1566 Icarus

Asteroid August 2021 yes 1566 Icarus 24px (astrological) #FFC2E0 Icarus Goldstone radar Jun17.jpg Radar image of Icarus taken by the Goldstone Observatory in June 2015 W. Baade Palomar Obs. 27 June 1949 (1566) Icarus 1949 MA ˈ ɪ k ə r ə sIcarus Icarian aɪ ˈ k ɛər i ə nIcarian Icarus (Greek mythology) NEO Apollo PHA Mercury-crosser Venus-crosser Mars-crosser 1 July 2021 (JD 2459396.5) 0 72.11 yr (26,339 d) 1.9697 AU 0.1865 AU 1.0781 AU 0.8270 1.12 yr (409 d) 180.73° 0.8805 ms / day 22.812° 87.981° 31.419° 0.0341 AU LD on out 3 1.61 x 1.60 x 1.17 km 1.0 kmGehrels 1.03 0.04 km 1.27 km 1.417 0.123 km 1.44 0.26 km 2.268 h 2.27 0.05 h 2.2726 0.0003 h 2.273 h 2.27364 h 2.2794 0.0005 h 0.14 0.14 0.10 0.199 0.110 0.29 0.05 0.33 0.40 0.51Gehrels S S/Q B–V 0.774 U–B 0.520 16.35 1566 Icarus (ˈ ɪ k ər ə s IK ə-rəs; provisional designation: 1949 MA) is a large near-Earth object of the Apollo group of Earth-crossing asteroids, and the lowest-numbered1) Significance of low number? 2) Where is this indicated in the source cited? 3) Note: There is no mention of 1566 Icarus in the PHO article. May 2026 potentially hazardous asteroid. It has an extremely eccentric orbit (0.83) and measures approximately 1.4 km on in diameter. In 1968, it became the first asteroid ever observed by radar. Its orbit brings it closer to the Sun than Mercury and further out than the orbit of Mars, which also makes it a Mercury-, Venus-, and Mars-crossing asteroid. This stony asteroid and relatively fast rotator with a period of 2.27 hours was discovered on 27 June 1949, by German astronomer Walter Baade at the Palomar Observatory in California. It was named after the mythological Icarus. Orbit and classification thumb|left|Orbital diagram of Icarus Icarus orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.19–1.97 AU once every 13 months (409 days; semi-major axis of 1.08 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.83 and an inclination of 23° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Palomar in 1949. At perihelion, Icarus comes closer to the Sun than Mercury, i.e. it is a Mercury-crossing asteroid. It is also a Venus and Mars-crosser. From 1949 until the discovery of 3200 Phaethon in 1983, it was known as the asteroid that passed closest to the Sun. Since then hundreds of Mercury-crossers have been found, the closest ones now being 2005 HC 4 and (394130) 2006 HY 51 (also see List of Mercury-crossing minor planets List). Meteor shower Icarus is thought to be the source of the Arietids, a strong daylight meteor shower. However other objects such as the short-period Sun-grazing comet 96P/Machholz are also possible candidates for the shower's origin. Close approaches Icarus has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance (MOID) of 0.0352 AU km on on, which translates into 13.7 lunar distances (LD). This near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid makes close approaches to Earth in June at intervals of 9, 19, or 28 years.August 2026 On 14 June 1968, it came as close as 0.042482 AU km LD on on. During this approach, Icarus became the first minor planet to be observed using radar, with measurements obtained at the Haystack Observatory and the Goldstone Tracking Station. The last close approach was on 16 June 2015, when Icarus passed Earth at 0.05383 AU km LD on off. Before that, the previous close approach was on 11 June 1996, at 0.10119 AU km on off, almost 40 times as far as the Moon. The next notably close approach will be on 13 June 2043, at 0.0586 AU km on off from Earth. Naming This minor planet was named after Icarus, son of Daedalus (also see 1864 Daedalus) from Greek mythology. They attempted to escape prison by means of wings constructed from feathers and wax. Icarus ignored his father's instructions not to fly too close to the Sun. When the wax in his wings melted he fell into the sea and drowned. The naming was suggested by R. C. Cameron and Dr. Folkman. The official 1566 naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in