1461 L'Aquila earthquake

Earthquake in the Abruzzo region of Italy 1461 L'Aquila earthquake yes 27 November 1461 Italy#Abruzzo 6.4 42.308 13.543 inline,title Italy (Abruzzo region) IX ≥ 80 deaths On 27 November 1461, a powerful earthquake and series of aftershocks struck Italy's Abruzzo region along the Aterno River. The tremors caused widespread damage to Abruzzo's capital, L'Aquila, and the surrounding villages. At least 80 people are recorded to have died and numerous people were injured by the earthquakes. https://www.italyheritage.com/magazine/articles/history/1461-earthquake.htm The Earthquake of Aquila in 1461 Italy Heritage 20 May 2019 31 May 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20190531000440/https://www.italyheritage.com/magazine/articles/history/1461-earthquake.htm dead The quakes also caused major, permanent damage to religious sites and changed politics for L'Aquila and the Abruzzo region. Tectonic setting The Central Apennines are currently undergoing southwest–northeast directed extension. This has resulted in a series of northwest–southeast trending normal faults and associated sedimentary basins, mainly half-graben in type. The current period of extensional tectonics began in the Pliocene, replacing the previously active thrust tectonics that had resulted from collision between the Apennine continental lithosphere (rifted off Eurasia) and the Adriatic plate. The current extension is thought to be caused by trench rollback of Adriatic oceanic lithosphere.Carminati E. Lustrino M. Cuffaro M. Doglioni C. 2010 Beltrando M. Peccerillo A. Mattei M. Conticelli S. Tectonics, magmatism and geodynamics of Italy: What we know and what we imagine https://virtualexplorer.com.au/article/2010/226/tectonic-magmatic-geodynamic/index.html Journal of the Virtual Explorer, Electronic Edition 36 9 10.3809/jvirtex.2010.00226 1441-8142 subscription The earlier set of thrust faults also have a northwest–southeast trend and some of these structures may have been directly reactivated during the subsequent extension.Gori S. Falcucci E. Ladina C. Marzorati S. Galadini F. 2017 Active faulting, 3-D geological architecture and Plio-Quaternary structural evolution of extensional basins in the central Apennine chain, Italy Solid Earth 8 2 319–337 10.5194/se-8-319-2017 free 2017SolE....8..319G The area has been affected by many historical earthquakes resulting from this active extension, including the 1703 and 2009 earthquakes.10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05233.x 2011GeoJI.187.1119G Palaeoseismology of the L'Aquila faults (central Italy, 2009, Mw 6.3 earthquake): implications for active fault linkage Geophysical Journal International 187 Paolo Galli Biagi Giaccio Paolo Messina Edoardo Peronace Giovanni Zuppi 3 29 April 2011 1121 free Earthquake The sequence began when a foreshock hit the Aterno River valley on 16 November before two much larger tremors struck on the 27th, a few hours apart beginning at 21:05 (although some historical sources say just after 05:00 https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=zGgoAQAAMAAJ&hl=en&pg=GBS.PP7 Vulcani e fenomeni vulcanici in Italia A. Forni 289 Giuseppe Mercalli 1883 25 May 2019 ). The main shock had an estimated magnitude of 6.4, with its epicenter very close to the village of Poggio Picenze near the Aterno river south-east of L'Aquila. https://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/7383/1/Ciuccarelli%20et%20al_AISU2011.PDF National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Section of Bologna Scenari sismici ricorrenti? Gli effetti dei terremoti del 1461, 1703 e 2009 nell'area urbana de L'Aquila it 1–5 Cecilia Ciuccarelli Mario Bianchi Alberto Comastri Dante Mariotti Emanuela Guidoboni 25 May 2019 The quake sent many residents of Abruzzo running out of their houses in the night, and two hours later it was followed by a powerful aftershock which further destroyed L'Aquila's already severely-damaged buildings. Aftershocks continued very frequently into mid-December and proved ruinous for the region. Around 20:00 on 17 December another strong aftershock collapsed more houses in L'Aquila, leaving more residents homeless and fearful of further collapses. Destruction was also very severe in Abruzzo's countryside. The villages of Poggio Picenze, Onna, Sant'Eusanio Forconese, Castelnuovo and their castles (all within 8 kilometers of the main shock's epicenter) were completely wiped out by the violent shaking. http://www.quakes.bgs.ac.uk/news/laquila_verdict.html The L'Aquila Trial Verdict British Geological Survey: Natural Environment Research Council 25 May 2019 Many residents of L'Aquila and the surrounding villages fled into the countryside to makeshift encampments, prudent of aftershocks. Ancient and Medieval Earthquakes in the Area of L'Aquila (Northwestern Abruzzo, Central Italy), A.D. 1–1500: A Critical Revision of the Historical and Archaeological Data 1609 Emanuela Guidoboni Alberto Comastri Dante Mariotti Cecilia Ciuccarelli Mario Bianchi August 2012 Quakes continued to plague the Abruzzo region into March 1462, causing much panic and paranoia among the population. Many residents refused to return to their unstable homes because of the frequent tremors, opting to transfer their tents from the countryside into town squares to avoid collapsing masonry. Aftermath thumb|left|The dome of Santa Maria di Collemaggio collapsed. At least 80 people are believed to have died in L'Aquila in the main earthquake and aftershocks. Many of the city's churches suffered partial collapses including Santo Dominico, Santo Francisco, Santo Agostina, and Santo Salvestro. The dome of Santa Maria di Collemaggio collapsed, as well as many of the ceiling vaults of the hospital. A side of Santo Massimo collapsed onto and destroyed an adjacent bishopry. A bell tower also collapsed in the Santa Maria district. 26% of L'Aquila's buildings totally collapsed in the quakes and more than 60% suffered partial collapses or serious damage. 70% of L'Aquila's destroyed buildings were on the western half of the city around the districts of San Giovanni and San Pierto, which took on the greatest damage. The earthquakes also had strong socio-political consequences. The obliterated villages and damaged city bordered the Kingdom of Naples, and military correspondence from an agent to the Duke of Milan reveals that preachers used the earthquake as propaganda to intimidate the population of Abruzzo into obedience to the King of Naples, Ferdinand I of Aragon. References Category:1461 in Europe Category:15th century in Italy Category:L'Aquila Category:Medieval Abruzzo Category:15th-century earthquakes Category:Disasters in Abruzzo