1973 Chilean coup d'état

Overthrow of President Salvador Allende 11 de Septiembre the date September 11 December 2023 1973 Chilean coup d'état the Cold War in South America Golpe de Estado 1973.jpg Sylvain Julienne durant le coup d’état au Chili en septembre 1973.jpg Chile- el pueblo vencera cropped.jpg 1 center white white 300 From top to bottom: the bombing of La Moneda on 11 September 1973, by the Chilean Armed Forces; a journalist and policemen during the coup; and detainees and torture victims being detained at the National Stadium 11 September 1973 Chile Armed forces put the country under military control. Minor unorganized civil resistance. Coup successful Popular Unity government overthrown Death of Salvador Allende Military Junta Government led by General Augusto Pinochet assumed power Chile Chilean government Unidad Popular 1973.svg Popular Unity Socialist red flag.svg GAP Flag of the MIR - Chile.svg Revolutionary Left Movement Other working-class militantsLawson George Negotiated revolutions: the Czech Republic, South Africa and Chile Ashgate 2005 978-0-7546-4327-2 ESRC, economic & social research council Aldershot, Hants 182 The only armed resistance came in a handful of factories, the La Legua poblacion in Santiago and in isolated gunfights with MIR activists. Indirect support by: Cuba Soviet Union Roundel of Chile.svg Chilean Armed Forces Chilean Army Chilean Navy Chilean Air Force Carabineros de Chile Indirect support by: Flag of the National Party (Chile, 1966).svg Nationals Flag of the Christian Democrat Party of Chile.svg Christian Democrats (parts) Democracia Radical 1971.png Radical Democrats United StatesMcSherry J. Patrice J. Patrice McSherry State violence and genocide in Latin America: the Cold War years Routledge 2011 978-0-415-66457-8 Esparza Marcia Critical terrorism studies London 107 5: 'Industrial repression' and Operation Condor in Latin America Huttenbach Henry R. Feierstein Daniel https://books.google.com/books?id=acGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107Hixson Walter L. https://books.google.com/books?id=DNId6HxkzQwC The myth of American diplomacy: national identity and U.S. foreign policy 2008 Yale University Press 978-0-300-11912-1 New Haven 223 Military dictatorship in BrazilKornbluh Peter Brazil Conspired with U.S. to Overthrow Allende https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB282/index.htm National Security Archive George Washington University 16 May 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20180708142510/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB282/index.htm 8 July 2018 en CanadaEngler Yves 11 September 2018 Remembering Canada's support for the right-wing coup in Chile https://rabble.ca/general/remembering-canadas-support-right-wing-coup-chile/ 11 September 2023 rabble.ca en-US 15 October 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20231015021426/https://rabble.ca/general/remembering-canadas-support-right-wing-coup-chile/ live https://jacobin.com/2023/09/canada-chile-allende-pinochet-coup-trudeau-neoliberalism Unmasking Canada's Role in the Chilean Coup Engler Yves Schalk Owen 10 September 2023 Jacobin 10 September 2023 Australiahttps://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/sep/11/declassified-documents-show-australia-assisted-cia-in-coup-against-chiles-salvador-allende Declassified documents show Australia assisted CIA in coup against Chile's Salvador Allende Daley Paul 10 September 2021 The Guardian 10 September 2021 United Kingdomhttps://declassifieduk.org/exclusive-secret-cables-reveal-britain-interfered-with-elections-in-chile/ Exclusive: Secret cables reveal Britain interfered with elections in Chile McEvoy John 22 September 2020 Declassified UK 17 March 2022Curtis Mark Mark Curtis (British author) September 4, 2023 'Our major interest is copper': Britain backed Pinochet's bloody coup in Chile https://declassifieduk.org/our-major-interest-is-copper-britain-backed-pinochets-bloody-coup-in-chile/ Declassified UK London September 11, 2023 13 September 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230913001339/https://declassifieduk.org/our-major-interest-is-copper-britain-backed-pinochets-bloody-coup-in-chile/ live Chile Salvador AllendeDeath of Salvador Allende Chile Max Marambio Flag of the MIR - Chile.svg Miguel Enríquez Indirect support by: Cuba Fidel Castro Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev Chile Augusto Pinochet Chile José Merino Chile Gustavo Leigh Chile César Mendoza Indirect support by: United States Richard Nixon United States Henry Kissinger 46 GAP killed 34 killed The 1973 Chilean coup d'état (es Golpe de Estado en Chile de 1973) was a military overthrow of the socialist president of Chile Salvador Allende and his Popular Unity coalition government.Cohen Youssef 1994 https://books.google.com/books?id=lTTTBv4UJ_kC Radicals, Reformers, and Reactionaries: The Prisoner's Dilemma and the Collapse of Democracy in Latin America Chicago University of Chicago Press 98–118 978-0-2261-1271-8 August 30, 2023 Google BooksBusky Donald F. 2000 https://books.google.com/books?id=3joQKjDtn4wC Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey Greenwood Publishing Group 195–196 978-0-275-96886-1 August 30, 2023 Google Books Allende, who was the first Marxist to be democratically elected president in a Latin American liberal democracy,September 24, 1973 Chile: The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream Time https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,907929-1,00.html August 30, 2023 0040-781X Allende's downfall had implications that reached far beyond the borders of Chile. His had been the first democratically elected Marxist government in Latin America. 30 August 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230830145956/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,907929-1,00.html live Ross Jen December 12, 2006 Controversial legacy of former Chilean dictator Christian Science Monitor https://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1212/p06s01-woam.html live August 30, 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20080516194106/http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1211/p00s01-woam.html May 16, 2008 0882-7729 Gen. Augusto Pinochet, who overthrew Chile's democratically elected Communist government in a 1973 coup and ruled for 17 years, died Sunday without ever having been condemned for the human rights abuses committed during his rule. faced significant social unrest and political tension with the opposition-controlled National Congress of Chile. On 11 September 1973, a group of military officers, led by General Augusto Pinochet, seized power in a coup, ending civilian rule. During the air raids and ground attacks preceding the coup, Allende delivered his final speech, expressing his determination to remain at Palacio de La Moneda and rejecting offers of safe passage for exile.Salvador Allende's Last Speech – Wikisource http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Salvador_Allende%27s_Last_Speech 19 November 2011 Wikisource 2 March 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220302052507/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Salvador_Allende%27s_Last_Speech live He died in the palace.Gott Richard 12 September 2009 From the archive: Allende 'dead' as generals seize power The Guardian London https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2009/sep/12/from-the-guardian-archive 20 April 2010 1 September 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190901104311/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2009/sep/12/from-the-guardian-archive live The exact circumstances of Allende's death are still disputed, but it is generally accepted as a suicide.Davison Phil 20 June 2009 Hortensia Bussi De Allende: Widow of Salvador Allende who helped lead opposition to Chile's military dictatorship The Independent London https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/hortensia-bussi-de-allende-widow-of-salvador-allende-who-helped-lead-opposition-to-chiles-military-dictatorship-1710766.html live subscription 20 April 2010 https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/hortensia-bussi-de-allende-widow-of-salvador-allende-who-helped-lead-opposition-to-chiles-military-dictatorship-1710766.html 1 May 2022 Following the coup, a military junta was established and it suspended all political activities in Chile and suppressed left-wing movements, such as the Communist Party of Chile and the Socialist Party of Chile, the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR), and other communist and socialist parties. Pinochet swiftly consolidated power and was officially declared president of Chile in late 1974.Genaro Arriagada Herrera https://books.google.com/books?id=7F8VAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA36 Pinochet: The Politics of Power Allen & Unwin 1988 978-0-04-497061-3 36 The Nixon administration, which had played a role in creating favorable conditions for the coup,Winn Peter YJ7ZBGy0wsIC 270-271 yes A Century of Revolution Duke University Press 2010 Grandin & Joseph Greg & Gilbert 270–271Peter Kornbluh (11 September 2013). The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability. The New Press. 1595589120Lubna Z. Qureshi. Nixon, Kissinger, and Allende: U.S. Involvement in the 1973 Coup in Chile. Lexington Books, 2009. 0739126563 promptly recognized the junta government and supported its efforts to consolidate power.Peter Kornbluh 19 September 2000 CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet's Repression: Report to Congress Reveals U.S. Accountability in Chile http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/news/20000919/ live https://web.archive.org/web/20061128142216/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/news/20000919/ 28 November 2006 26 November 2006 Chile Documentation Project National Security Archive In 2023, declassified documents showed that Nixon, Henry Kissinger, and the United States government, which had described Allende as a dangerous communist, were aware of the military's plans to overthrow Allende in the days before the coup d'état.November 3, 2020 Allende and Chile: 'Bring Him Down' National Security Archive https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2020-11-06/allende-inauguration-50th-anniversary August 30, 2023 The George Washington University 30 August 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230830163805/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2020-11-06/allende-inauguration-50th-anniversary live August 8, 2023 Chile's Coup at 50: Kissinger Briefed Nixon on Failed 1970 CIA Plot to Block Allende Presidency National Security Archive https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2023-08-08/chiles-coup-50-kissinger-briefed-nixon-failed-1970-cia-plot-block August 30, 2023 The George Washington UniversityWilkinson Tracy August 29, 2023 Previously classified documents released by U.S. show knowledge of 1973 Chile coup https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2023-08-29/us-releases-chile-coup-documents August 30, 2023 Los Angeles Times According to historian Sebastián Hurtado Torres, there is no documentary evidence to support that the United States government acted actively in the coordination and execution of the coup actions by the Chilean Armed Forces. However, Richard Nixon's interest from the beginning was that the Allende government would not be consolidated.Juan Paulo Iglesias Sebastián Hurtado, historiador: 'Estados Unidos no tuvo participación directa en el Golpe, pero sí quería que Allende cayera' https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-sabado/noticia/sebastian-hurtado-historiador-estados-unidos-no-tuvo-participacion-directa-en-el-golpe-pero-si-queria-que-allende-cayera/3UXITS4IUNB3RPPB57ILMYDO64/ La Tercera 12 January 2025 es 25 August 2023 12 September 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240912221446/https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-sabado/noticia/sebastian-hurtado-historiador-estados-unidos-no-tuvo-participacion-directa-en-el-golpe-pero-si-queria-que-allende-cayera/3UXITS4IUNB3RPPB57ILMYDO64/ live Hurtado Torres Sebastián Chile y Estados Unidos, 1964-1973. Una nueva mirada Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos 10 October 2016 10.4000/nuevomundo.69698 https://journals.openedition.org/nuevomundo/69698 es freeSeptember 2026 Historian Peter Winn found extensive evidence of United States complicity in events that helped in part to create the conditions that led to the coup. Fidel Castro's Cuba was allied with the Allende Government, providing weapons to Left-Wing groups in Chile and Cuban officials tried to convince Allende to make a coup before the opposition made one. Castro visited Chile in 1971 staying for 24 days, more than initially expected.https://www.latercera.com/noticia/fidel-castro-chile-los-hitos-una-relacion-mas-medio-siglo/ Fidel Castro y Chile: los hitos de una relación de más de medio siglo 26 November 2016 La Tercera A las 9 AM del 11 de septiembre la embajada cubana -ubicada en el barrio de Providencia- fue rodeada por fuerzas del Ejército. Según relata Marambio, esa mañana los cubanos se contactaron con Allende para "ofrecerle combatir a su lado (...) pero el Presidente se negó". At 9 AM on September 11, the Cuban embassy—located in the Providencia district—was surrounded by Army forces. According to Marambio, that morning the Cubans contacted Allende to "offer to fight alongside him (...) but the President refused". 