1976 in science

none December 2009 1976 science 1976 The year 1976 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy and space exploration March – Faber–Jackson relation presented by astronomers Sandra M. Faber and Robert Earl Jackson.https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976ApJ...204..668F/abstract Velocity dispersions and mass-to-light ratios for elliptical galaxies S. M. Faber R. E. Jackson Astrophysical Journal 204 668–683 1976 10.1086/154215 1976ApJ...204..668F June 18 – Gravity Probe A, a satellite-based experiment to test Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, is launched. July 20 – Viking program: The Viking 1 lander successfully lands on Mars. July 31 – NASA releases the famous 'Face on Mars' photograph, taken by Viking 1 August 7 – Viking program: Viking 2 enters into orbit around Mars. August 22 – Luna program: Luna 24 successfully makes an unmanned landing on the Moon, the last for 37 years. September 3 – Viking program: The Viking 2 spacecraft lands at Utopia Planitia on Mars and takes the first close-up color photographs of the planet's surface. September 17 – Space Shuttle Enterprise rolled out. Universe, a public domain film produced by Lester Novros for NASA, is released. Aviation January 21 – Concorde begins commercial flights. December 8 – First flight of production General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon. Chemistry May – Marion M. Bradford publishes the Bradford protein assay method.Bradford Marion 1976 A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantification of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding http://hoffman.cm.utexas.edu/courses/bradford_assay.pdf Analytical Biochemistry 72 1–2 248–254 Google Scholar 10.1006/abio.1976.9999 942051 Oberlin, Endo and Koyama publish evidence of the creation of carbon nanotubes using a vapor-growth technique.Filamentous growth of carbon through benzene decomposition http://www.kroto.info/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/1.M.ENdoJCrystalGrowth1976.pdf 10.1016/0022-0248(76)90115-9 A. Oberlin M. Endo T. Koyama 32 3 335–349 Journal of Crystal Growth 1976JCrGr..32..335O 2012-02-03 March 1976Carbon Fibers and Carbon Nanotubes Endo Morinobu Dresselhaus M. S. Mildred Dresselhaus 2002 http://web.mit.edu/tinytech/Nanostructures/Spring2003/MDresselhaus/i789.pdf 2012-02-03 2016-05-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20160528162542/http://web.mit.edu/tinytech/Nanostructures/Spring2003/MDresselhaus/i789.pdf Computer science January – The Cray-1, the first commercially developed supercomputer, is released by Seymour Cray's Cray Research. Model 001 is installed at Los Alamos National Laboratory in the United States. March – Peter Chen's key paper on the entity–relationship model is published, having first been presented at a conference in September 1975.Peter Pin-Shan Chen The Entity–Relationship Model – Toward A Unified View of Data ACM Transactions on Database Systems 1 1 March 1976 10.1145/320434.320440 9–36 52801746 April 1 – Apple Computer Company is formed by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in California and on April 11 they launch their first computer, the Apple I, for the U.S. hobbyist market. November 26 – Little-known company Microsoft is officially registered with the Office of the Secretary of State of New Mexico. December – Release of Electric Pencil (originated by Michael Shrayer), the first word processor for home computers. Cryptography November – An asymmetric-key cryptosystem is published by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman who disclose the Diffie–Hellman key exchange method of public-key agreement for public-key cryptography.Diffie Whitfield Hellman Martin E. New directions in cryptography IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 22 6 1976 644–654 https://www-ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/publications/24.pdf 10.1109/TIT.1976.1055638 2022-04-01 History of science and technology October 3 – Opening of the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of History and Technology in Washington, D.C.History of the Dibner Library http://library.si.edu/libraries/dibner/history Smithsonian Libraries Washington, D.C. 2014-01-08 Jean Gimpel's The Medieval Machine is published. Mathematics July 11 – Keuffel and Esser manufacture the last slide rule in the United States.11th July 1976 – Last slide rule manufactured today