Hong Kong Democratic Foundation 487 53.9 Paul Cheng Ming-fun Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong 416 46.1 Second Commercial Philip Wong Yu-hong New Hong Kong Alliance Uncontested First Industrial Stephen Cheong Kam-chuen Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong Uncontested Second Industrial Ngai Shiu-kit Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong 216 56.5 Szeto Fai Independent (politician) 166 43.5 Engineering Samuel Wong Ping-wai Independent (politician) 1,334 89.8 Hogan Tang Ka-fat Independent (politician) 151 10.2 Architectural, Surveyingand Planning Edward Ho Sing-tin Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong 552 53.7 Francis Lau Shiu-kwan Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong 246 23.9 Kan Fook-yee New Hong Kong Alliance 136 13.2 Charles Nicholas Brooke Independent (politician) 94 9.1 Real Estate and Construction Ronald Joseph Arculli Independent (politician) Uncontested Teaching Cheung Man-kwong United Democrats of Hong Kong 15,193 89.8 Ho King-on Independent (politician) 886 5.2 Walter Wou Tchong-hong Independent (politician) 836 4.9 Tourism Howard Young Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong 338 40.7 Harold Wu Tan Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong 318 38.3 Ronnie Yuen Ka-chai Independent (politician) 175 21.1 Accountancy Peter Wong Hong-yuen Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong Uncontested Legal Simon Ip Sik-on Independent (politician) 542 77.4 John William Miller Independent (politician) 158 22.6 Social Services Hui Yin-fat Independent (politician) Uncontested Health Care Michael Ho Mun-ka United Democrats of Hong Kong Uncontested Medical Leong Che-hung Hong Kong Democratic Foundation Uncontested Finance David Li Kwok-po Independent (politician) Uncontested Financial Services Chim Pui-chung Independent (politician) 281 47.6 Alex Wong Po-hang Independent (politician) 200 33.9 Cham Yau-tong Independent (politician) 59 10.0 Peter Chan Po-fun Independent (politician) 36 6.1 Chum Ting-pong Independent (politician) 9 1.5 Wong Wun-wing Independent (politician) 5 0.8 Labour (2 seats) Pang Chun-hoi Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council Uncontested Tam Yiu-chung Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions Uncontested Urban Council Elsie Tu Independent (politician) Uncontested Regional Council Gilbert Leung Kam-ho Independent (politician) 20 40.0 Chow Yick-hay United Democrats of Hong Kong 15 30.0 Lam Wai-keung Federation for the Stability of Hong Kong 10 20.0 Chau Chun-wing Independent (politician) 5 10.0 Rural Lau Wong-fat Federation for the Stability of Hong Kong Uncontested References Bibliography An Overview of the Hong Kong Legislative Council Elections of 1991 The Asian Journal of Public Administration Vol. 13 No. 2 (1991 Dec). Hong Kong Category:1991 in Hong Kong Legislative Category:1991 elections in dependent territories of the United Kingdom Category:September 1991 in Asia