13 June 2026 esSergio Muñoz Riveros 1973: Allende y la intromisión cubana https://ellibero.cl/ensayos-asuntos-publicos/sergio-munoz-riveros-1973-allende-y-la-intromision-cubana/ El Líbero 7 September 2018 13 June 2026 es The KGB considered Allende a "confidential contact" according to the Mitrokhin Archive. Chile had previously been regarded as a symbol of democracy and political stability in South America, while other countries in the region suffered under military juntas and caudillismo. The period in Chile before the coup is known as the Presidential Republic (1925–1973) era. At the time, Chile was a middle-class country,Lilley Sasha Schlotterbeck Marian 2020-09-04 Salvador Allende's Brief Experiment in Radical Democracy in Chile Began 50 Years Ago Today https://jacobin.com/2020/09/salvador-allende-chile-coup-pinochet 2023-08-30 Jacobin with about 30% or 9 million Chileans being middle class.Nogee Joseph L. Sloan John W. 1979 Allende's Chile and the Soviet Union: A Policy Lesson for Latin American Nations Seeking Autonomy https://www.jstor.org/stable/165728 Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 21 3 339–368 10.2307/165728 165728 0022-1937 subscription The collapse of Chilean democracy marked the end of a series of democratic governments that had held elections since 1932.Weimer Tim Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA Doubleday 2007 New York Historian Peter Winn described the 1973 coup as one of the most violent events in Chilean history.2010 Furies of the Andes A Century of Revolution: Insurgent and Counterinsurgent Violence during Latin America's Long Cold War Duke University Press Durham, NC http://read.dukeupress.edu/content/a-century-of-revolution Winn Peter Grandin & Joseph Greg & Gilbert 259 10.1215/9780822392859 978-0-8223-9285-9 17 September 2015 7 January 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160107055759/http://read.dukeupress.edu/content/a-century-of-revolution live subscription The coup led to a series of human rights abuses in Chile under Pinochet, who initiated a brutal and long-lasting campaign of political suppression through torture, murder, and exile, which significantly weakened leftist opposition to the military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990).Michael Evans National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 33 http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB33/index.html 19 November 2011 Gwu.edu 19 October 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111019205138/http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB33/index.html live Collins Stephen 16 December 2000 Now open – Pinochet's torture chambers The Daily Telegraph London https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/722163/Now-open---Pinochets-torture-chambers.html dead 20 April 2010 https://archive.today/20120604004240/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/722163/Now-open---Pinochets-torture-chambers.html 4 June 2012 Following the internationally supported 1988 referendum about his continuity and the 1989 constitutional reform referendum held under the military junta, Pinochet stepped down from power, leading to the peaceful transition to democracy. Due to the coup's occurrence on the same date as the 11 September 2001 attacks in the United States, it has sometimes been referred to as "the other 9/11".Aguilera Pilar Chile: The Other September 11 Fredes Ricardo Dorfman Ariel Ocean Press 2003 1-876175-50-8 Melbourne 55665455François David Chile 1973, the Other 9/11: The Downfall of Salvador Allende Helion & Company 2018 978-1-912174-95-9 Solihull, West Midlands 1001447543Osborn Catherine 10 September 2021 The Other 9/11 https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/09/10/911-chile-1973-pinochet-allende-coup-constitution-constitutent-assembly/ Foreign Policy In the run-up to the 20th anniversary of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States this month, a leading Chilean university, the University of Concepción, held a series of panel discussions on their legacy. The program referred to the events as 'the other Sept. 11.''Other' because, in Chile, Sept. 11 is best known as the date of the country's own national tragedy: the 1973 U.S.-backed coup against leftist President Salvador Allende that ushered in over 16 years of military rule.'The other 9/11': As US marks attack anniversary, another infamous milestone looms https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2023/09/09/911-chile-50th-anniversary-coup/70784405007/ 2023-09-13 USA Today en-US Political background Presidency of Salvador Allende Chile truckers' strike Allende contested the 1970 Chilean presidential election with Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez of the National Party and Radomiro Tomic of the Christian Democratic Party. Allende received 36.6% of the vote, while Alessandri was a very close second with 35.3%, and Tomic third with 28.1%,El Partido Socialista de Chile Tomo II Julio César Jobet es http://es.geocities.com/omerocl/partidosoc2.pdf 120 5 June 2009 https://www.webcitation.org/5kmbQgbhB?url=http://es.geocities.com/omerocl/partidosoc2.pdf 25 October 2009 dead in what was a close three-way election.Schweitzer Oren 2023-03-18 Chile's Attempt at Democratic Socialism Combined State Action and Bottom-Up Initiative https://jacobin.com/2023/03/chile-salvador-allende-popular-unity-democratic-socialism-working-class-control-bottom-up-politics-state-action 2023-08-30 Jacobin Although Allende received the highest number of votes, according to the Chilean constitution and since none of the candidates won by an absolute majority, the National Congress had to decide among the candidates.Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Vol. II, p. 259 978-0-19-928358-3 The Chilean Constitution of 1925 did not allow a person to serve consecutive terms as president. The incumbent president, Eduardo Frei Montalva, was therefore ineligible to run. The CIA's "Track I" operation was a plan to influence Congress to choose Alessandri, who would resign after a short time in office, forcing a second election. Frei would then be eligible to run.https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/chile/index.html CIA Activities in Chile Central Intelligence Agency The political action program under consideration called for the Embassy and Station to influence the Chilean Congress as it took up the matter. This involved encouraging Congress to vote for Alessandri for President in spite of the fact Allende received a slightly higher popular vote. Allende's 36.3 percent of the vote on 4 September was a plurality, not the majority required by the Constitution to prevent Congressional reaffirmation of the victory. The Station and the Embassy, working through intermediaries, urged Frei to use his influence with Congress to convince non-leftist forces to vote for Alessandri. The scenario was to have Congress elect Alessandri as President; he would then resign, thereby allowing Frei to run as a candidate against Allende in a new election. 18 February 2013 12 June 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20070612225422/https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/chile/index.html dead Alessandri announced on 9 September that if Congress chose him, he would resign. Allende signed the Statute of Constitutional Guarantees, which stated that he would abide by the constitution during his presidency, in an effort to shore up support for his candidacy. Congress then decided on Allende.Régis Debray The Chilean Revolution: Conversations with Allende Vintage Books New York 1972 The U.S. feared the example of a "well-functioning socialist experiment" in the region and exerted diplomatic, economic, and covert pressure upon Chile's elected socialist government.https://books.google.com/books?id=fRdTAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 Post-Ethical Society: The Iraq War, Abu Ghraib, and the Moral Failure of the Secular Douglas V. Porpora Alexander G. Nikolaev Julia Hagemann May Alexander Jenkins 2013 University of Chicago Press 978-0-226-06252-5http://santiagotimes.cl/2014/05/26/new-declassified-files-shed-light-us-role-ousting-allende/ New declassified files shed light on US role in ousting Allende 7 October 2016 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20161009185456/http://santiagotimes.cl/2014/05/26/new-declassified-files-shed-light-us-role-ousting-allende/ 9 October 2016 Kristian C. Gustafson. "CIA Machinations in Chile in 1970: Reexamining the Record", CIA, Center for the Study of Intelligence. Retrieved 21 August 2007. At the end of 1971, the Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro made a four-week state visit to Chile, alarming American observers worried about the "Chilean Way to Socialism"."Castro speech database" https://web.archive.org/web/20040530180004/http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/1971/ 30 May 2004 , University of Texas: English translations of Castro speeches based upon the records of the (United States) Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS). See locations of speeches for November–December 1971. Retrieved 22 September 2006. According to the former KGB agent, Vasili Mitrokhin, the Soviet Union provided financial support for the election of Salvador Allende, with whom it had had ties since the 1950s, by granting him a "personal subsidy of $500,000," which was approved by the Politburo with the aim of "strengthening confidential relations." It is also reported that $18,000 was paid to a left-wing senator to "persuade him not to run as a candidate." Once elected, the USSR provided $30,000 in October 1971 to "consolidate relations of trust" with the Allende government and another $50,000 requested in February 1973, shortly before the 1973 Chilean parliamentary election. The documents also claim that the Soviet intelligence service sought closer cooperation between Chilean intelligence agencies and the Soviet Union, including a possible reorganization of the Chilean Army and intelligence services, proposals to which Allende allegedly reacted positively. The KGB reportedly viewed the Popular Unity government's situation as increasingly difficult by 1972 and criticized Allende for not using "force" against his opponents. After the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, Soviet intelligence officials reportedly complained that Allende had given little importance to their warnings about the possibility of his overthrow.Gaggero Renato La mano de la KGB y la CIA en el quiebre democrático en Chile https://ellibero.cl/actualidad/la-mano-de-la-kgb-y-la-cia-en-el-quiebre-democratico-en-chile/ El Líbero 13 June 2026 es 11 September 2015 Allende presided over an increasingly unstable economy. A fiscal deficit of 3.5% in 1970 grew to 24% by 1973.Allende Salvador 2021 'Last speech to Nation, 11 September 1973' (Chile, 1973) https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350302587.0031 Aesthetics and Politics in the Global South 10.5040/9781350302587.0031 978-1-350-30258-7 subscription In 1972, Economics Minister Pedro Vuskovic adopted monetary policies that increased the amount of circulating currency and devalued the escudo. That year, inflation increased by 225% and reached 606% by 1973. The high inflation in 1973 decreased wages by 38%.Blejer Mario April 1981 Strike Activity and Wage Determination under Rapid Inflation: The Chilean Case ILR Review 34 3 356–364 10.1177/001979398103400302 To combat this, Allende created the Committees of Supplies and Prices (Juntas de Abastecimiento y Precios (JAP)). JAP reopened private shops and requisitioned goods that had been slowly disappearing due to declining production. In October 1972, Chile suffered the first of many strikes. The Trucker's Strike that began on 1 October in Aysen province was a response to economic problems and rumors of transportation nationalization. Eight days later, the Confederation of Truckers, led by Leon Vilarín and supported by the guilds and possibly the CIA, called for an indefinite national strike, which further hindered the movement and distribution of goods that were already struggling. Truckers then blocked all main roads on 12 October, creating a shortage of essential goods. Allende declared a state of emergency in response, and the strike leaders were arrested. This would only further provoke the Chilean population, and more strikes and protests ensued. The state of emergency also failed to reverse the strike or the economic crisis. Among the participants were small-scale businesspeople, some professional unions, and student groups. Its leaders – Vilarín, Jaime Guzmán, Rafael Cumsille, Guillermo Elton, Eduardo Arriagada – expected to depose the elected government. Other than damaging the national economy, the principal effect of the 24-day strike was drawing Army head, General Carlos Prats, into the government as Interior Minister, an appeasement to the right wing.Comienzan los problemas http://www.latercera.cl/medio/articulo/0,0,38035857_178048856_151840537,00.html dead https://archive.today/20070802230054/http://www.latercera.cl/medio/articulo/0,0,38035857_178048856_151840537,00.html 2007-08-02 es, part of series "Icarito > Enciclopedia Virtual > Historia > Historia de Chile > Del gobierno militar a la democracia" on LaTercera.cl. Retrieved 22 September 2006. This replaced General René Schneider, who had been assassinated (Schneider had been shot on 22 October 1970 by a group led by General Roberto Viaux, whom the Central Intelligence Agency had not attempted to discourage, and died three days later) General Prats supported the legalist Schneider Doctrine and refused military involvement in a coup d'état against President Allende.http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2000/05/22/mun6.html mun6 Jornada.unam.mx 19 November 2011 22 April 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110422190743/http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2000/05/22/mun6.html live Despite the declining economy, President Allende's Popular Unity coalition increased its vote to 43.2% in the March 1973 parliamentary elections; but, by then, the informal alliance between Popular Unity and the Christian Democrats ended.Development and Breakdown of Democracy, 1830–1973 https://web.archive.org/web/20110709014719/http://countrystudies.us/chile/85.htm 9 July 2011 , United States Library of Congress Country Studies: Chile. Undated; according to Preface https://web.archive.org/web/20060927164451/http://countrystudies.us/chile/2.htm 27 September 2006 , "The body of the text reflects information available as of 31 March 1994." Accessed 22 September 2006. The Christian Democrats allied with the right-wing National Party, who were opposed to Allende's government; the two right-wing parties formed the Confederation of Democracy (CODE). The internecine conflict between the legislature and the executive branch paralyzed government operations.http://www.latercera.cl/medio/articulo/0,0,38035857_178048856_151840547,00.html Se desata la crisis 16 May 2009 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20071109230054/http://www.latercera.cl/medio/articulo/0%2C0%2C38035857_178048856_151840547%2C00.html 9 November 2007 es, part of series "Icarito > Enciclopedia Virtual > Historia > Historia de Chile > Del gobierno militar a la democracia" on LaTercera.cl. Retrieved 22 September 2006. thumb|left|Salvador Allende and Fidel Castro in Chile, 1971 (See State visit by Fidel Castro to Chile). Allende began to fear his opponents, convinced they were plotting his assassination. Using his daughter Beatriz as a messenger, he explained the situation to Fidel Castro. Castro gave four pieces of advice: convince technicians to stay in Chile, sell only copper for US dollars, do not engage in extreme revolutionary acts which would give opponents an excuse to wreck or seize control of the economy, and maintain a proper relationship with the Chilean military until local militias could be established and consolidated. Allende attempted to follow Castro's advice, but the latter two recommendations proved difficult to implement.Adams Jerome R. Liberators, patriots, and leaders of Latin America 32 biographies 2010 McFarland & Co. Jefferson, N.C. 978-0786455522 213–214 2nd Chilean military before the coup Before the coup, the Chilean military had undergone a process of depoliticization since the 1920s, when military officers had held cabinet positions. Subsequently, most military officers remained underfunded, having only subsistence salaries. Because of low salaries, the military spent much of their time in military leisure facilities (e.g., country clubs) where they met other officers and their families. The military remained apart from society and was, to some degree, an endogamous group, as officers frequently married the sisters of their comrades or the daughters of high-ranking older officers. Many officers also had relatives in the military. In 1969, elements of the military made their first act of rebellion in 40 years when they participated in the Tacnazo insurrection. The Tacnazo was not a proper coup, but a protest against under-funding.González 2013, p. 28. In retrospect, General Carlos Prats considered that Christian Democrats, who were in power in 1969, committed the error of not taking the military's grievances seriously.González 2013, p. 29. Throughout the 1960s, the governments of Ecuador (1963), Brazil (1964), Argentina (1966), Peru (1968), and Bolivia (1969) were overthrown and replaced by military governments.González 2013, p. 35. In June 1973, Uruguay joined the coup d'état wave that swept through the region. Lessa Alfonso Estado de guerra – de la gestación del golpe del 73 a la caída de Bordaberry 1996 Editorial Fin de Siglo The poor conditions of the Chilean military contrasted with the change of fortune the military of neighboring countries experienced as they came to power in coups. During the decades before the coup, the military became influenced by the United States' anti-communist ideology in the context of various cooperation programs, including the U.S. Army School of the Americas. Sagredo Rafael Gazmuri Cristián Historia de la vida privada en Chile 3: El Chile contemporáneo. De 1925 a nuestros días Aguilar Chilena de Ediciones Santiago de Chile 2005 4th 978-956-239-337-9 es Crisis Tanquetazo On 29 June 1973, Colonel Roberto Souper surrounded La Moneda presidential palace with his tank regiment and failed to depose the Allende Government.http://literature.rebelyouth.ca/educhile_1970s/tanquetazo.html Second coup attempt: El Tanquetazo (the tank attack) 13 October 2004 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20041013002715/http://literature.rebelyouth.ca/educhile_1970s/tanquetazo.html 13 October 2004, originally on RebelYouth.ca. Unsigned, but with citations. Archived on Internet Archive 13 October 2004. That failed coup d'état – known as the Tanquetazo tank putsch – had been organized by the nationalist "Fatherland and Liberty" paramilitary group.Second coup attempt: El Tanquetazo http://ada.