http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/6156/Last%20slide%20rule%20manufactured%20today Computing History The Centre for Computing History 2012-01-01 Imre Lakatos' Proofs and Refutations: the Logic of Mathematical Discovery is published posthumously.Tony Crilly 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know https://archive.org/details/50mathematicalid0000cril registration London Quercus 2007 978-1-84724-008-8 The four color theorem is proved by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken, the first major theorem to be proved using a computer. Andrei Suslin and Daniel Quillen independently prove the Quillen–Suslin theorem ("Serre's conjecture") about the triviality of algebraic vector bundles on affine space. George Andrews locates a long lost manuscript containing over six hundred mathematical formulas by Srinivasa Ramanujan from 1919-1920 in a collection of materials bequeathed by G. N. Watson in the Wren Library of Trinity College, Cambridge. Paleontology Fossil footprints of bipedal hominini from 3.6M years BP are found at Laetoli in Tanzania by Andrew Hill when visiting Mary Leakey.A Yale Tale: Fossil Footprints http://peabody.yale.edu/exhibits/fossil-fragments/history/fossil-footprints Fossil Footprints Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University 2005 2019-08-31 2020-11-07 https://web.archive.org/web/20201107223706/https://peabody.yale.edu/exhibits/fossil-fragments/history/fossil-footprints Physiology, medicine and psychology July 27 – Delegates attending an American Legion convention at The Bellevue-Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia, US, begin falling ill with a form of pneumonia: this will eventually be recognised as the first outbreak of Legionnaires' disease and will end in the deaths of 29 attendees. August 26 – The Ebola virus first emerges in outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in Yambuku, Zaire, followed by outbreaks in Sudan.10.1136/bmj.310.6991.1344 7787519 May 1995 Bennett D. Brown D. Ebola virus 310 6991 1344–1345 0959-8138 2549737 British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.) October 1–December 16 – Program of mass vaccination in the United States against the 1976 swine flu outbreak, suspended due to public fears over side-effects. October 28 – British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins' book The Selfish Gene is published, introducing the term memetics. Dementia with Lewy bodies is first described by Japanese psychiatrist and neuropathologist Kenji Kosaka.Kosaka, K. Oyanagi, S. Matsushita, M. Hori, A. Presenile dementia with Alzheimer-, Pick- and Lewy-body changes Acta Neuropathologica 36 3 221–233 1976 188300 10.1007/bf00685366 162001 The term Münchausen syndrome by proxy is first coined by John Money and June Faith Werlwas.Money John John Money Werlwas, June Folie à deux in the parents of psychosocial dwarfs: two cases Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 1976 4 4 351–362 1028417 Money John John Money Munchausen's Syndrome by Proxy: Update Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1986 11 4 583–584 10.1093/jpepsy/11.4.583 3559846 Norman F. Dixon publishes On the Psychology of Military Incompetence. Technology The first laser printer is introduced by IBM (the IBM 3800). Awards Nobel Prizes Physics – Burton Richter, Samuel C. C. Ting Chemistry – William N. Lipscomb Medicine – Baruch S. Blumberg, Daniel Carleton Gajdusek Turing Award – Michael O. Rabin, Dana Scott Births July 27 – Demis Hassabis, British artificial intelligence researcher. November 19 – Jack Dorsey, American web developer. Deaths January 19 – Hidetsugu Yagi (b. 1886), Japanese electrical engineer. February 1 Werner Heisenberg (b. 1901), German theoretical physicist. George Whipple (b. 1878), American pathologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934. April 5 – Wilder Penfield (b. 1891), American-Canadian neurosurgeon. April 21 – Carl Benjamin Boyer (b. 1906), American historian of mathematics. May 31 – Jacques Monod (b. 1910), French biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965. August 18 – Shintaro Uda (b. 1886), Japanese electrical engineer. October 5 – Lars Onsager (b. 1903), Norwegian American chemist. September 16 – Bertha Lutz (b. 1894), Brazilian herpetologist and women's rights campaigner. September 26 – Pál Turán (b. 1910), Hungarian mathematician. November 5 – Willi Hennig (b. 1913), German entomologist and pioneer of cladistics. References Category:20th century in science Category:1970s in science