January 1950 (M.P.C. 347). Both mythological figures are honored with the lunar craters Icarus and Daedalus. Physical characteristics Radiometric observation characterized Icarus as a stony S-type and Q-type asteroid. Rotation period Since 1968, several rotational lightcurves of Icarus were obtained from photometric and radiometric observations. During the asteroid's close approach in June 2017, observations of the fast-moving object were taken by Italian astronomers Virginio Oldani and Federico Manzini, Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Station (U82) in California, and by Australian astronomers at the Darling Range and Blue Mountains Observatories (Q68).ligthcurve-plot-Warner Lightcurve analysis gave it a consolidated rotation period of 2.2726 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 magnitude (U=3).ligthcurve-plot-Warner Icarus is a relatively fast rotator, near the threshold where non-solid rubble piles fly apart. Spin axis Analysis of 2015 radar observations obtained at the Arecibo Observatory and the Goldstone Observatory yields a spin axis of (270.0°, −81.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β). Diameter and albedo According to several radiometric, photometric, and radar observations, including the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Icarus measures between 1.0 and 1.44 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.14 and 0.51.Gehrels Analysis of the radar data obtained at the Arecibo and Goldstone observatories in June 2015 gives the body's dimensions: 1.61 x 1.60 x 1.17 kilometers, with equivalent diameter of 1.44 kilometers. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.14 based on the radar-derived equivalent diameter of 1.44 kilometers and absolute magnitude of 16.96. Research interests Icarus is being studied to better understand general relativity, solar oblateness, and Yarkovsky drift. In its case, the perihelion precession caused by general relativity is 10.05 arcseconds per Julian century. Project Icarus "Project Icarus" was a student project conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the spring of 1967 as a contingency plan in case of an impending collision with 1566 Icarus. This project was an assignment by Paul Sandorff for his group of MIT systems engineering graduate students to devise a plan to use rockets to deflect or destroy Icarus in the case that it was found to be on a collision course with planet Earth. Time magazine ran an article on the endeavor in June 1967 and the following year the student report was published as a book. The students' plan relied on the new Saturn V rocket, which did not make its first flight until after the report had been completed. During the course of their study, the students visited the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, where they were so impressed with the Vehicle Assembly Building that they wrote of "the awesome reality" that had "completely erased" their doubts over using the technology associated with the Apollo program and Saturn rockets. The final plan hypothesized that six Saturn V rockets (appropriated from the then-current Apollo program) would be used, each launched at variable intervals from months to hours away from impact. Each rocket was to be fitted with a single 100-megaton nuclear warhead (based on a theoretical design) as well as a modified Apollo Service Module and uncrewed Apollo Command Module for guidance to the target. The warheads would be detonated 30 meters from the surface, deflecting or partially destroying the asteroid. Depending on the subsequent impacts on the course or the destruction of the asteroid, later missions would be modified or cancelled as needed. The "last-ditch" launch of the sixth rocket would be 18 hours prior to impact. In fiction The Project Icarus report later served as the basis and inspiration for the 1979 science fiction film Meteor. "Summertime on Icarus" is a science fiction short story by British writer Arthur C. Clarke. Notes