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/chile/torre/tanquetazo.html https://web.archive.org/web/20200120080934/http://ada.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/chile/torre/tanquetazo.html 20 January 2020 2025-12-06 ada.evergreen.edu dead In August 1973, a constitutional crisis occurred; the Supreme Court publicly complained about the government's inability to enforce the law of the land. On 22 August, the Christian Democrats united with the National Party of the Chamber of Deputies accused the government of unconstitutional acts and called upon the military to enforce constitutional order.English translation on Wikisource On August 21, both Tomé and Concepción saw large demonstrations, prompting the Chilean Army and Navy to occupy the two cities. The occupation lasted three weeks, culminating in the assault of the presidential palace, La Moneda, in Santiago.Schlotterbeck Marian E. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520970175 Beyond the Vanguard 2018-05-25 University of California Press 10.1525/9780520970175 978-0-520-97017-5 For months, the government had feared calling upon the Carabineros national police, suspecting them of disloyalty. On 9 August, Allende appointed General Carlos Prats as Minister of Defense. He was forced to resign as both defense minister and Army commander-in-chief on 24 August 1973, embarrassed by the Alejandrina Cox incident and by a public protest by the wives of his generals at his house. General Augusto Pinochet replaced him as Army commander-in-chief the same day. In late August 1973, 100,000September 2013 Chilean women congregated at Plaza de la Constitución to protest against the government for the rising cost and increasing shortages of food and fuels, but they were dispersed with tear gas.http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/C%20Disk/CIA%20Chile/Item%20030.pdf The Bloody End of a Marxist Dream Time 24 September 1973 12 January 2014 13 January 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140113061108/http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/C%20Disk/CIA%20Chile/Item%20030.pdf live Resolution by the Chamber of Deputies On 23 August 1973, with the support of the Christian Democrats and National Party members, the Chamber of Deputies passed 81–47 a resolution that asked "the President of the Republic, Ministers of State, and members of the Armed and Police Forces" to "put an immediate end" to "breach[es of] the Constitution ... with the goal of redirecting government activity toward the path of Law and ensuring the Constitutional order of our Nation, and the essential underpinnings of democratic co-existence among Chileans"."el Presidente de la República y a los señores Ministros de Estado y miembros de las Fuerzas Armadas y del Cuerpo de Carabineros" Acuerdo de la Cámara de Diputados https://web.archive.org/web/20090901132229/http://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Acuerdo_de_la_C%C3%A1mara_de_Diputados_sobre_el_grave_quebrantamiento_del_orden_constitucional_y_legal_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica 1 September 2009 ). The resolution declared that the Allende government sought "to conquer absolute power with the obvious purpose of subjecting all citizens to the strictest political and economic control by the state ... [with] the goal of establishing a totalitarian system", claiming it had made "violations of the Constitution ... a permanent system of conduct". Essentially, most of the accusations were about the government disregarding the separation of powers and arrogating legislative and judicial prerogatives to the executive branch. Finally, the resolution condemned the "creation and development of government-protected armed groups, which ... are headed towards a confrontation with the armed forces". President Allende's efforts to reorganize the military and the police forces were characterized as "notorious attempts to use the armed and police forces for partisan ends, destroy their institutional hierarchy, and politically infiltrate their ranks". It can be argued that the resolution called upon the armed forces to overthrow the government if it did not comply,Agouborde María Victoria 2023-08-23 La Cámara de Diputados de Chile lee la resolución de 1973 que acusó de inconstitucional al Gobierno de Allende https://elpais.com/chile/2023-08-23/la-camara-de-diputados-de-chile-lee-la-resolucion-de-1973-que-acuso-de-inconstitucional-al-gobierno-de-allende.html 2023-08-30 El País Chile es-CL 30 August 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230830233441/https://elpais.com/chile/2023-08-23/la-camara-de-diputados-de-chile-lee-la-resolucion-de-1973-que-acuso-de-inconstitucional-al-gobierno-de-allende.html live as follows: "To present the President of the Republic, Ministers of State, and members of the Armed and Police Forces with the grave breakdown of the legal and constitutional order ... it is their duty to put an immediate end to all situations herein referred to that breach the Constitution and the laws of the land with the aim of redirecting government activity toward the path of Law".English translation on Wikisource The resolution was later used by Pinochet as a way to justify the coup, which occurred two weeks later.Goldberg Peter A. 1975 The Politics of the Allende Overthrow in Chile https://www.jstor.org/stable/2148700 Political Science Quarterly 90 1 93–116 10.2307/2148700 2148700 0032-3195 28 September 2023 30 August 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230928080232/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2148700 live subscription Salvador Allende's response On 24 August 1973, two days after the resolution, Allende responded. He accused the opposition of trying to incite a military coup by encouraging the armed forces to disobey civilian authorities.Affairs United States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Inter-American https://books.google.com/books?id=-20JAAAAIAAJ United States and Chile During the Allende Years, 1970–1973: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Inter-American Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives .... 1975 U.S. Government Printing Office 393 He described the Congress's declaration as "destined to damage the country's prestige abroad and create internal confusion", and predicted: "It will facilitate the seditious intention of certain sectors." He observed that the declaration (passed 81–47 in the Chamber of Deputies) had not obtained the two-thirds Senate majority "constitutionally required" to convict the president of abuse of power, thus the Congress was "invoking the intervention of the armed forces and of Order against a democratically elected government" and "subordinat[ing] political representation of national sovereignty to the armed institutions, which neither can nor ought to assume either political functions or the representation of the popular will."es La respuesta del Presidente Allende https://web.archive.org/web/20091005091307/http://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Manifiesto_al_pa%C3%ADs_de_Salvador_Allende%2C_respondiendo_al_acuerdo_de_la_camara_de_diputados 5 October 2009 on Wikisource. English translation on Wikisource. Retrieved 22 September 2006. Allende argued that he had obeyed constitutional means in including military men in the cabinet to serve civic peace and national security, defending republican institutions against insurrection and terrorism. In contrast, he said that Congress was promoting a coup d'état or a civil war with a declaration full of affirmations that had already been refuted, and that, in substance and process (directly handing it to the ministers rather than directly handing it to the president), it violated a dozen articles of the then-current constitution. He further argued that the legislature was usurping the government's executive function. Allende wrote: "Chilean democracy is a conquest by all of the people. It is neither the work nor the gift of the exploiting classes, and it will be defended by those who, with sacrifices accumulated over generations, have imposed it ... With a tranquil conscience ... I sustain that never before has Chile had a more democratic government than that over which I have the honor to preside ... I solemnly reiterate my decision to develop democracy and a state of law to their ultimate consequences ... Congress has made itself a bastion against the transformations ... and has done everything it can to perturb the functioning of the finances and of the institutions, sterilizing all creative initiatives." Adding that economic and political means would be needed to relieve the country's current crisis, and that the Congress was obstructing said means; having already paralyzed the state, they sought to destroy it. He concluded by calling upon the workers and all democrats and patriots to join him in defending the Chilean constitution and the revolutionary process. Preparations thumb|Burgee of the Southern Pacific Nautical Brotherhood. The Southern Pacific Nautical Brotherhood was an important nucleus in the conspiracy to organize the coup d'état against Salvador Allende.In fact, the movement is traced back to the late 1950s, when economist Sergio de Castro and two other professionals from the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile traveled to the University of Chicago, a key center of neoliberal economic thought, to pursue doctoral studies in economics. Ten years later, in early 1967, the same year as the takeover of the Catholic University and the beginning of university reform, the Faculty of Economics of the UC had moved to its new campus in the precordilleran Los Dominicos area. A large house surrounded by trees and gardens, with tennis and football courts, located on Charles Hamilton Avenue, was purchased thanks to a generous donation from business groups and former students who formed the Foundation of Economic Sciences of the Catholic University. Among the benefactors were the Banco Edwards owned by the group led by Agustín Edwards Eastman, the company El Mercurio S.A. of the same owner, La Papelera (as the Compañía Manufacturera de Papeles y Cartones of the Matte group was known), and the Banco de Chile. Sergio de Castro became dean of that faculty, which functioned as a semi-autonomous territory during the rectorship of Fernando Castillo Velasco. At that time, after the takeover of the Catholic University by students, Sergio de Castro met Jaime Guzmán, a young law student and admirer of Spanish dictator Francisco Franco who founded the Student Guild Movement and later became the main ideologue of Augusto Pinochet. Both were firm opponents of the student movement led by the FEUC, which led Castillo to become the first secular rector of the institution.Kelly and Cubillos were effective contacts between the high command of the Navy and the economists led by Sergio de Castro, who had close ties with the owner of El Mercurio. All its members would later occupy important positions in the de facto government, both within it and from outside it. The meetings were held as rotating dinners in the homes of each member. All members, both civilians and military officers, took an active role in the sedition against the government of Salvador Allende, in the preparation of the coup, and during the dictatorship.Merino, el otro artífice del golpe https://www.elciudadano.com/justicia/merino-el-otro-artifice-del-golpe/04/10/ El Ciudadano 24 June 2026 es 10 April 2014 The operation name, designed by parts of the Chilean Armed Forces, was originally going to be "Pri-Ancla", but was later changed to "Plan Cochayuyo".Manuel Salazar Salvo El golpe militar se pone en marcha en Valparaíso https://interferencia.cl/articulos/el-golpe-militar-se-pone-en-marcha-en-valparaiso Interferencia 10 August 2026 es 23 June 2023 In mid-July, a month before the resolution of the Chamber of Deputies, there was general agreement in the heart of the Army's high command on the desirability of terminating the Unidad Popular "experiment." How to do it was still nebulous. The constitutional generals, gathered around Army Commander-in-Chief General Carlos Prats, were facing pressure from an increasingly hardline anti-Allende faction within the Army. Prats had proposed an Allende–Armed Forces government, including a "political peace treaty" with the Christian Democrats and restricted participation by the Chilean Communist Party and a group of Socialists. Prats argued that "only thus will we prevent the extremist workers from rebelling." This idea had the support of Generals Joaquin Lagos Osorio, Herman Brady Roche, Washington Carrasco Fernandez, Hector Bravo Munoz, Mario Sepulveda Squella, Guillermo Pickering, and Orlando Urbina Herrera, but with variations. While Lagos Osorio and Urbina Herrera did not object to the Prats plan, the other five generals thought the Allende–Armed Forces government ought to be "transitional" and of "short duration," to prepare conditions for a "purely military government, including the military police." The hardline faction, consisting of Generals Óscar Bonilla, Sergio Arellano Stark, and Javier Palacios, formed another group, joined by Augusto Pinochet, which posited that the Allende–Armed Forces phase was not necessary.https://www.rrojasdatabank.info/murder50.htm The murder of Allende and the end of the Chilean way to socialism The Róbinson Rojas Archive U.S. interference in Allende's Chile U.S. intervention in Chile#1973 coup 25% left "Like Caesar peering into the colonies from distant Rome, Nixon said the choice of government by the Chileans was unacceptable to the president of the United States. The attitude in the White House seemed to be, "If in the wake of Vietnam I can no longer send in the Marines, then I will send in the CIA." — Senator Frank Church, 1976Bill D. Moyers Henry Steele Commager The secret government: the Constitution in crisis : with excerpts from 'An essay on Water-gate' https://archive.org/details/secretgovernment00moye registration December 1990 Seven Locks Press 978-0-932020-85-7The