1928 Grand Prix season

Grand Prix season 1928 Grand Prix season 1927 1929 The 1928 Grand Prix season saw the Monegasque driver Louis Chiron, and his Bugatti, take seven Grand Prix victories. thumb|200px|right|Louis Chiron, top driver of 1928 For 1928, the AIACR abandoned its 1.5-litre formula. Manufacturer interest was low, not helped by the increasing economic downturn. Instead cars would have to be between 550 and 750 kg to an open engine-formula. Originally, the World Manufacturers' Championship was planned on seven national races but as the year went on, five were cancelled and only the Indianapolis 500 and Italian Grand Prix were held. Falling under the mandatory races, the whole championship was cancelled. With the win for Bentley in the 1927 Le Mans and the success of the inaugural Mille Miglia road-race grabbing the public's attention, more races turned to sports- and touring-car racing. The season is remembered primarily for a deadly accident at the Italian Grand Prix. The Talbot of Emilio Materassi swerved off the road at 200 km/h, rolled a number of times and crashed into the crowd, killing Materassi and 22 other people. The accident was the greatest single loss of life in motor-racing history to that time, and still the second worst to date, after the 1955 Le Mans disaster. With the open formula, the Bugatti Type 35, and its variants was the dominant car. Talbot, Maserati and Alfa Romeo all had some success, but it was Bugattis that filled the entry-lists across Europe. Albert Divo won the Targa Florio for Bugatti's fourth successive year, after a well-prepared challenge from female Czech driver Eliška Junková. A month earlier, top Italian driver Pietro Bordino was killed in practice for the Alessandria Circuit. The rounds of the Italian Drivers Championship attracted many of the best drivers. A close contest developed between Chiron and Nuvolari (both Bugatti), Materassi (Talbot) and Campari (Alfa Romeo), with Campari taking the title. In the United States, the Indianapolis 500 was won by rookie Louis Meyer in a Miller. He went on to be crowned the season's AAA Champion. Grandes Épreuves Date Name Circuit RaceRegulations Weather RaceDistance Winner'sTime Winning driver Winningconstructor Fastestlap Report 3 30 May USA 1912 XVI International 500 Mile Sweepstakes Indianapolis AAA ? 500 miles 5h 02m USA 1912 Louis Meyer Miller 91 not recorded Report 1 Jul FRA XXII Grand Prix de l’ACF IV Grand Prix du Comminges Saint-GaudensFrench Circuits http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t1.htm#LA_GAUDENS 2020-04-21 2020-06-08 https://web.archive.org/web/20200608015614/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t1.htm#LA_GAUDENS dead sports,handicap ? 260 km 2h 28m GBR William Grover-Williams(“W. Williams”) Bugatti Type 35C GBR William Grover-WilliamsBugatti Report 15 Jul Germany Weimar III Großer Preis von Deutschland Nürburgring sports ? 510 km 4h 54m Germany Weimar Rudolf CaracciolaGermany Weimar Christian Werner Mercedes-Benz SS Germany Weimar Rudolf CaracciolaMercedes-Benz Report 29 Jul ESP 1874 IV Spanish Grand Prix Lasarte sports,handicap ? 270 km 2h 25m MCO Louis Chiron Bugatti Type 35C not recorded Report 10 9 Sep ITA 1861 VIII Italian Grand Prix /VI European Grand Prix Monza Formula Libre cloudy 600 km 3h 45m MCO Louis Chiron Bugatti Type 37A ITA 1861 Luigi ArcangeliTalbot Report A pink background indicates the race was run for Sports Cars or Touring Cars this year. Sources:1928 Season http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp28.htm 2020-08-21Speedfreaks.org http://www.dlg.speedfreaks.org/archive/gen/1928.html https://web.archive.org/web/20150405025213/http://www.dlg.speedfreaks.org/archive/gen/1928.html 2020-08-21 2015-04-05Rendall 1993, p.360ChampCar Stats http://www.champcarstats.com/year/1928.htm 2020-08-21MotorSport AAA results https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/database/championships/indycars/1928-aaa-national-championship 2020-08-216th Gear http://www.forix.com/8w/6thgear/gp-yby.html#1928 2020-08-21La Targa Florio http://www.targaflorio.info/19.htm 2020-08-21World Sports Racing Prototypes http://www.wsrp.cz/prewar1928.html 2020-09-15 Major Races Date Name Circuit RaceRegulations Weather RaceDistance Winner'sTime Winning driver