Gehrels Hazards due to Comets and Asteroids (1994), Ed. T. Gehrels, pp. 540–543 at JPL's SBDB ligthcurve-plot-Warner Lightcurve plot of (1566) Icarus by Brian Warner at CS3-PDS (2015). Summary figures at the LCDB References 30em 2021-08-11 last obs. JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 1566 Icarus (1949 MA) https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2001566 Jet Propulsion Laboratory 30 August 2021 2015-07-31 last obs. JPL Close-Approach Data: 1566 Icarus (1949 MA) https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1566;cad=1#cad 21 September 2017 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names Schmadel Lutz D. Springer Berlin Heidelberg (1566) Icarus 124 2007 978-3-540-00238-3 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1567 1566 Icarus (1949 MA) Minor Planet Center https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1566 30 August 2021 List of the Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) Minor Planet Center 20 September 2017 https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/PHAs.html 21 September 2017 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – Addendum to Fifth Edition (2006–2008) Appendix Publication Dates of the MPCs Schmadel Lutz D. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 221 978-3-642-01964-7 10.1007/978-3-642-01965-4 2009dmpn.book.....S 2009 https://cds.cern.ch/record/1339661 Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (1566) Icarus Behrend Raoul Geneva Observatory http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page4cou.html#001566 21 September 2017 1 April 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190401181659/http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page4cou.html#001566 dead 6 Pravas R. Mahapatra Steven J. Ostro Lance A. m. Benner Keith D. Rosema Raymond F. Jurgens Ron Winkler Randy Rose Jon D. Giorgini Donald K. Yeomans Martin A. Slade August 1999 Recent radar observations of asteroid 1566 Icarus Planetary and Space Science 47 8–9 987–995 1999P&SS...47..987M 10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00015-X G. J. Veeder M. S. Hanner D. L. Matson E. F. Tedesco L. A. Lebofsky A. T. Tokunaga April 1989 Radiometry of near-earth asteroids Astronomical Journal 97 4 1211–1219 0004-6256 1989AJ.....97.1211V 10.1086/115064 11538320 free Goldstein, R. M. November 1968 Radar Observations of Icarus Science 162 3856 903–904(SciHomepage) 1968Sci...162..903G 10.1126/science.162.3856.903 17769079 129644095 6 G. H. Pettengill I. I. Shapiro M. E. Ash R. P. Ingalls L. P. Rainville W. B. Smith M. L. Stone May 1969 Radar observations of Icarus Icarus 10 3 432–435 1969Icar...10..432P 10.1016/0019-1035(69)90101-8 0019-1035 Asteroids with high perihelion precession rates UCLA https://mel.epss.ucla.edu/jlm/research/NEAs/GR/ 2015-06-19 Verma Ashok K. Margot Jean-Luc Greenberg Adam H. August 2017 Prospects of Dynamical Determination of General Relativity Parameter β and Solar Quadrupole Moment with Asteroid Radar Astronomy The Astrophysical Journal 845 2 166 2017ApJ...845..166V 0004-637X 10.3847/1538-4357/aa8308 1707.08675 20331818 free 1566 21 September 2017 Harris, Alan W. February 1998 A Thermal Model for Near-Earth Asteroids Icarus 131 2 291–301 1998Icar..131..291H 10.1006/icar.1997.5865 6 A. Mainzer T. Grav J. Masiero J. Bauer R. M. Cutri R. S. McMillan C. R. Nugent D. Tholen R. Walker E. L. Wright November 2012 Physical Parameters of Asteroids Estimated from the WISE 3-Band Data and NEOWISE Post-Cryogenic Survey The Astrophysical Journal Letters 760 1 6 2012ApJ...760L..12M 10.1088/2041-8205/760/1/L12 1210.0502 41459166 6 C. R. Nugent A. Mainzer J. Masiero J. Bauer R. M. Cutri T. Grav E. Kramer S. Sonnett R. Stevenson E. L. Wright December 2015 NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year One: Preliminary Asteroid Diameters and Albedos The Astrophysical Journal 814 2 13 2015ApJ...814..117N 10.1088/0004-637X/814/2/117 1509.02522 9341381 6 Adam H. Greenberg Jean-Luc Margot Ashok K. Verma