Secret Government – The Constitution In Crisis – Bill Moyers (PBS 1987) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0eDTcGkOJj4 https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/0eDTcGkOJj4 2021-11-02 live video Many people in different parts of the world immediately suspected the U.S. of foul play. In early newspaper reports, the U.S. denied any involvement or previous knowledge of the coup.https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BZGggv0hN9sC&dat=19730913&printsec=frontpage&hl=en Estados Unidos niega en forma rotunda participación en golpe 13 September 1973 La Nación Google Newspapers 9 December 2020 1 May 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20201209212731/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BZGggv0hN9sC&dat=19730913&printsec=frontpage&hl=en liveHostile Intent: U.S. Covert Operations in Chile, 1964–1974 Gustafson Kristian Potomac Books 2007 Washington, D.C. 12, 203 Prompted by an incriminating New York Times article, the U.S. Senate opened an investigation into U.S. interference in Chile. A report prepared by the United States Intelligence Community in 2000, at the direction of the National Intelligence Council, that echoed the Church Committee, states that: Although CIA did not instigate the coup that ended Allende's government on 11 September 1973, it was aware of coup-plotting by the military, had ongoing intelligence collection relationships with some plotters, andbecause CIA did not discourage the takeover and had sought to instigate a coup in 1970probably appeared to condone it. The report stated that the CIA "actively supported the military Junta after the overthrow of Allende but did not assist Pinochet to assume the Presidency."https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/chile/index.html CIA Activities in Chile 18 September 2000 https://web.archive.org/web/20070612225422/https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/chile/index.html 12 June 2007 To respond to Section 311 of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (referred to hereafter as the Hinchey Amendment), the Intelligence Community (IC), led by the National Intelligence Council, reviewed [...] After a review of recordings of telephone conversations between Nixon and Henry Kissinger, Robert Dallek concluded that both of them actively used the CIA to destabilize the Allende government. In one particular conversation about the news of Allende's overthrow, Kissinger complained about the lack of recognition of the American role in the overthrow of a "communist" government, upon which Nixon remarked, "Well, we didn't – as you know – our hand doesn't show on this one."https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/17/arts/17iht-dallek.1.5318101.html?_r=0&pagewanted=all Robert Dallek on Nixon and Kissinger Shane Scott 18 April 2007 The New York Times https://web.archive.org/web/20140114215904/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/17/arts/17iht-dallek.1.5318101.html?_r=0&pagewanted=all 14 January 2014 [...] phone call reacting to news of the 1973 coup in Chile [...] Kissinger grumbled [...] that American newspapers, 'instead of celebrating,' were 'bleeding because a pro-Communist government has been overthrown.' 'Isn't that something?' Nixon remarked. 'In the Eisenhower period, we would be heroes,' Kissinger said. 'Well, we didn't – as you know – our hand doesn't show on this one,' the president said. A later CIA report contended that US agents maintained close ties with the Chilean military to collect intelligence, but no effort was made to assist them and "under no circumstances attempted to influence them."CIA 2000 report https://web.archive.org/web/20150219200613/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/news/20000919/01-12.htm 19 February 2015 , p. 12, National Security Archive, George Washington University 25% right Since Allende's inauguration, U.S. policy has been to maintain maximum covert pressure to prevent the Allende regime's consolidation. — William Colby, September 16, 1973, in a memorandum to Henry Kissingerhttps://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve16/d145 145. Memorandum From Director of Central Intelligence Colby to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) Colby W.E. September 16, 1973 Office of the Historian September 14, 2023 Historian Peter Winn found "extensive evidence" of United States complicity in creating the conditions prior to the coup during Allende's rule. He states that the covert support to the political opposition was crucial to engineering the coup by the Chilean Armed Forces and to consolidating power by the Pinochet regime following the takeover. Winn documents an extensive CIA operation to fabricate reports of a coup against Allende, as justification for the imposition of military rule. Peter Kornbluh asserts that the CIA destabilized Chile and helped create the conditions for the coup, citing documents declassified by the Clinton administration. Other authors point to the involvement of the Defense Intelligence Agency, agents of which allegedly secured the missiles used to bombard the La Moneda Palace.Axelsson, Sun Chili, le Dossier Noir. (Chile: The Black File) Paris, France: Gallimard, 1974, p. 87 The U.S. Government's hostility to the election of Allende in 1970 in Chile was substantiated in documents declassified during the Clinton administration, which show that CIA covert operatives were inserted in Chile to prevent a Marxist government from arising and for the purpose of spreading anti-Allende propaganda.Memorandum for Mr. Henry Kissinger United States Department of State Ad Hoc Interagency Working Group on Chile 4 December 1970 http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch20-01.htm 10 December 2007 13 January 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110113110238/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch20-01.htm live As described in the Church Committee report, the CIA was involved in multiple plots designed to remove Allende and then let the Chileans vote in a new election where he would not be a candidate. The first, non-military, approach involved attempting a constitutional coup. This was known as the Track I approach, in which the CIA, with the approval of the 40 Committee, attempted to bribe the Chilean legislature, tried to influence public opinion against Allende, and provided funding to strikes designed to coerce him into resigning. It also attempted to have Congress confirm Jorge Alessandri as the winner of the presidential election. Alessandri, who was an accessory to the conspiracy, was ready to resign then and call for fresh elections. This approach completely failed in 1970 and was not attempted again. The other CIA approach in 1970 (but not later), also known as the Track II approach, sought to encourage a military coup by creating a climate of crisis across the country. A CIA telegram sent to the Chile station on 16 October 1970 stated: It is firm and continuing policy that Allende be overthrown by a coup. It would be much preferable to have this transpire prior to 24 October but efforts in this regard will continue vigorously beyond this date. We are to continue to generate maximum pressure toward this end utilizing every appropriate resource. It is imperative that these actions be implemented clandestinely and securely so that the USG and American hand be well hidden."https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d154 Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXI, Chile, 1969–1973 – Office of the Historian 6 December 2020 13 August 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200813115020/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v21/d154 live False flag operatives contacted senior Chilean military officers and informed them that the U.S. would actively support a coup but would revoke all military aid if it did not occur.Kornbluh Peter The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability 2003 The New Press New York 978-1-56584-936-5 In addition, the CIA gave extensive support for black propaganda against Allende, channeled mostly through El Mercurio. Financial assistance was also given to Allende's political opponents to organize strikes and unrest to destabilize the government. By 1970, the U.S. manufacturing company ITT Corporation owned 70% of Chitelco (the Chilean Telephone Company), and also funded El Mercurio. The CIA used ITT as a means of disguising the source of the illegitimate funding Allende's opponents received.http://foia.state.gov/Reports/HincheyReport.asp#17 U.S. Dept. of State FOIA Electronic Reading Room – Hinchey Report (CIA Activities in Chile) Foia.state.gov 19 November 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20091020110606/http://foia.state.gov/Reports/HincheyReport.asp#17 20 October 2009 dead https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/30/world/edward-korry-81-is-dead-falsely-tied-to-chile-coup.html?pagewanted=1 The New York Times Edward Korry, 81, Is Dead; Falsely Tied to Chile Coup David Stout 30 January 2003 20 April 2010 12 May 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130512023248/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/30/world/edward-korry-81-is-dead-falsely-tied-to-chile-coup.html?pagewanted=1 liveThe Pinochet File: How U.S. Politicians, Banks and Corporations Aided Chilean Coup, Dictatorship https://web.archive.org/web/20150912170956/http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2013/9/10/the_pinochet_file_how_us_politicians_banks_corporations_aided_chilean_coup_dictatorship 12 September 2015 . Democracy Now! 10 September 2013. On 28 September 1973, the Weather Underground bombed ITT's headquarters in New York City in retaliation.https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0815FA3554137A93CBAB1782D85F478785F9 The New York Times 29 September 1973 20 April 2010 I.T.T. Office Here Damaged by Bomb; Caller Linked Explosion at Latin-American Section to 'Crimes in Chile' I.T.T. Latin-American Office on Madison Ave. Damaged by Bomb Fire in Rome Office Bombing on the Coast Rally the Opponents Paul L. Montgomery 12 May 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110512100123/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0815FA3554137A93CBAB1782D85F478785F9 liveAyers Bill https://books.google.com/books?id=X2OJhrWo6PcC&dq=itt+bomb+1973&pg=PT257 Sing a Battle Song: The Revolutionary Poetry, Statements, and Communiques of the Weather Underground 1970–1974 Dohrn Bernardine Jones Jeff 2011 Seven Stories Press 978-1-58322-965-1 257 en According to an article written by lifelong CIA operative Jack Devine, although it was widely reported that the CIA was directly involved in orchestrating and carrying out the coup, subsequently released sources suggest a much-reduced role of the US government.Jack Devine & Peter Kornbluh, 'Showdown in Santiago: What Really Happened in Chile?', Foreign Affairs 93 (2014), 168–174. U.S.M.C. Lieutenant Colonel Patrick J. Ryan discussed the Chilean coup and the Kennedy Amendment in his 1976 book titled "Allende's Chile: 1000 Bungled Days", stating: For ten years the United States fought communism in Vietnam, 7000 miles from California, at a tragic loss of 55,000 American lives, six times as many wounded, not to mention a staggering cost of 150 billion dollars. [...] We lost the war! On the other hand, the Republic of Chile, situated in our hemisphere, fought communism here in America's Backyard, without the aid of B-52's, the 7th Fleet, or even a Bob Hope visit. No American fingers squeezed M-16 triggers, no gruesome parade of American flag draped caskets were airlifted daily from Santiago, Chile, to gravesites in the United States of America. What's more, without our aid, and unencumbered by our tactic of "measured response" the Chileans defeated communism! The United States government not only has not acclaimed Chile's outright defeat of communism, but incredibly, our Senate and Congress, via the Kennedy Amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act, have terminated all military aid to the new anti-communist government of Chile. Why?Patrick J. Ryan Allende's Chile 1000 Bungled Days 1976 American Chilean Council 1Adolfo Paúl Latorre Reflexiones en torno a la Revolución Militar Chilena 2023 Editorial El Roble 978-956-7855-18-6 39–40 https://unofar.cl/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/FINAL.-Libro-de-Adolfo-Paul-Latorre.pdf es Lieutenant Colonel Patrick J. Ryan, 1976. Military action thumb|M41 Walker Bulldog of the Chilean Armored Cavalry. By 6:00 am on 11 September 1973, a date chosen to match a historical 1924 coup, the Navy captured Valparaíso, strategically stationing ships and marine infantry in the central coast and closing radio and television networks. The Province Prefect informed President Allende of the Navy's actions; immediately, the president went to the presidential palace (La Moneda) with his bodyguards, the "Group of Personal Friends" (GAP).Ensalaco Mark https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhg49 Chile Under Pinochet: Recovering the Truth 2000 University of Pennsylvania Press j.ctt3fhg49 978-0-8122-3520-3 7 December 2024 7 December 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20241207121332/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhg49 live By 8:00 a.m., the Army had closed most radio and television stations in Santiago city, one of the first acts of the coup. By 8.30 a.m., both the carabineros and the military broadcast their first edict, which would present a unified front to dispose of Allende. This edict declared that Allende would surrender his office to them, and that the carabineros and armed forces had formed a unified front tasked with protecting Chile "from falling beneath the Marxist yoke." By 9 a.m., the only loyalist broadcast still in control of its station was Radio Magallens, operated by the Chilean Communist Party.Spener David https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1kft8ff We Shall Not Be Moved/No nos moverán: Biography of a Song of Struggle 2016 Temple University Press 978-1-4399-1297-3 17–26 j.ctt1kft8ff 7 December 2024 7 December 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20241207203707/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1kft8ff live The Air Force bombed the remaining active stations, and the President received incomplete information that convinced him that only a sector of the Navy conspired against him and his government.Laborde Antonia 2023-09-11 Minuto a minuto: así fue el golpe militar del 11 de septiembre de 1973 en Chile https://elpais.com/chile/2023-09-11/minuto-a-minuto-asi-fue-el-golpe-militar-del-11-de-septiembre-de-1973-en-chile.html 2023-09-12 El País Chile es-CL 13 September 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230913055906/https://elpais.com/chile/2023-09-11/minuto-a-minuto-asi-fue-el-golpe-militar-del-11-de-septiembre-de-1973-en-chile.html live thumb|left|Weapons found at Tomás Moro's presidential residence. President Allende and Defense Minister Orlando Letelier were unable to communicate with military leaders. The military would arrest Orlando Letelier upon reaching the Defense Ministry. Following this, he would be imprisoned, then exiled and assassinated in Washington D.C. on 21 September 1976.The Assassination of Orlando Letelier and Ronnie Moffitt Forging Memory https://www.forgingmemory.org/narrative/assassination-orlando-letelier-and-ronnie-moffitt 2024-12-07 www.forgingmemory.org en 7 December 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20241207234430/https://www.forgingmemory.org/narrative/assassination-orlando-letelier-and-ronnie-moffitt usurped There is evidence that Pinochet ordered his assassination. Admiral Montero, the Navy's commander and an Allende loyalist, was rendered incommunicado; his telephone service was cut, and his cars were sabotaged before the coup d'état to ensure he could not thwart the opposition. Leadership of the Navy was transferred to José Toribio Merino, planner of the coup d'état and executive officer to Adm. Montero. Augusto Pinochet, General of the Army, and Gustavo Leigh, General of the Air Force, did not answer Allende's telephone calls to them. The General Director of the Carabineros (uniformed police), José María Sepúlveda, and the head of the Investigations Police (plain clothes detectives), Alfredo Joignant answered Allende's calls and immediately went to the La Moneda presidential palace.Steenland Kyle 1974 The Coup in Chile https://www.jstor.org/stable/2633976 Latin American Perspectives 1 2 9–29 10.1177/0094582X7400100203 0094-582X 2633976 7 December 2024 7 December 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20241207225315/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2633976 live Despite evidence that all branches of the Chilean armed forces were involved in the coup, Allende hoped that some units remained loyal to the government. Allende was convinced of Pinochet's loyalty, telling a reporter that the coup d'état leaders must have imprisoned the general. Only at 8:30 am, when the armed forces declared control of Chile and deposed Allende, did the president grasp the magnitude of the military's rebellion. Despite the lack of any military support, Allende refused to resign his office.Devine Jack 2014 What Really Happened in Chile: The CIA, the Coup Against Allende, and the Rise of Pinochet https://www.jstor.org/stable/24483554 Foreign Affairs 93 4 26–35 24483554 0015-7120 22 January 2021 7 December 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20210122125013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24483554 live thumb|Chilean soldiers carrying M1 Garand rifles near the Moneda Palace. At approx. 