Winningconstructor Report 11 MarGolden Era of Grand Prix Racing http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2801.htm#6 2020-08-21 2020-01-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20200129204319/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2801.htm#6 dead/31 MarTeamDan http://www.teamdan.com/archive/gen/1928.html https://web.archive.org/web/20081027015345/http://www.teamdan.com/archive/gen/1928.html 2020-08-21 2008-10-27 Kingdom of Italy IV Gran Premio di Tripoli TagiuraAfrican Circuits http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t9.htm#TRIPOLI 2020-04-21 2020-02-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20200218010002/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t9.htm#TRIPOLI dead Formula Libre sunny 420 km 3h 20m ITA 1861 Tazio Nuvolari Bugatti Type 35C Report 25 Mar ITA 1861 III Circuito del Pozzo VeronaItalian Circuits http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t3.htm#POZZO 2020-04-21 2019-10-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20191019211012/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t3.htm#POZZO dead Formula Libre rain 310 km 2h 41m ITA 1861 Tazio Nuvolari Bugatti Type 35C Report 26 Mar AUS 100 Miles Road Race Phillip IslandAustralian Circuits http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t9.htm#PHILLIP_ISLAND 2020-08-21 2020-02-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20200218010002/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t9.htm#PHILLIP_ISLAND dead Formula Libre2x handicap races sunny 100 miles 1h 47m AUS Capt Arthur Waite Austin 7 Report 9 Apr FRA I Grand Prix d’Antibes-Juan-les-Pins La GaroupeFrench Circuits http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t1.htm#ANTIBES 2020-08-21 2020-06-08 https://web.archive.org/web/20200608015614/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t1.htm#ANTIBES dead Formula Libre sunny 310 km 4h 11m MCO Louis Chiron Bugatti Type 35B Report 1 22 Apr/24 Apr ITA 1861 V Circuito di Alessandria AlessandriaItalian Circuits http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t3.htm#ALVACA 2020-04-21 2019-10-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20191019211012/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t3.htm#ALVACA dead Formula Libre cold, showers 260 km 2h 31m ITA 1861 Tazio Nuvolari Bugatti Type 35C Report 2 6 May ITA 1861 XIX Targa Florio ITA 1861 XI Coppa FlorioThe Targa Florio and the Coppa Florio were run simultaneously over the same route. Medio MadonieItalian Circuits http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t3.htm#MADONIEM 2020-04-21 2019-10-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20191019211012/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t3.htm#MADONIEM dead Targa Florio sunny 540 km 7h 21m FRA Albert Divo Bugatti Type 35B Report French Algeria I Grand Prix d’Algèrie StaouéliItalian Circuits http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t9.htm#STAOUELI 2020-08-21 2020-02-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20200218010002/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t9.htm#STAOUELI dead Formula Libre rain 360 km 3h 53m FRA Marcel Lehoux Bugatti Type 35C Report 13 May ITA 1861 II Coppa Messina Monti PeloritaniItalian Circuits http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t3.htm#MESSINA 2020-04-21 2019-10-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20191019211012/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t3.htm#MESSINA dead Formula Libre sunny 360 km 4h 49m CHE Edwald Probst Bugatti Type 37A Report 16 May FRA I Coupe de Bourgogne Dijon Formula Libre ? 490 km ? FRA Jannine Jennky Bugatti Type 35C Report 20 May ITA 1861 III Coppa Etna CataniaItalian Circuits http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t3.htm#GELSO 2020-04-21 2019-10-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20191019211012/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t3.htm#GELSO dead Formula Libre ? 350 km 3h 35m ITA 1861 Baconin Borzacchini Maserati 26B Report BEL III Grand Prix des Frontières ChimayBelgian Circuits http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t6.htm#CHIMAY 2020-08-21 2013-02-05 https://web.archive.org/web/20130205023448/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t6.htm#CHIMAY dead Voiturette ? 