1854 in science

none 1854 science 1854 The year 1854 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy July 22 – Discovery of the asteroid 30 Urania by John Russell Hind. October c. – George Airy calculates the mean density of the Earth by measuring the gravity in a coal mine in South Shields. Chemistry Benjamin Silliman of Yale University is the first person to fractionate petroleum into its individual components by distillation. Exploration January 4 – First definite sighting of McDonald Islands in the Antarctic. Mathematics March 26 – Playfair cipher first demonstrated, by Charles Wheatstone. George Boole's work on algebraic logic, An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities, published in London.Williams Hywel Cassell's Chronology of World History https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will registration London Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2005 0-304-35730-8 Arthur Cayley states the original version of Cayley's theorem and produces the first Cayley table.Cayley Arthur On the theory of groups as depending on the symbolic equation θn=1 Philosophical Magazine 7 4 40–47 1854Tony Crilly 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know London Quercus 2007 978-1-84724-008-8 152 Bernhard Riemann, a German mathematician, submits his habilitation thesis de Ueber die Darstellbarkeit einer Function durch eine trigonometrische Reihe ("About the representability of a function by a trigonometric series"), in which he describes the Riemann integral. It is published by Richard Dedekind in 1867.http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Riemann/Trig/ Riemann's Habilitationsschrift 2008-05-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20080520085248/http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Riemann/Trig/ 2008-05-20 live Medicine April–May – Dr John Snow traces the source of one outbreak of cholera in London (which kills 500) to a single water pump, validating his theory that cholera is water-borne, and forming the starting point for epidemiology. November – Florence Nightingale and her team of trained volunteer nurses arrive at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari in the Ottoman Empire to care for British Army troops invalided from the Crimean War.Baly Monica E. Monica Baly H. C. G. Matthew Colin Matthew Nightingale, Florence (1820–1910) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press 2004 http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35241?docPos=2 2011-06-20 Spanish-born vocal pedagogist Manuel García observes his own functioning glottis using a form of laryngoscope incorporating mirrors.Garcia Manuel Observations on the Human Voice 399–410 7 1855 111815 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 10.1098/rspl.1854.0094 5180321Teresa Radomski Manuel García (1805–1906): a bicentenary reflection Australian Voice 11 25–41 2005 PDF http://www.harmonicorde.com/Radomski%20Australian%20Voice.pdf 2012-02-07 Claude Bernard introduces the term Milieu intérieur in physiology. Microbiology Filippo Pacini, an Italian anatomist, discovers Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera.http://www.ph.ucla.edu/EPI/snow/firstdiscoveredcholera.html Who first discovered Vibrio cholera? Frerichs, Ralph R. 2001-08-05 UCLA School of Public Health 30 December 2007 https://web.archive.org/web/20080119141216/http://www.ph.ucla.edu/EPI/snow/firstdiscoveredcholera.html 19 January 2008 live Pacini's 1854 publication was titled "Osservazioni microscopiche e deduzioni patologiche sul cholera asiático" ("Microscopical observations and pathological deductions on cholera"). Louis Pasteur begins studying fermentation at the request of brewers. Technology thumb|Fink truss May 9 – Albert Fink patents the Fink truss in the United States.Frank Griggs The Inspirations of a German Immigrant: Albert Fink http://bridgeworld.net/wordpress/archives/docs/20060522.pdf Structure National Council of Structural Engineers Associations 52–4 2011-08-16 May 2006 May 17 – Deck of Wheeling Suspension Bridge in the United States destroyed through torsional movement and vertical undulations in a severe windstorm. June 13 – Anthony Faas patents improvements to the accordion in the United States.Patent no. 11062. July – First voyage by a seagoing steamship fitted with a compound steam engine, the screw steamer Brandon, built on the River Clyde in Scotland by John Elder.http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/mlemen/mlemen031.htm 118 2011-06-16 Memoirs and portraits of one hundred Glasgow men John Elder, 1824-1869 1886 Glasgow James MacLehose & Sons September 19 – Thaddeus Hyatt patents a practical pavement light.Hyatt Thaddeus 1854-09-19. Vault cover US 11695 http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=11,695 https://web.archive.org/web/20171008130236/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=11,695 2017-10-08 November 27 – André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri patents a method of producing carte de visite photographs in France. December 20 – In the case of Talbot v. Laroche, pioneer of photography Henry Fox Talbot fails in asserting that the collodion process infringes his calotype patent.The Calotype Patent Lawsuit of Talbot v. Laroche 1854 Wood, R. D. privately published Bromley, Kent 1975 http://www.midleykent.fsnet.co.uk/laroche/TalbotvLaroche.htm 0-9504377-0-0 2010-10-18 2008-01-02 https://web.archive.org/web/20080102053045/http://www.midleykent.fsnet.co.uk/laroche/TalbotvLaroche.htm dead James Ambrose Cutting takes out three United States patents for improvements to the wet plate collodion process (Ambrotype photography). Elisha Otis completes work on the safety elevator. Joseph Whitworth patents polygonal rifling for ordnance in the United Kingdom. Events 10 June – The Crystal Palace reopens in Sydenham, South LondonPenguin Pocket On This Day Penguin Reference Library 0-14-102715-0 2006 with life-size dinosaur models in the grounds. Awards Copley Medal: Johannes Peter MüllerCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 23 July 2020 en Wollaston Medal for Geology: Richard John Griffith Births January 27 – George Alexander Gibson (died 1913), Scottish physician and geologist. January 29 – Fred Baker (died 1938), American physician and naturalist. February 9 – Aletta Jacobs (died 1929), Dutch physician and women's suffrage activist. March 4 – Napier Shaw (died 1945), English meteorologist. March 15 – Emil Adolf von Behring (died 1917), German physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901. March 31 – Dugald Clerk (died 1932), Scottish mechanical engineer. April 28 – Phoebe Marks, later Hertha Ayrton (died 1923), English electrical engineer.Catharine M. C. Haines International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950 Santa Barbara ABC-CLIO 2001 978-1-57607-090-1 12 April 29 – Henri Poincaré (died 1912), French mathematician. May 11 – Ottmar Mergenthaler (died 1899), German-born inventor. June 13 – Charles Algernon Parsons (died 1931), British inventor of the steam turbine. July 12 – George Eastman (suicide 1932), American photographic inventor. July 23 – Birt Acres (died 1918), American-born cinematographic inventor. July 28 – Victor Babeș (died 1926), Austrian-born Romanian physician and bacteriologist. October 3 – Hermann Struve (died 1920), Russian-born astronomer. Deaths January 16 – Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré (born 1789), French botanist. April 15 – Arthur Aikin (born 1773), English chemist and mineralogist. July 6 – Georg Ohm (born 1789), German physicist. September 28 – George Field (born c.1777), English colour chemist. October 27 – Golding Bird (born 1814), English physician. November 18 – Edward Forbes (born 1815), Manx naturalist. References Category:19th century in science Category:1850s in science