9:00 the carabineros of the La Moneda left the building.http://diario.latercera.com/2013/09/07/01/contenido/reportajes/25-145786-9-el-balcon-del-adios.shtml El balcón del adiós | Reportajes La Tercera Edición Impresa 7 September 2013 29 April 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160429004202/http://diario.latercera.com/2013/09/07/01/contenido/reportajes/25-145786-9-el-balcon-del-adios.shtml dead By 9:00 a.m., the armed forces controlled Chile, except for the city centre of the capital, Santiago. Originally, the military had planned to arrest Allende at his residence, but he made it to La Moneda, the presidential palace. There, Allende refused to surrender, despite the military declaring they would bomb La Moneda if he resisted being deposed. The military would turn to negotiating with Allende, offering to fly him and his family out of Chile, which Allende would refuse.Chile's Coup at 50 Countdown Toward a Coup National Security Archive https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2023-09-08/chiles-coup-50-countdown-toward-coup 2024-10-24 nsarchive.gwu.edu The Socialist Party, along with his Cuban advisors, proposed to Allende that he escape to the San Joaquín industrial zone in southern Santiago, to later re-group and lead a counter-coup d'état; the president rejected the proposition. According to Tanya Harmer, Allende's refusal to lead an insurgency against the coup is evidence of his unrelenting desire to bring about change through non-violent methods.Allende's Chile and the Inter-American Cold War Harmer Tanya The University of North Carolina Press 2011 978-0-8078-3495-4 Odd Arne Westad Chapel Hill 11 The Cuban embassy in Chile, located in the Providencia district, was surrounded by units of the Chilean Army. According to former Cuban official Max Marambio, Cuban representatives allegedly attempted to contact Salvador Allende to offer military support during the coup attempt against him, a proposal that the president reportedly declined. The military attempted more negotiations with Allende. Still, the President refused to resign, citing his constitutional duty to remain in office. Finally, at 9:10  a.m., Allende gave a farewell speech, telling the nation of the coup d'état and his refusal to resign his elected office under threat.The Allende Years and the Pinochet Coup, 1969–1973 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/allende Office of the Historian 31 October 2024 24 March 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220324050938/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/allende live thumb|left|Augusto Pinochet, then Commander-in-Chief of the Army. Leigh ordered the presidential palace bombed but was told the Air Force's Hawker Hunter jet aircraft would take forty minutes to arrive from their base at Concepcion. Pinochet ordered an armoured and infantry force under General Sergio Arellano to advance upon the La Moneda presidential palace. When the troops moved forward, they were forced to retreat after coming under fire from GAP snipers perched on rooftops. General Arellano called for helicopter gunship support from the commander of the Chilean Army Puma helicopter squadron and the troops were able to advance again.La misión era matar: el juicio a la caravana Pinochet–Arellano, By Jorge Escalante Hidalgo, p. 43, LOM Ediciones, 2000 Chilean Air Force aircraft soon arrived to provide close air support for the assault (by bombing the Palace), but the defenders did not surrender until nearly 2:30 pm.https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FewtAAAAIBAJ&pg=7165,1410181&dq Rome News Tribune 11 September 1973 19 November 2011 20 October 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211020172113/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FewtAAAAIBAJ&pg=7165,1410181&dq live Allende's Cuban-trained guard would have had about 300 elite commando-trained GAP fighters at the time of the coup, according to a book of 2005 by Jonathan Haslam,Jonathan Haslam The Nixon Administration and the Death of Allende's Chile: A Case of Assisted Suicide https://books.google.com/books?id=cBcDJ34AJGMC&pg=PA64 2005 Verso 978-1-84467-030-7 64 but the use of brute military force, especially the use of Hawker Hunters, may have handicapped many GAP fighters from further action, which was the case of some GAP members during the Hawker Hunters attack against Allende's residence in Tomás Moro.Carvallo Mauricio September 1999 El Regreso de los GAP – La Vida por Salvador Allende https://www.gap-chile.org/nuestros-martires/ 7 September 2023 Salvador Allende GAP. Aporte a la memoria histórica. Dispositivo de Seguridad del Presidente Salvador Allende Allende would be found in his inner office dead, from a self-inflicted bullet wound done between 2:00 and 2:30 p.m. Before Allende's suicide, he addressed the nation one final time and stated hope for Chile in the future and wished for the people to stay strong-willed and overcome the darkness. In his own words, he said: "Workers of my country, I have faith in Chile and its destiny. Other men will overcome this dark and bitter moment when treason seeks to prevail. Keep in mind that, much sooner than later, the great avenues will again be opened through which will pass free men to construct a better society. Long live Chile! Long live the people! Long live the workers!"Document #28: 'Final Speech,' Salvador Allende (1973) https://library.brown.edu/create/modernlatinamerica/chapters/chapter-10-chile/primary-documents-w-accompanying-discussion-questions/document-25-final-speech-by-salvador-allende-1973/ Modern Latin America, 8th Edition Companion Website Brown University Library January 17, 2024 18 January 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240118032519/https://library.brown.edu/create/modernlatinamerica/chapters/chapter-10-chile/primary-documents-w-accompanying-discussion-questions/document-25-final-speech-by-salvador-allende-1973/ live Pinochet's rule would officially begin at 2:30 p.m. 11 September 1973. Casualties thumb|upright=1.2|The facilities of the National Stadium were used as a detention and torture center after the coup. According to official reports prepared after the return of democracy, at La Moneda, only two people died: President Allende and the journalist Augusto Olivares (both by suicide). Two more were injured, Antonio Aguirre and Osvaldo Ramos, both members of President Allende's entourage; they would later be allegedly kidnapped from the hospital and disappeared. In November 2006, the Associated Press noted that more than 15 bodyguards and aides were taken from the palace during the coup and are still unaccounted for; in 2006, Augusto Pinochet was indicted for two of their deaths.Associated Press Bostonherald.com http://news.bostonherald.com/international/view.bg?articleid=169298 Pinochet indicted for deaths of Allende bodyguards, put under house arrest 27 November 2006 11 December 2006 http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/01/chile-court-upholds-pinochet-bail-in.php Chile court upholds Pinochet bail in one case, removes immunity in another https://web.archive.org/web/20080307013833/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/01/chile-court-upholds-pinochet-bail-in.php 7 March 2008 11 January 2006 en dead jurist.law.pitt.edu On the military side, there were 34 deaths: two army sergeants, three army corporals, four army privates, two navy lieutenants, one navy corporal, four naval cadets, three navy conscripts and 15 carabineros.Martires y Victimas de la Unidad Popular Juan Alvaro Arce http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/1687/History_Chile_1970-73/martires.html https://web.archive.org/web/20091018192607/http://geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/1687/History_Chile_1970-73/martires.html 18 October 2009 dead 15 August 2009 In mid-September, the Chilean military junta claimed its troops suffered another 16 dead and 100 injured by gunfire in mopping-up operations against Allende supporters, and Pinochet said: "sadly there are still some armed groups who insist on attacking, which means that the military rules of wartime apply to them."https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nRMyAAAAIBAJ&pg=2709,16507&dq Chile wars armed civilians The Montreal Gazette 17 September 1973 19 November 2011 28 March 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220328073206/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nRMyAAAAIBAJ&pg=2709,16507&dq live A press photographer also died in the crossfire while attempting to cover the event. On 23 October 1973, 23-year-old army corporal Benjamín Alfredo Jaramillo Ruz, who was serving with the Cazadores, became the first fatal casualty of the counterinsurgency operations in the mountainous area of Alquihue in Valdivia after being shot by a sniper.Informe de la Comisión Nacional de Verdad y Reconciliación", Vol. I, p. 441, Santiago, Chile, 1991. (SM, V, Chro) The Chilean Army suffered 12 killed in various clashes with MIR guerrillas and GAP fighters in October 1973.http://www.despiertachile.cl/2001/agosto/hojasagosto/edicion2.htm Mártires De Las Ff.Aa., De Orden Y Seguridad 11 April 2008 19 November 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20080411012053/http://www.despiertachile.cl/2001/agosto/hojasagosto/edicion2.htm 11 April 2008 While fatalities in the battle during the coup might have been relatively small, the Chilean security forces sustained 162 dead in the three following months as a result of continued resistance,Robert L. Scheina Latin America's Wars Volume II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001 https://books.google.com/books?id=FojnWy7_RN4C 2003 Potomac Books, Inc. 978-1-57488-452-4 and tens of thousands of people were arrested during the coup and held in the National Stadium.Alex Wilde dead https://web.archive.org/web/20030212124341/http://www.fordfound.org/publications/ff_report/view_ff_report_detail.cfm?report_index=384 http://www.fordfound.org/publications/ff_report/view_ff_report_detail.cfm?report_index=384 2003-02-12 In Chile, a New Generation Revisits Haunted Space Ford Foundation Report Winter 2003 11 December 2006 An estimated 40,000 Chileans were tortured under the Pinochet regime in the years following the coup.Fison Maryrose 2013-09-12 Chileans honor those tortured, killed after 1973 military coup https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2013-sep-12-la-fg-wn-chile-military-coup-anniversary-20130912-story.html 2023-08-30 Los Angeles Times Allende's death Death of Salvador Allende thumb|Soviet AKMS assault rifle with a folding stock, the same type Allende used to commit suicide. President Allende died in La Moneda during the coup. The junta officially declared that he committed suicide with a rifle given to him by Fidel Castro, two doctors from the infirmary of La Moneda stated that they witnessed the suicide,Ronald Hilton Ronald Hilton http://wais.stanford.edu/Chile/chile_conflict.html Chile: The Continuing Historical Conflict World Association of International Studies 22 December 1997 22 September 2006 dead 26 October 2006 https://web.archive.org/web/20061026205854/http://wais.stanford.edu/Chile/chile_conflict.html and an autopsy labelled Allende's death a suicide. Vice Admiral Patricio Carvajal, one of the primary instigators of the coup, claimed that "Allende committed suicide and is dead now."Patricio Carvajal Prado 2015 Memoria Viva https://www.memoriaviva.com/criminales/criminales_c/carvajal_prado_patricio.htm 11 August 2024 11 August 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240811183838/https://www.memoriaviva.com/criminales/criminales_c/carvajal_prado_patricio.htm live Patricio Guijon, one of the president's doctors, had testified to witnessing Allende shoot himself under the chin with the rifle while seated on a sofa.Carroll Rory Exhumation fails to end mystery over death of Salvador Allende https://advance.lexis.com/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:531F-86C1-JCDH-0208-00000-00 25 September 2018 The Observer 5 June 2011 At the time, few of Allende's supporters believed the explanation that Allende had killed himself.Róbinson Rojas http://www.rrojasdatabank.info/murder.htm The murder of Allende and the end of the Chilean way to socialism Harper and Row, Fitzhenry & Whiteside 1975 RRojasDatabank.info 4 May 2009 8 November 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090504062514/http://www.rrojasdatabank.info/murder.htm live Allende's body was exhumed in May 2011. The exhumation was requested by members of the Allende family, including his daughter Isabel, who viewed the question of her father's death as "an insult to scientific intelligence." A scientific autopsy was performed, and the autopsy team delivered a unanimous finding on 19 July 2011 that Allende committed suicide using an AK-47 rifle.