220 km 2h 01m FRA Yves Giraud-Cabantous Salmson GS Report 3 Jun TUN I Grand Prix de Tunisie Le BardoItalian Circuits http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t9.htm#BARDO 2020-08-21 2020-02-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20200218010002/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t9.htm#BARDO dead Formula Libre hot 320 km 2h 39m FRA Marcel Lehoux Bugatti Type 35C Report ITA 1861 VIII Circuito del Mugello (Targa Giulio Masetti)1928 Coppa Etna http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2805.htm 2020-09-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20160121015410/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2805.htm 2016-01-21 dead MugelloItalian Circuits http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t3.htm#MUGELLO 2020-08-21 2019-10-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20191019211012/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t3.htm#MUGELLO dead Formula Libre sunny 370 km 5h 15m ITA 1861 Emilio Materassi Talbot 700 Report 410 Jun ITA 1861 IV Premio Reale di Roma Tre FontaneItalian Circuits http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t3.htm#TER_FONTANE 2020-08-21 2019-10-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20191019211012/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t3.htm#TER_FONTANE dead Formula Libre hot 390 km 3h 06m MCO Louis Chiron Bugatti Type 35C Report FRA IV Grand Prix de Picardie PéronneFrench Circuits http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t1.htm#PERONNE 2020-05-21 2020-06-08 https://web.archive.org/web/20200608015614/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t1.htm#PERONNE dead Formula Libre ? 190 km 1h 59m FRA Philippe Auber Bugatti Type 37A Report 524 Jun ITA 1861 III Circuito di Cremona CremonaItalian Circuits http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t3.htm#CREMONA 2020-08-21 2019-10-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20191019211012/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t3.htm#CREMONA dead Formula Libre hot 320 km 1h 58m ITA 1861 Luigi Arcangeli Talbot 700 Report FRA Grand Prix Bugatti Le Mans Formula Libre ? 280 km 2h 13m FRA André Dubonnet Bugatti Type 37 Report 6 8 Jul FRA IV Grand Prix de la Marne Reims-Gueux Formula Libre cloudy 400 km 3h 01m MCO Louis Chiron Bugatti Type 35C Report 21 Jul GBR VIII Junior Car Club 200 Brooklands Voiturette ? 200 miles 2h 35m GBR Capt Malcolm Campbell Delage 135B Report 7 25 Jul ESP 1874 VI Gran Premio de San Sebastián (Gran Criterium de los Ases) Lasarte Formula Libre sunny 690 km 5h 21m MCO Louis Chiron Bugatti Type 35C Report 8 4 Aug ITA 1861 V Coppa Acerbo Pescara Formula Libre hot 510 km 4h 39m ITA 1861 Giuseppe Campari Alfa Romeo P2 Report 9 19 Aug ITA 1861 VIII Coppa Montenero Montenero Formula Libre sunny 225 km 2h 39m ITA 1861 Emilio Materassi Talbot 700 Report 23 Aug FRA V Grand Prix de la Baule La BauleFrench Circuits http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t1.htm#LA_BAULE 2020-04-21 2020-06-08 https://web.archive.org/web/20200608015614/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t1.htm#LA_BAULE dead Formula Libre hot 100 km 48m FRA Aimery Blacque Belair Bugatti Type 35C Report 9 Sep FRA VII Grand Prix de Boulogne Boulogne-sur-MerFrench Circuits http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t1.htm#BOULOGNE 2020-04-21 2020-06-08 https://web.archive.org/web/20200608015614/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/t1.htm#BOULOGNE dead Formula Libre ? 450 km 3h 51m GBR Capt Malcolm Campbell Delage 15SB Report note Teams and drivers These tables only intend to cover entries in the major races, as keyed above. Sources:1928 Season http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp28.htm 2020-08-21TeamDan http://www.teamdan.com/archive/gen/1928.html https://web.archive.org/web/20081027015345/http://www.teamdan.com/archive/gen/1928.html 2020-08-21 2008-10-27 Speedfreaks.org http://www.dlg.speedfreaks.org/archive/gen/1925.html https://web.archive.org/web/20150405025213/http://www.dlg.speedfreaks.org/archive/gen/1925.html dead 2015-04-05 2020-08-21Formula 2 http://formula2.se/Targa28.html 2020-08-21MotorSport