Patrick A. Taylor Shantanu P. Naidu Marina. Brozovic Lance A. M. Benner March 2017 Asteroid 1566 Icarus's Size, Shape, Orbit, and Yarkovsky Drift from Radar Observations The Astronomical Journal 153 3 16 2017AJ....153..108G 10.3847/1538-3881/153/3/108 1612.07434 28388555 free E. Miner J. Young May 1969 Photometric Determination of the Rotation Period of 1566 Icarus Icarus 10 3 436–440 1969Icar...10..436M 10.1016/0019-1035(69)90102-X T. Gehrels E. Roemer R. C. Taylor B. H. Zellner March 1970 Minor planets and related objects. IV. Asteroid (1566) Icarus. Astronomical Journal 75 186–195 1970AJ.....75..186G 10.1086/110962 De Angelis, G. May 1995 Asteroid spin, pole and shape determinations Planetary and Space Science 43 5 649–682 1995P&SS...43..649D 10.1016/0032-0633(94)00151-G Warner, Brian D. October 2015 Near-Earth Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at CS3-Palmer Divide Station: 2015 March–June The Minor Planet Bulletin 42 4 256–266 32455361 7244091 1052-8091 2015MPBu...42..256W Julian Oey Hasen Williams Roger Groom July 2017 Lightcurve Analysis of Asteroids from BMO and DRO in 2015 The Minor Planet Bulletin 44 3 200–204 1052-8091 2017MPBu...44..200O 6 C. A. Thomas D. E. Trilling J. P. Emery M. Mueller J. L. Hora L. A. M. Benner B. Bhattacharya W. F. Bottke S. Chesley M. Delbó G. Fazio A. W. Harris A. Mainzer M. Mommert A. Morbidelli B. Penprase H. A. Smith T. B. Spahr J. A. Stansberry September 2011 ExploreNEOs. V. Average Albedo by Taxonomic Complex in the Near-Earth Asteroid Population The Astronomical Journal 142 3 12 2011AJ....142...85T 10.1088/0004-6256/142/3/85 free Daylight Meteors: The Arietids @spaceweather.com On the Association among Periodic Comet 96P/Machholz, Arietids, the Marsden Comet Group, and the Kracht Comet Group 2003 10.1093/pasj/55.1.321 Ohtsuka Katsuhito Nakano Syuichi Yoshikawa Makoto Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 55 321–324 free Kleiman, Louis A., Project Icarus: an MIT Student Project in Systems Engineering https://web.archive.org/web/20071017105104/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=6840 17 October 2007 , Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1968 "Systems Engineering: Avoiding an Asteroid", Time magazine, 16 June 1967. Day, Dwayne A., "Giant bombs on giant rockets: Project Icarus", The Space Review, 5 July 2004. Project Icarus https://web.archive.org/web/20071017105104/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=6840 17 October 2007 , MIT Report No. 13, MIT Press 1968, edited by Louis A. Kleiman. "Interdepartmental Student Project in Systems Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Spring Term, 1967"; reissued 1979. David S. F. Portree MIT Saves the World: Project Icarus (1967) Wired https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/03/mit-saves-the-world-project-icarus-1967/ Wired Science 21 October 2013 "MIT Course precept for movie" https://web.archive.org/web/20161104102228/http://tech.mit.edu/archives/VOL_099/TECH_V099_S0470_P003.pdf 4 November 2016 , The Tech, MIT, 30 October 1979 Further reading Anon. 1968 Prediction: Asteroid to Come Close to Earth – Could Crash https://www.newspapers.com/article/hartford-courant-1968-prediction-astero/178633026/ Hartford Courant August 19, 1965 37 none External links NeoDys Object Listing: orbital elements and list of close approaches Article on TheSpaceReview.com about Project Icarus Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html 16 December 2017 ) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR https://web.archive.org/web/20241208174218/http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html 8 December 2024 Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend 1566 1566 Icarus 1565 Lemaître 1566 1567 Alikoski 001566 Category:Discoveries by Walter Baade Category:Named minor planets # 001566 Category:Mercury-crossing asteroids Category:Venus-crossing asteroids Category:Unclassifiable asteroids (Tholen) 001566 19670615 19670615 19670615 20150616 19490627