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/20/salvador-allende-committed-suicide-autopsy Chilean president Salvador Allende committed suicide, autopsy confirms The Guardian 2011-07-20 16 October 2015 10 December 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20151016083124/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/20/salvador-allende-committed-suicide-autopsy live The team was composed of international forensic experts to ensure an independent evaluation. However, on 31 May 2011, Chile's state television station reported that a top-secret military account of Allende's death had been discovered in the home of a former military justice official. The 300-page document was found only when the house was destroyed in the 2010 Chilean earthquake. After reviewing the report, two forensic experts told Televisión Nacional de Chile "that they are inclined to conclude that Allende was assassinated."https://archive.boston.com/news/science/articles/2011/05/31/chile_tv_secret_report_suggests_allende_murdered/ Chile TV: Secret report suggests Allende murdered Vegara Eva 31 May 2011 The Boston Globe 2018-08-03 Associated Press Warren Michael Two forensics experts said they believed he was shot with a small-calibre weapon before the AK-47. One expert, Luis Ravanal, noted the lack of blood on his collar, sweater, and throat suggested someone else fired the AK-47 when he was already dead.Carroll Rory Exhumation fails to end mystery over death of Salvador Allende https://advance.lexis.com/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:531F-86C1-JCDH-0208-00000-00 26 September 2018 The Observer 5 June 2011 Allende's widow and family escaped the military government and were granted asylum in Mexico, where they remained for 17 years.https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BZGggv0hN9sC&dat=19730914&printsec=frontpage&hl=en Mexico dio asilo a la viuda de Allende 14 September 1973 La Nacion Google Newspapers 19 December 2019 1 May 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20191219212101/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BZGggv0hN9sC&dat=19730914&printsec=frontpage&hl=en livehttps://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/25/obituary-hortensia-bussi-de-allende Hortensia Bussi de Allende Gott Richard 24 June 2009 The Guardian en-GB 0261-3077 2017-02-05 8 March 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210308152242/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/25/obituary-hortensia-bussi-de-allende live Aftermath Installing a new regime Government Junta of Chile (1973) thumb|Original members of the Government Junta of Chile (1973) On 13 September, the Junta dissolved Congress,https://www.theguardian.com/chile/story/0,,1033575,00.html Junta general names himself as new President of Chile The Guardian 14 September 1973 Richard Gott Richard Gott outlawed the parties that had been part of the Popular Unity coalition; all political activity was declared "in recess".http://www.economist.com/countries/Chile/profile.cfm?folder=History+in+brief Economist.com – Country Briefings: Chile The Economist 2 July 2008 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20080702045239/http://www.economist.com/countries/Chile/profile.cfm?folder=History+in+brief 2 July 2008 The military government took control of all media, including the radio broadcasting that Allende attempted to use to give his final speech to the nation. It is not known how many Chileans actually heard Allende's last words as he spoke them, but a transcript and audio of the speech survived the military government.https://www.marxists.org/archive/allende/1973/september/11.htm Salvador Allende: Last speech www.marxists.org 2016-05-01 8 October 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20151008222411/https://www.marxists.org/archive/allende/1973/september/11.htm liveLa Prensa Chilena En La Encrucijada: Entre La Voz Monocorde Y La Revolución Digital M. Baltra Lidia LOM Ediciones 2012 Chilean scholar Lidia M. Baltra details how the military took control of the media platforms and turned them into their own "propaganda machine". The only two newspapers that were allowed to continue publishing after the military takeover were El Mercurio and La Tercera de la Hora, both of which were anti-Allende under his leadership. The dictatorship's silencing of the leftist point of view extended past the media and into "every discourse that expressed any resistance to the regime".Cucurella Paula 2014 A Weak Force: On the Chilean Dictatorship and Visual Arts http://muse.jhu.edu/article/539218 The New Centennial Review 14 1 99–127 10.14321/crnewcentrevi.14.1.0099 144977347 24 June 2016 1 May 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160624194739/http://muse.jhu.edu/article/539218 live subscription An example of this is the torturing and death of folk singer Víctor Jara. The military government detained Jara in the days following the coup. He, along with many other leftists, was held in Estadio Nacional, or the National Stadium of Chile, in the capital of Santiago. Initially, the Junta tried to silence him by crushing his hands, but ultimately, he was murdered.The Murder of Chile: Eyewitness Accounts of the Coup, the Terror, and the Resistance Today Chavkin Samuel Everest House Publishers 1973 New York 208–236 Immediately after the coup the military sought television host Don Francisco to have him report on the events. Don Francisco declined the offer, encouraging the captain who had approached him to take the role of reporter himself.Contreras Emilio 13 July 2017 Don Francisco contó desconocido episodio vivido el día después al golpe de Estado de 1973 http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/espectaculos-y-tv/tv/2017/07/13/don-francisco-conto-desconocido-episodio-vivido-el-dia-despues-al-golpe-de-estado-de-1973.shtml Radio Cooperativa 9 December 2017 es 10 December 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171210231933/http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/espectaculos-y-tv/tv/2017/07/13/don-francisco-conto-desconocido-episodio-vivido-el-dia-despues-al-golpe-de-estado-de-1973.shtml live thumb|left|The Military Junta in 1974: from left to right, César Mendoza, Gustavo Leigh, José Toribio Merino, and Augusto Pinochet. Initially, there were four leaders of the junta: In addition to General Augusto Pinochet, from the Army, there were General Gustavo Leigh Guzmán, of the Air Force; Admiral José Toribio Merino Castro, of the Navy (who replaced Constitutionalist Admiral Raúl Montero); and General Director César Mendoza Durán, of the National Police (Carabineros de Chile) (who replaced Constitutionalist General Director José María Sepúlveda). Coup leaders soon decided against a rotating presidency and named General Pinochet permanent head of the junta which would establish a 17-year-long civil-military dictatorship.Faúndez Abarca Ximena Bravo Vidal Diego Gamboa Morales Dahiana September 2023 Women's Memories of the Day of the Chilean Coup in the City of Valparaíso http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/08862605231168815 Journal of Interpersonal Violence en 38 17–18 9613–9640 10.1177/08862605231168815 37162191 0886-2605 subscription http://foia.state.gov/Reports/HincheyReport.asp#18 Hinchey Report on CIA Activities in Chile dead https://web.archive.org/web/20091020110606/http://foia.state.gov/Reports/HincheyReport.asp#18 20 October 2009 18 September 2000 In the months that followed the coup, the junta, with authoring work by historian Gonzalo Vial and Admiral Patricio Carvajal, published a book titled El Libro Blanco del cambio de gobierno en Chile (commonly known as El Libro Blanco, "The White Book of the Change of Government in Chile"), where they attempted to justify the coup by claiming that they were in fact anticipating a self-coup (the alleged Plan Zeta, or Plan Z) that Allende's government or its associates were purportedly preparing. Historian Peter Winn states that the Central Intelligence Agency had an extensive part to play in fabricating the conspiracy and in selling it to the press, both in Chile and internationally. Although later discredited and officially recognized as the product of political propaganda,https://web.archive.org/web/20050520040544/http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/comision_valech/pdf/Capitulo3.pdf http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/comision_valech/pdf/Capitulo3.pdf dead Comisión Nacional sobre Prisión Política y Tortura III Contexto Government of Chile 2005-05-20 Gonzalo Vial has pointed to the similarities between the alleged Plan Z and other existing paramilitary plans of the Popular Unity parties in support of its legitimacy.Vial Correa Gonzalo Carlos Altamirano, el Plan Z y la 'Operación Blanqueo' La Segunda 23 September 2003 A document from September 13 shows that Jaime Guzmán was already, by then, tasked with studying the creation of a new constitution.Los informes secretos de la CIA sobre Jaime Guzmán https://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2013/11/05/los-informes-secretos-de-la-cia-sobre-jaime-guzman/ Basso Prieto Carlos 2013-11-05 2021-09-29 El Mostrador 17 October 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20211017234219/https://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2013/11/05/los-informes-secretos-de-la-cia-sobre-jaime-guzman/ live One of the first measures of the dictatorship was to set up a Secretaría Nacional de la Juventud (SNJ, National Youth Office). This was done on 28 October 1973, even before the Declaration of Principles of the junta made in March 1974. This was a way of mobilizing sympathetic elements of the civil society in support of the dictatorship.González Yanko 2015 El 'Golpe Generacional' y la Secretaría Nacional de la Juventud: purga, disciplinamiento y resocialización de las identidades juveniles bajo Pinochet (1973–1980) Atenea 512 512 87–111 10.4067/S0718-04622015000200006 es The "Generational Putsch" and the National youth Office: Purge, disciplining and resocialization of youth identities under Pinochet (1973–1980) free Continued violence Armed resistance in Chile (1973–1990) thumb|Pictures of persons missing after the 1973 Chilean coup In the first months after the coup d'état, the military killed thousands of Chilean leftists, both real and suspected, or forced their "disappearance". The military imprisoned 40,000 political enemies in the National Stadium of Chile; among the tortured and killed desaparecidos (disappeared) were the U.S. citizens Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi. In September 1973, the Chilean songwriter Víctor Jara was murdered, along with 70 other people in a series of killings perpetrated by the death squad Caravan of Death (Caravana de la Muerte). The government arrested some 130,000 people in a three-year period;Chile Issues Report on Pinochet Torture | Article from AP Online | HighBeam Research http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-102284469.html https://web.archive.org/web/20110512100125/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-102284469.html 12 May 2011 HighBeam Research subscription usurped 11 April 2009 the dead and disappeared numbered thousands in the first months of the military government. In Valparaiso, it is estimated that there were 6,918 victims of political capture and torture.Faúndez Abarca Ximena Bravo Vidal Diego Gamboa Morales Dahiana 2023-09-01 Women's Memories of the Day of the Chilean Coup in the City of Valparaíso https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/08862605231168815 Journal of Interpersonal Violence en 38 17–18 9613–9640 10.1177/08862605231168815 37162191 0886-2605 7 December 2024 7 December 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20241207094621/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/08862605231168815 live subscription Those include the British physician Sheila Cassidy, who survived to publicize in the UK the human rights violations in Chile.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/mar/03/pinochet.chile13 The Guardian London Right rejoices as general's foes vow to keep up fight Ewen MacAskill 3 March 2000 20 April 2010 Among those detained was Alberto Bachelet (father of future Chilean President Michelle Bachelet), an Air Force official; he was tortured and died on 12 March 1974,https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/latin_america/jan-june06/chile_1-25.html Chile's President-Elect Pbs.org 19 November 2011 23 December 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111223075259/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/latin_america/jan-june06/chile_1-25.html dead http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N14386234.htm Chile's Bachelet visits site of her own torture Alertnet.org 6 November 2011 19 November 2011 9 November 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20071109053725/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N14386234.htm live http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=13131 https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070807073814/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=13131 dead 7 August 2007 Chile: The Good Democracy? Zmag.org 19 November 2011 the right-wing newspaper, El Mercurio,Pérez de Arce Hermógenes Michelle Bachelet, ¿quién es realmente usted? El Mercurio 15 January 2006 reported that Mr. Bachelet died after a basketball game, citing his poor cardiac health. Michelle Bachelet and her mother were imprisoned and tortured in the Villa Grimaldi detention and torture centre on 10 January 1975.https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6052364.stm Chile head revisits torture site BBC News 15 October 2006 19 November 2011 23 September 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110923120127/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6052364.stm live http://www.globalpolicy.org/intljustice/wanted/2006/1027chargedgold.htm Chile's Pinochet Charged for Torture, Probed over Gold Globalpolicy.org 27 October 2006 19 November 2011 22 April 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090422125712/http://www.globalpolicy.org///intljustice/wanted/2006/1027chargedgold.htm live https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/14/AR2006101401393.html Chile Leader Visits Site of Her Torture The Washington Post 14 October 2006 19 November 2011 7 November 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121107051442/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/14/AR2006101401393.html live https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-01-20-pinochet_x.htm Pinochet stripped of immunity in torture, kidnapping cases USA Today 20 January 2006 19 November 2011 The newspaper La Tercera published on its front page a photograph showing prisoners at Quiriquina Island Camp who had been captured during the fighting in Concepción. The photograph's caption stated that some of the detained were "local bosses of Unidad Popular" while others were "extremists who had attacked the armed forces with firearms". The photo was reproduced 2013 in The Indicter,Diario La Tercera Chile 6 October 1973 Los presos en la Quiriquina https://theindicter.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Los-presos-en-la-quiriquina.-Translated-caption-1536x1479.png 5 September 2023 The Indicter Stockholm, Sweden 13 October 2018medic identifying among the 'local bosses' Fernando Alvarez, then Concepción Province's head authority appointed by Allende (executed one month thereafter); and among the fighting 'extremists', Marcello Ferrada de Noli, one founder of MIR and then professor at the University of Concepción. This is consistent with reports in newspapers and broadcasts in Concepción about the activities of the Armed Forces, which mentioned clashes with "extremists" on several occasions from 11 to 14 September. Nocturnal skirmishes took place around the Hotel Alonso de Ercilla on Colo Colo and San Martín Streets, one block from the Army and military police administrative headquarters. A recently published testimony about the clashes in Concepción offers several plausible explanations for witnesses' reticence to report these actions.Ferrada de Noli Marcello (2021), Fighting Pinochet. Libertarian Books Europe, Stockholm / Bergamo. 