https://database.motorsportmagazine.com/database/races/1928-indianapolis-500 2020-08-21ChampCar Stats http://www.champcarstats.com/races/192801.htm 2020-08-21 Entrant Constructor Chassis Engine Tyre Driver Rounds FRA Usines Bugatti Bugatti Type 37AType 35C Type 35B Bugatti 1.5L S4 s/c Bugatti 2.0L S8 s/c Bugatti 2.3L S8 s/c MCO Louis Chiron 2, 4 ITA 1861 Conte Gastone Brilli-Peri 2, 4 ITA 1861 Ferdinando Minoia 2, 4 ITA 1861 Conte Caberto Conelli 2 FRA Albert Divo 2 GBR William Grover-Williams [4] ITA 1861 Officine Alfieri Maserati SpA Maserati Tipo 26BTipo 26RTipo 26 Maserati 2.0L S8 s/c Maserati 1.7L S8 s/c Maserati 1.5L S8 s/c ITA 1861 Ernesto Maserati 2, 4, [8], 9, 10 ITA 1861 Baconin Borzacchini 2, [4], [8], 9, 10 ITA 1861 Luigi Fagioli 2, [4], 8 ITA 1861 Marchese Diego de Sterlich 2, [4], 8 ITA 1861 Conte Aymo Maggi 10 ITA 1861 Cesare Pastore 10* ITA 1861 Alfa Corse Alfa Romeo Alfa Romeo 6C 1500 MMS Alfa Romeo 1.5L S6 ITA 1861 Giuseppe Campari 2 ITA 1861 Attilio Marinoni 2 United States 1912 Duesenberg Bros Duesenberg Type 91 Duesenberg 1.5L S8 s/c Firestone United States 1912 Benny Shoaff 3 United States 1912 Miller Automobiles Miller Type 91 FD Miller 1.5L S8 s/c Firestone United States 1912 Ralph Hepburn 3 United States 1912 Cooper EngineeringMarmon Motor Car Company Cooper-Miller FDType 91 FD Miller 1.5L S8 s/cMiller 1.5L S8 s/c Firestone United States 1912 Pete Kreis 3 United States 1912 Johnny Seymour 3 United States 1912 Russ Snowberger 3 United States 1912 Green Engineering Green Green 1.5L V8 s/c Firestone United States 1912 Clarence Belt 3 United States 1912 Harry Nichols 3* FRA Société Nouvelle del'Automobile Amilcar Amilcar CO Amilcar 1.1L S6 s/c FRA André Morel 4 FRA Charles Martin 4 FRA Jules Moriceau 4 ITA Scuderia Materassi Talbot Bugatti 700 GPLBType 35C Talbot 1.5L S8 s/c Bugatti 2.0L S8 s/c ITA 1861 Emilio Materassi † 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 ITA 1861 Luigi Arcangeli 1, 5, 8, 10 ITA 1861 Giuseppe Morandi 4 ITA 1861 Carlo Rosti 5 ITA 1861 Conte Gastone Brilli-Peri 10 ITA 1861 Gianfranco Comotti 10 ITA Scuderia Nuvolari Bugatti Type 35C Bugatti 2.0L S8 s/c ITA 1861 Tazio Nuvolari 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 ITA 1861 Achille Varzi 1 ITA 1861 Pietro Ghersi 1 ITA Giulio Aymini Delage 2LCV Delage 2.0L V12 s/c ITA 1861 Conte Giulio Aymini 1, 4, [5], 10 ITA 1861 Federico Valpreda 1 ITA 1861 Achille Varzi 4 United States 1912 Bill White Race Cars Miller Type 91 Miller 1.5L S8 s/c Firestone United States 1912 George Souders 3 United States 1912 Fred Frame 3 United States 1912 Ralph Hepburn 3* United States 1912 Boyle Valve Miller Type 91Type 91 FD Miller 1.5L S8 s/c Firestone United States 1912 Cliff Woodbury 3 United States 1912 Fred Comer 3 United States 1912 Billy Arnold 3 United States 1912 Dave Evans 3* United States 1912 Bill Spence 3* United States 1912 Elgin Piston Pin Miller Type 91 Miller 1.5L S8 s/c Firestone United States 1912 Henry Kohlert 3 United States 1912 Shorty Cantlon 3* United States 1912 W. E. Shattuc 3* United States 1912 Flying Cloud /Peter DePaolo Miller Type 91 FD Miller 1.5L S8 s/c Firestone United States 1912 Pete DePaolo [3] United States 1912 Wilbur Shaw 3 United States 1912 Ray Keech 3 United States 1912 Stutz Blackhawk Miller Type 91 Miller 1.5L S8 s/c Firestone United States 1912 Tony Gulotta 3 Significant Privateer drivers Entrant Constructor Chassis Engine Driver Rounds Private Entrant Bugatti Type 35B Bugatti 2.3L S8 s/c ITA 1861 Pietro Bordino † [1] Private Entrant Bugatti Type 37A Bugatti 1.5L S4 s/c ITA 1861 Cleto Nenzioni 1, 2, 4, 5, 10 Private Entrant Bugatti Type 35C Bugatti 2.0L S8 s/c ITA 1861 Giulio Foresti 2, 4, 10 Private Entrant Bugatti Type 35B Bugatti 2.3L S8 s/c CZE Eliška Junková 2 Private Entrant Miller Type 91 Miller 1.5L S8 s/c United States 1912 “Leon Duray” 3 Private Entrant Miller Type 91 Miller 1.5L S8 s/c United States 1912 Louis Meyer 3 Private Entrant MaseratiBugatti Tipo 26Type 37A Maserati 1.5L S8 s/c Bugatti 1.5L S4 s/c ITA 1861 Carlo Tonini 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 Private Entrant Alfa Romeo Alfa Romeo P21700 MMS Alfa Romeo 2.0L S8 s/c Alfa Romeo 1.7L S6 s/c ITA 1861 Giuseppe Campari 5, 8, 9, 10* Private Entrant Bugatti Type 35C Bugatti 2.0L S8 s/c ITA 1861 Achille Varzi 