978-91-88747-00-6. https://libertarianbooks.eu/2021/05/20/fighting-pinochet/ / https://archive.org/details/fighting-pinochet/Fighting%20Pinochet%20/Romelsjö Anders 13 October 2018 Personal testimony by a revolutionary professor on the military coup in Chile The Indicter Stockholm https://theindicter.com/personal-testimony-by-a-revolutionary-professor-on-the-military-coup-in-chile-by-prof-anders-romelsjo/ 8 September 2023 25 September 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230925162802/https://theindicter.com/personal-testimony-by-a-revolutionary-professor-on-the-military-coup-in-chile-by-prof-anders-romelsjo/ live Besides political leaders and participants, the coup also affected many everyday Chilean citizens. Pinochet and the military junta proclaimed that they were going to get rid of "the cancerous tumor," in reference to Chile's left.Simalchik Joan 2006-12-01 The Material Culture of Chilean Exile: A Transnational Dialogue Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees en 23 2 95–105 10.25071/1920-7336.21358 1920-7336 free Thousands were killed, went missing, and were injured. Thousands more emigrated or were exiled due to political instability in their regions, and many relocated elsewhere. Canada, among other countries, became a major refuge for many Chilean citizens. Through an operation known as "Special Movement Chile", more than 7,000 Chileans were relocated to Canada in the months following 11 September 1973.Foster John Carty Bob Chile's 1973 Coup, 40 Years Later: Observances, Part 2 http://opencanada.org/branch-news/chiles-1973-coup-40-years-later-observances-part-two/ Opencanada.org Canadian International Council 18 June 2014 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20140627071325/http://opencanada.org/branch-news/chiles-1973-coup-40-years-later-observances-part-two/ 27 June 2014 These refugees are now known as Chilean Canadian people and have a population of over 38,000.8 May 2013 2011 National Household Survey: Data tables http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 2017-02-05 Statistics Canada en 24 December 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190955/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0%20 live Chileans would find asylum in over 40 countries around the world. While the exact number is unknown, it is estimated that at least 200,000 Chileans left Chile between 1973 and 1990, the largest flow of emigration in Chile's history.Doña-Reveco Cristián September 2020 Memories of Exile and Temporary Return: Chilean Exiles Remember Chile Latin Americanist 64 3 334–355 10.1353/tla.2020.0024 After Gen. Pinochet lost the election in the 1988 plebiscite, the Rettig Commission, a multi-partisan truth commission, in 1991 reported the location of torture and detention centers, among others, Colonia Dignidad, the tall ship Esmeralda and Víctor Jara Stadium. Later, in November 2004, the Valech Report confirmed the number as fewer than 3,000 killed and reduced the number of cases of forced disappearance; but some 28,000 people were arrested, imprisoned, and tortured. Sixty individuals died as a direct result of fighting on 11 September, although the MIR and GAP continued to fight the following day. It has been put forward that, in all, 46 of Allende's guard (the GAP, Grupo de Amigos Personales) were killed, some of them in combat with the soldiers that took the Moneda.http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/165/29585.html Pinochet Stripped of Legal Immunity Associated Press 11 January 2006 Globalpolicy.org 19 November 2011 11 November 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20111111035015/http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/165/29585.html live However, a report of 1999 published by an organization of ex-GAP which survived the events around the coup d'état, says that no one among the GAP members were killed in La Moneda combat. The source affirms that there were only 50 GAP members at that time.Carvallo Mauricio September 1999 El Regreso de los GAP – La Vida por Salvador Allende https://www.gap-chile.org/nuestros-martires/ 7 September 2023 7 September 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230907213837/https://www.gap-chile.org/nuestros-martires/ live The same information about the number of GAP members was later confirmed in an academic publication.Pérez Cristián 2000 Salvador Allende – Apuntes sobre su dispositivo de seguridad: El Grupo de Amigos Personales (GAP). https://www.estudiospublicos.cl/index.php/cep/article/view/888/1581 7 September 2023 Estudios Públicos 79 Spanish 7 September 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230907225944/https://www.estudiospublicos.cl/index.php/cep/article/view/888/1581 live The U.S. view of the coup continues to spark controversy. Beginning in late 2014 in response to a request by Senate Armed Services Committee Chair Carl Levin, United States Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM) William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies (CHDS), located at the National Defense University in Washington, D.C., has been under investigation by the Department of Defense Office of Inspector General. Insider national security whistleblower complaints included that the Center knowingly protected a CHDS professor from Chile who was a former top advisor to Pinochet after belonging to the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional / DINA state terrorist organization (whose attack against a former Chilean foreign minister in 1976 in Washington, D.C., resulted in two deaths, including that of an American). "Reports that NDU hired foreign military officers with histories of involvement in human rights abuses, including torture and extrajudicial killings of civilians, are stunning, and they are repulsive", said Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-Vermont, the author of the "Leahy Law" prohibiting U.S. assistance to military units and members of foreign security forces that violate human rights.Martin Edwin Andersen https://www.academia.edu/25856284 Unpunished U.S. Southern Command role in '09 Honduran military coup 24 May 2016 Academia.edu 28 March 2022 4 July 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20220328073210/https://www.academia.edu/25856284 live Marisa Taylor Kevin G. Hall http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article16508918.html For years, Pentagon paid professor despite revoked visa and accusations of torture in Chile 27 March 2015 Miami Herald 13 September 2017 4 July 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20170913205300/http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article16508918.html live Julia Hart R. Jeffrey Smith March 31, 2015 https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/03/11/16872/flagship-military-university-hired-foreign-officers-linked-human-rights-abuses Flagship military university hired foreign officers linked to human rights abuses in Latin America 6 October 2016 4 July 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161006102417/https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/03/11/16872/flagship-military-university-hired-foreign-officers-linked-human-rights-abuses live McClatchy Washington Bureau https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVJeYfOtMqw https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/EVJeYfOtMqw 2021-12-22 live Chilean 70's torture survivor seeks justice 12 March 2015 YouTube Roberto Thieme, the military leader of Fatherland and Liberty, who was imprisoned on 11 September, was shocked to hear about the degree of violence with which the coup was carried out. Despite being an arduous opponent of Unidad Popular, he had expected a cleaner coup.González 2013, p. 385. International reaction President of Argentina Juan Domingo Perón condemned the coup, calling it a "fatality for the continent". Before the coup Perón had warned the more radical of his followers to stay calm and "not do as Allende".José Ortega https://encrucijadaamericana.uahurtado.cl/index.php/ea/article/view/67/66 Perón y Chile Encucijada Americana 2014 6 2 67 10.53689/ea.v6i2.67 211276031 free Argentine students protested the coup at the Chilean embassy in Buenos Aires, where part of them chanted that they were "ready to cross the Andes" (dispuestos a cruzar la cordillera).https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gl9n3X5AqIQ https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/Gl9n3X5AqIQ 2021-11-02 live DiFilm – Protesta de estudiantes en la Embajada de Chile 1973 DiFilm 10 March 2014 DiFilm YouTube In fragmenting Francoist Spain, the coup came as a shock to the opposition many whom immediately identified the parallels between Francisco Franco and Pinochet and between the coup and the Spanish Civil War.Relaciones hispano-chilenas durante la Transición española (1975-1982): sociedad civil y mecanismos de solidaridad Ayer Feria Vázquez Pedro https://www.revistasmarcialpons.es/revistaayer/article/view/relaciones-hispano-chilenas-durante-la-transicion-espanola-1975-/972 126 2 271–299 2022 es Since Spain was still under authoritarian rule the opposition was limited in its range of action. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party officially condemned the coup in its 1974 congress in France, and Mundo Obrero of the Communist Party of Spain called for resistance against the new regime. Instead of radicalizing, the Chilean coup led the Spanish opposition to moderate its positions, as the socialist Enrique Tierno Galván would acknowledge. Legal impact Many cargo shipments involving trade with Cuba were affected by government policy decisions, and, subsequently, the performance of the trade contracts underlying the shipping deliveries was made illegal under Cuban law.Law No. 1256 of the Republic of CubaTodd, P. N., Empresa Exportadora de Azucar v. Industria Azucarera Nacional S.A. (The Playa Larga and Marble Islands), n.d., archived 4 May 2014, accessed 27 May 2021 The Chilean company Iansa had purchased sugar from the Cuban business entity, Cubazukar. Several shipments were at different stages of the shipping and delivery process. The ships involved included: Playa Larga (delivery in Chile was underway, but was not completed before the ship left) The Marble Island (the ship was en route for Chile but was diverted elsewhere) Aegis Fame (hire was cancelled before the cargo had been loaded). The shipping contracts used the CIF trade terms. Iansa sued Cubazukar for non-delivery. The High Court (in England) ruled that IANSA was entitled to damages in respect of the undelivered balance of the Playa Larga cargo and to restitution of the price paid for the Marble Island cargo. Subsequent appeals by both parties were dismissed.Court of Appeal (Civil Division), Empresa Exportadora de Azucar (Cubazucar) v Industria Azucarera Nacional SA (IANSA) (England, Court of Appeal, Civil Division.) https://web.archive.org/web/20230331063552/https://vlex.co.uk/vid/empresa-exportadora-azucar-cubazucar-801997305 31 March 2023 , 2 Lloyd's Rep. 171, accessed 27 November 2022 Regarding the Aegis Fame shipping, the contract was frustrated and therefore Cubazukar were not in breach. Commemoration The commemoration of the coup is associated with competing narratives about its causes and effects. The coup has been commemorated by detractors and supporters in various ways. On 11 September 1975, Pinochet lit the Llama de la Libertad (Flame of Liberty) to commemorate the coup. This flame was extinguished in 2004.http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2003/10/08/125557/ministerio-de-defensa-pagara-el-gas-de-la-llama-de-la-libertad.html Ministerio de Defensa pagará el gas de la llama de la libertad Emol 8 October 2003 El Mercurio 3 February 2016 es 10 February 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160210004542/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2003/10/08/125557/ministerio-de-defensa-pagara-el-gas-de-la-llama-de-la-libertad.html live http://archivo.abc.com.py/2004-10-19/articulos/140158/apagan-la-llama-eterna-de-la-libertad-encendida-por-pinochet ABC Color Apagan la 'Llama Eterna de la Libertad' encendida por Pinochet 19 October 2004 22 February 2013 es 8 December 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20151208050215/http://archivo.abc.com.py/2004-10-19/articulos/140158/apagan-la-llama-eterna-de-la-libertad-encendida-por-pinochet dead Avenida Nueva Providencia in Providencia, Santiago, was renamed Avenida 11 de Septiembre in 1980. http://www.24horas.cl/nacional/comienza-cambio-de-senaletica-por-nueva-providencia-744252 Municipio cambia de señalética de avenida por 'Nueva Providencia' 14 July 2013 15 July 2013 24 Horas es 11 November 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20141111212112/http://www.24horas.cl/nacional/comienza-cambio-de-senaletica-por-nueva-providencia-744252 live In the 30th anniversary of the coup President Ricardo Lagos inaugurated the Morandé 80 entrance to La Moneda. This entrance to the presidential palace had been erased during the repairs the dictatorship did to the building after the bombing.http://lanacion.cl/2003/09/11/la-moneda-abrio-su-puerta-a-la-memoria/ La Moneda abrió su puerta a la memoria Historico 24 July 2017 1 December 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043812/http://lanacion.cl/2003/09/11/la-moneda-abrio-su-puerta-a-la-memoria/ dead 40th anniversary The 40th anniversary of the coup in 2013 was particularly intense.Waldman Gilda 2014 A cuarenta años del golpe militar en Chile. Reflexiones en torno a conmemoraciones y memorias Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales 59 221 243–265 10.1016/S0185-1918(14)70823-2 es free That year the name of Avenida 11 de Septiembre was reversed to the original Avenida Nueva Providencia. The Association of Chilean Magistrates issued a public statement in early September 2013 recognizing the past unwillingness of judges to protect those persecuted by dictatorship. On 11 September 2013 hundreds of Chileans posed as dead in the streets of Santiago in remembrance of the ones "disappeared" by the dictatorship. The centre-left opposition refused to attend the commemoration event organized by Sebastián Piñera's right-wing government, organizing a separate event instead. Osvaldo Andrade of the Socialist Party explained that attendance was not viable as Piñera's government was "packed with passive accomplices" of the dictatorship.1 September 2013 Chile: oposición no asistirá al acto del Gobierno de conmemoración del golpe militar https://www.americaeconomia.com/politica-sociedad/politica/chile-oposicion-no-asistira-al-acto-del-gobierno-de-conmemoracion-del-gol América Economía 2 December 2017 December 10, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171210232053/https://www.americaeconomia.com/politica-sociedad/politica/chile-oposicion-no-asistira-al-acto-del-gobierno-de-conmemoracion-del-gol dead Some right-wing politicians also declined the invitation.Barreno Jorge 9 September 2013 Plantón a Piñera en el acto de conmemoración del golpe militar http://www.elmundo.es/america/2013/09/09/noticias/1378742753.html 3 December 2017 El Mundo es 10 December 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20171210123625/http://www.elmundo.es/america/2013/09/09/noticias/1378742753.html live Presidential candidate Michelle Bachelet planned to spend the day visiting Museum of Memory and Human Rights. President Piñera held an unusual speech in which he denounced "passive accomplices" like news reporters who deliberately changed or omitted the truth and judges who rejected recursos de amparos that could have saved lives. People who knew things or could have known things but decided to stay quiet were also criticized as passive accomplices in Piñera's speech. Many new films, theatre plays, and photography expositions were held to cast light on the abuses and censorship of the dictatorship.http://www.elpais.com.uy/mundo/protesta-aniversario-golpe-chile.html Protesta a 40 años del golpe en Chile www.elpais.com.uy 23 July 2017 29 July 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170729102613/http://www.elpais.com.uy/mundo/protesta-aniversario-golpe-chile.html live The number of new books published on the subject in 2013 was such that it constituted an editorial boom. The Museum of Memory and Human Rights also displayed a collection of declassified CIA, FBI, Defense Department, and White House records illustrating the U.S. role in the dictatorship and the coup.Chile: Secrets of State Peter Kornbluh National Security Archive https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2017-09-11/chile-secrets-state 6 August 2018 11 September 2017 Conferences and seminars on the subject of coup were also held. Various series and interviews with politicians about the coup and the dictatorship were aired on Chilean TV in 2013. 50th anniversary thumb|Pro–Pinochet protester holding a sign with Pinochet's face that says "We want order" in May 2023. In the background, there is another sign with Allende's face. Ahead of the 50th anniversary of the coup in 2023, the United States, under the Biden administration, declassified President Nixon's daily briefs on Chile from 8 to 11 September 1973. The document for 8 September read: "A number of reports have been received... indicating the possibility of an early military coup. Navy men plotting to overthrow the government now claim army and air force support." It further noted that the far-right paramilitary group, Fatherland and Freedom, "has been blocking roads and provoking clashes with the national police, adding to the tension caused by continuing strikes and opposition political moves. President Allende earlier this week said he believed the armed forces will ask for his resignation if he does not change his economic and political policies."11 September 2023 50 Years After the Coup in Chile, the U.S. Has Finally Declassified Documents Relating to Its Role Johnson Jake https://inthesetimes.com/article/chile-coup-1973-pinochet-allende-documents-declassified 11 September 2023 In These Times en 13 September 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230913075128/https://inthesetimes.com/article/chile-coup-1973-pinochet-allende-documents-declassified live The week before the anniversary, Chilean President Gabriel Boric, along with all four living former presidentsEduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, Ricardo Lagos, Michelle Bachelet, and Sebastian Piñerasigned a declaration titled "Commitment: For Democracy, Forever", stating that it should "confront the challenges of democracy with more democracy" and it should defend and promote human rights.September 9, 2023 Gabriel Boric y cuatro ex presidentes firmaron un 'compromiso por la democracia' a 50 años del golpe en Chile https://www.clarin.com/mundo/gabriel-boric-ex-presidentes-firmaron-compromiso-democracia-50-anos-golpe-chile_0_cQANRxgNxF.html September 9, 2023 Clarín 8 September 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230908184216/https://www.clarin.com/mundo/gabriel-boric-ex-presidentes-firmaron-compromiso-democracia-50-anos-golpe-chile_0_cQANRxgNxF.html live September 9, 2023 Boric y cuatro expresidentes chilenos firman una carta conjunta por los 50 años del golpe de Pinochet https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/boric-y-cuatro-expresidentes-chilenos-firman-una-carta-conjunta-por-los-50-anos-del-golpe-de-nid07092023/ September 7, 2023 La Nacíon (Argentina) 8 September 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230908184215/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/boric-y-cuatro-expresidentes-chilenos-firman-una-carta-conjunta-por-los-50-anos-del-golpe-de-nid07092023/ live The right-wing opposition called it "biased" and refused to sign it.https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/09/08/politically-divided-chile-commemorates-50th-anniversary-of-military-coup_6130027_4.html Politically divided Chile commemorates 50th anniversary of military coup Flora Genoux Buenos Aires 8 September 2023 Le Monde 9 September 2023 8 September 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230909083233/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/09/08/politically-divided-chile-commemorates-50th-anniversary-of-military-coup_6130027_4.html live On the day of the anniversary, Boric, Bachelet, and many world leaders, including Mexico's Andrés Manuel López Obrador, Portugal's António Costa, Colombia's Gustavo Petro, Bolivia's Luis Arce, and Uruguay's Luis Lacalle Pou attended a commemoration in La Moneda presidential palace to commemorate the coup and its aftermath. Others who attended were former Uruguayan president José Mujica and lead Rage Against the Machine guitarist Tom Morello, who said that the United States "shares responsibility" for the coup.11 September 2023 A 50 años del golpe de Estado en Chile, mandatarios y personalidades de todo el mundo se reúnen en La Moneda para los actos de homenaje https://www.clarin.com/mundo/50-anos-golpe-chile-mandatarios-personalidades-mundo-reunen-moneda-actos-homenaje_0_e7Xc593j3x.html 12 September 2023 Clarín 12 September 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230912030751/https://www.clarin.com/mundo/50-anos-golpe-chile-mandatarios-personalidades-mundo-reunen-moneda-actos-homenaje_0_e7Xc593j3x.html live Mango Agustín 11 September 2023 Tom Morello goes to Chile for 50th anniversary of Pinochet coup https://buenosairesherald.com/world/latin-america/tom-morello-goes-to-chile-for-50th-anniversary-of-pinochet-coup 13 September 2023 Buenos Aires Herald en-US 12 September 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230912195250/https://buenosairesherald.com/world/latin-america/tom-morello-goes-to-chile-for-50th-anniversary-of-pinochet-coup live At the commemoration, Boric said:Vergara Eva Politi Daniel Associated Press 11 September 2023 Chile president defends democracy 50 years after coup ushered in brutal dictatorship https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/chile-president-defends-democracy-50-years-after-coup-ushered-in-brutal-dictatorship 13 September 2023 PBS NewsHour en-us 12 September 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230912201249/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/chile-president-defends-democracy-50-years-after-coup-ushered-in-brutal-dictatorship live A coup d'état or the violation of the human rights of those who think differently is never justifiable. It is crucial to clearly state that the coup d'état cannot be separated from what came afterward. Human-rights violations of Chilean men and women began right from the moment of the coup [...] It was a dictatorship until the end [...] Reconciliation is not achieved through neutrality or distance but by unequivocally standing with those who were victims of the horror. Reconciliation, dear compatriots, does not involve attempting to equate the responsibilities between victims and perpetrators. Surveys showed that 60% of Chileans surveyed were not interested in the commemoration,September 11, 2023 Chile president defends democracy 50 years after coup ushered in brutal military dictatorship https://apnews.com/article/chile-coup-anniversary-pinochet-allende-boric-c00adad8026a5dc54f2834ef9c31fb8a September 12, 2023 Associated Press while another poll claimed that nearly 40% believed Pinochet "modernised" the country. Other data found that more than a third of Chileans believed the coup was justified.September 11, 2023 A half-century after Gen. Augusto Pinochet's coup, some in Chile remember the dictatorship fondly https://apnews.com/article/chile-pinochet-dictatorship-5d500715f016804990d0898ff6d89907 September 12, 2023 Associated Press 12 September 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230912173232/https://apnews.com/article/chile-pinochet-dictatorship-5d500715f016804990d0898ff6d89907 live September 11, 2023 A divided Chile marks 50 years since Pinochet's bloody military coup https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/divided-chile-marks-50-years-since-pinochets-bloody-military-coup-2023-09-11/ September 12, 2023 Reuters 12 September 2023 https://web.archive.org/web/20230912082901/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/divided-chile-marks-50-years-since-pinochets-bloody-military-coup-2023-09-11/ live See also 1970 Chilean presidential election Allende en su laberinto Cuban packages – arms smuggling from Cuba Operation Condor Operation TOUCAN (KGB) – secret KGB operations in Chile Orlando Letelier Carlos Prats Patio 29 Project FUBELT – secret CIA operations to unseat Allende. René Schneider Rettig Report United States intervention in Chile Valech Report United States involvement in regime change in Latin America Films and documentaries Bear Story Bestia The Border Crossing: Der Übergang, a DEFA drama Chicago Boys Colonia Ecos del Desierto Invisible Heroes Machuca Missing (1982 film) ¡Nae pasaran! No ReMastered: Massacre at the Stadium The Battle of Chile The Black Pimpernel The House of the Spirits Wild Horse Nine Further reading Jonathan Haslam: The Nixon Administration and the Death of Allende's Chile (2005) Notes References 30em Bibliography Bawden John R. https://books.google.com/books?id=ELScDAAAQBAJ The Pinochet generation: the Chilean military in the twentieth century 2016 The University of Alabama Press 978-0-8173-1928-1 Tuscaloosa Collier Simon https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx8iIxafDVYC A history of Chile, 1808–1994 Sater William F. 1996 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-56827-2 Faúndez Julio https://books.google.com/books?id=jZ4_EAAAQBAJ Marxism and democracy in Chile: from 1932 to the fall of Allende 1988 Yale University Press 978-0-300-04024-1 Camus Ignacio González https://books.google.com/books?id=H3doDwAAQBAJ El día en que murió Allende CESOC 1988 978-9-563-24196-9 Santiago es The day that Allende Died González Mónica Mónica González (journalist) https://books.google.com/books?id=9gZNDwAAQBAJ La conjura: los mil y un dias del golpe 2012 Ediciones Universidad Diego Portales 978-956-324-134-1 Periodismo de Investigación Santiago de Chile es The conspiracy: the thousand and one days of the coup Hoogvelt Ankie M. M. https://books.google.com/books?id=WCFHEAAAQBAJ Globalization and the Postcolonial World: The New Political Economy of Development Bloomsbury Publishing 2017 978-1-137-06331-1 1997 Karamessines Thomas 1970 Operating guidance cable on coup plotting in Chile https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch05-01.htm United States National Security Council Washington Hurtado Torres Sebastián Chile y Estados Unidos, 1964-1973. Una nueva mirada Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos 10 October 2016 10.4000/nuevomundo.69698 https://journals.openedition.org/nuevomundo/69698 es free Chile and the United States, 1964–1973: A New Perspective Juan Paulo Iglesias Sebastián Hurtado, historiador: 'Estados Unidos no tuvo participación directa en el Golpe, pero sí quería que Allende cayera' https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-sabado/noticia/sebastian-hurtado-historiador-estados-unidos-no-tuvo-participacion-directa-en-el-golpe-pero-si-queria-que-allende-cayera/3UXITS4IUNB3RPPB57ILMYDO64/ La Tercera 12 January 2025 es 25 August 2023 12 September 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20240912221446/https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-sabado/noticia/sebastian-hurtado-historiador-estados-unidos-no-tuvo-participacion-directa-en-el-golpe-pero-si-queria-que-allende-cayera/3UXITS4IUNB3RPPB57ILMYDO64/ live Sebastián Hurtado, historian: “The United States did not play a direct role in the coup, but it did want Allende to fall.” Kirkpatrick Jeane Jeane Kirkpatrick November 1979 Dictatorships and Double Standards Dictatorships and Double Standards Commentary 34–45 68 5 Kissinger Henry Henry Kissinger November 9, 1970 National Security Decision 93: Policy Towards Chile https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch09-01.htm United States National Security Council Washington 978-9-56347-637-8 La CIA en Chile 1970-1973 Carlos Basso Prieto Aguilar 2013 Chile es The CIA in Chile, 1970–1973 Kornbluh Peter Peter Kornbluh The Pinochet file: a declassified dossier on atrocity and accountability The Pinochet File 2003 The New Press 978-1-56584-586-2 New York Norton-Taylor Richard Richard Norton-Taylor July 8, 1999 Truth will out: Unearthing the declassified documents in America which give the lie to Lady Thatcher's outburst https://www.theguardian.com/comment/story/0,3604,289701,00.html The Guardian Nove Alec Alexander Nove https://books.google.com/books?id=NWn4BbCEH6gC Socialism, Economics and Development Routledge 2012 978-1-136-58266-0 Petras James F. James Petras How Allende fell: a study in U.S.–Chilean relations Morley Morris H. 1974 Spokesman Books 978-0-85124-090-9 Nottingham Sigmund Paul E. Development and cultural change: cross-cultural perspectives 1986 Paragon House 978-0-89226-041-6 Kim Ilpyong J. 2nd An Icus Book Science and values series New York 159–178 6: Development Strategies in Chile, 1964–1983: The Lessons of Failure Valenzuela J. Samuel Development and underdevelopment: the political economy of inequality Valenzuela Arturo 1993 L. Rienner Publishers 978-1-55587-400-1 Seligson Mitchell A. 203–216 Modernisation and Dependency: Alternative Perspectives in the Study of Latin-American Underdevelopment Passé-Smith John T. External links Intelligence Memorandum: Allende's Chile: The Widening Supply-Demand Gap Cronología, Salvador-Allende.cl, originally published in Archivo Salvador Allende, number 14. An extensive Spanish-language site providing a day-by-day chronology of the Allende era. This is clearly a partisan, pro-Allende source, but the research and detail are enormous. es National Security Archive's Chile Documentation Project, which provides documents obtained from FOIA requests regarding U.S. involvement in Chile, beginning with attempts to promote a coup in 1970 and continuing through U.S. support for Pinochet US Dept. of State FOIA Church Report (Covert Action in Chile) 11 September 1973, When US-Backed Pinochet Forces Took Power in Chile – video report by Democracy Now! Miliband, Ralph (11 September 2015). The Coup in Chile. Jacobin. En-1973ChileanCoup-article.ogg 2017-11-27 Coup d'etat Chilean Coup D'etat Category:1970s in Santiago, Chile Category:Central Intelligence Agency operations Category:Chile–United States relations Category:Cold War in South America Category:Cold War conflicts Chilean Coup D'etat Category:Counter-revolution Category:Dirty wars Category:False flag operations Category:Labor disputes in Chile Category:Last stands Category:Henry Kissinger Category:Coups d'état in Chile Category:Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990) Category:Presidency of Salvador Allende Category:September 1973 in South America Category:United States involvement in regime change