5, 8, 10 Private Entrant Bugatti Type 35C Bugatti 2.0L S8 s/c FRA Robert Benoist 7 Private Entrant Bugatti Type 35C Bugatti 2.0L S8 s/c BEL Guy Bouriat 10 Private Entrant Bugatti Type 35C Bugatti 2.0L S8 s/c MCO Louis Chiron 10 Private Entrant Talbot 700 GPLB Talbot 1.5L S8 s/c ITA 1861 Marchese Antonio Brivio 10 Note: * raced in event as a relief driver. Those in brackets show, although entered, the driver did not race Note: † driver killed during this racing season Regulations and Technical With poor fields and declining interest in Grand Prix racing, the AIACR had declared at the start of the 1927 season that it would be the last for the 1.5-litre formula. Manufacturer participation was negligible, and not helped by the increasing economic downturn. Its new formula was based on weight and fuel consumption: cars had to be a minimum 500 kg to a maximum of 750 kg, while Grands Prix were stipulated to be at least 600 km long. Once again, a minimum of three races had to be competed in to qualify for the championship, including the compulsory European Grand Prix, this year awarded to Great Britain. It was also declared that the European Grand Prix would be open to manufacturer-approved private entries and not just works teams. This apparently did not extend to the other races, although this is unclear.Rendall 1993, p.1221928 Championship http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/cha28.htm 2020-08-24 2018-01-15 https://web.archive.org/web/20180115205924/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/cha28.htm dead At the end of 1927, a full seven national Grands Prix were scheduled, starting with the Indianapolis 500. Yet, as early as December 1927, the French organising body said it would not run a Grand prix and instead hold a sports-car race. The German federation announced a similar plan in February, while the British were looking at holding their race on the Isle of Man or Ireland. In March, it too was cancelled, and the Italian federation was instead awarded the European GP. After the race at Indianapolis was held, both the Spanish and Belgian authorities cancelled their races, so with just the two rounds left the AIACR was forced to concede and declare the 1928 championship null and void.1928 Championship http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/cha28.htm 2020-08-24 2018-01-15 https://web.archive.org/web/20180115205924/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/cha28.htm dead However, with no formal international championship, virtually all organisers completely ignored the new regulations and chose to run to a Formula Libre, or open formula with no engine, weight, fuel or distance limitations.Cimarosti 1997, p.82 This lack of formal regulations opened the door to privateer drivers to bring their older vehicles back to race. This also left the Targa Florio as the blue riband event for the European racers. The Targa Florio organisers extended the classes back out to five to cover the larger cars – up to 1.1-litre, to 1.5-litre, to 2-litre, to 3-litre and over 3-litre.1928 Season http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gpw5.htm 2020-05-21 2007-09-30 https://web.archive.org/web/20070930012944/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gpw5.htm dead As in the previous year, the 1100cc cars only ran three laps, while the rest did five laps. Two occupants were required for all cars, unless the driver carried a 70 kg ballast instead. The maximum time allowed for the five laps was 8½ hours.Fondi 2006, p.350 The Coppa Florio, in its alternate year with France, was again put up for competition and being run to the same distance as the Targa, was an additional trophy for the overall winner. In November 1927, former race-winner and decorated war-hero Eddie Rickenbacker bought the Indianapolis Motor Speedway from Carl Fisher and Jim Allison for $700 000.Rendall 1993, p.119 Meanwhile, the AAA stuck with the 1.5-litre formula which was providing successful racing in America. Technical Innovation thumb|300px|right|Maserati 26B With both Delage and Talbot now out of motor-racing, the only works teams left in regular grand-prix racing were Bugatti and Maserati. The deteriorating economic situation meant companies saw racing as a luxury they could not afford, to concentrate on standard road-car manufacture to make money. This stifled technical advancement and development, and privateer drivers instead kept racing their older cars instead of pushing companies to develop better machines. Ettore Bugatti chose not to bring out any new variants of the eponymous Type 35 chassis. The Maserati Brothers did develop their original Tipo 26 with the 26R with a slightly larger 1.7-litre engine. The troubles at Alfa Romeo continued: Giuseppe Merosi and Giorgio Rimini resigned from the technical board at the start of the year. Then in May, Nicola Romeo was ousted from the board of directors.Ludvigsen 2008, p.70 thumb|300px|right|1928 Indianapolis–winning Miller 91 On 22 April, American Ray Keech raised the Land speed record to 207.6 mph with an 81-litre monster at the Daytona Beach Road Course. Three days later, 1926 Indianapolis winner Frank Lockhart was attempting to best him at the same venue. He had already been injured in an earlier attempt in February, and broke 220 mph on his first run. However, on the return run he crashed when a tyre blew and was killed instantly.Motorsport Memorial http://www.motorsportmemorial.org/query.php?db=ct&q=year&n=1928 2020-08-28Georgano 1971, p.64 In March, Kurt C. Volkhart demonstrated Fritz von Opel's RAK-1, the first rocket-powered automobile. In May, Opel did speed trials with the RAK-2 on the AVUS track in Berlin. He reached 230 km/h on and got from 0 to 100 kph on in 8 seconds. Manufacturer ModelCimarosti 1997, p.81Cimarosti 1997, p.871927 Season http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp28.htm 2020-05-21 Engine PowerOutput Max. Speed (km/h) Dry Weight (kg) FRA Bugatti Type 37A Bugatti 1496cc S4 supercharged 90 bhp 180 720 FRA Bugatti Type 35B Bugatti 2.3L S8 supercharged140 bhp 210 710 ITA 1861 Maserati Tipo 26B Maserati 2.0L S8 supercharged ITA 1861 Alfa Romeo P2 Alfa Romeo 2.0L S8 supercharged 155 bhp 240 750 FRA TalbotGBR 700 GPLB Talbot 1489cc S4 supercharged 140 bhp 210 700 Season review The season opened with a second running of the Mille Miglia. Bugatti sent a strong works team of Pietro Bordino, Tazio Nuvolari and Gastone Brilli-Peri. To take them on, the Alfa Corse fielded six of their 6C sports cars, including the brand new, supercharged MMS version given to Giuseppe Campari. Although the Bugattis initially led, Campari came through to win by 8 minutes from the OM of race-organiser Franco Mazzotti.Acerbi 2015, p.29Ludvigsen 2008, p.57-8 OM repeated its success of the previous year: as well as second overall, it cleaned up the first eight places in the 2-litre class.Ludvigsen 2008, p.49 In the first week of April, several towns of the French Riviera hosted a series of street races, culminating in the Grand Prix d'Antibes on Easter Monday. The race carried a lavish 150 000 francs in prize money and was won by Louis Chiron who had lapped the field twice.1928 Antibes GP http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2802.htm 2020-08-29 2021-02-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20210213091448/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2802.htm dead It presaged another prestigious street race on the Riviera – the Monaco Grand Prix. The Circuito di Alessandria was the third round of the Italian Championship. It was a contest between the privateer teams of Tazio Nuvolari and Emilio Materassi. Although Nuvolari won the race after a close duel with his teammate Achille Varzi, the race was overshadowed by the death of Italian racing hero Pietro Bordino. While practicing his brand new Bugatti the weekend before, he hit a dog that ran into the road. The car then tumbled down a ravine, killing Bordino and leaving his mechanic in a coma.1928 Alessandria Circuit http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2803.htm 2020-08-29 2020-01-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20200129204430/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2803.htm deadMotorsport Memorial http://www.motorsportmemorial.org/focus.php?db=ct&n=83 2020-08-29Georgano 1971, p.174-5 With diminishing international racing, the Targa Florio took on greater significance, and hence attracted a good amount of works interest. Bugatti arrived with five cars for team regulars Ferdinando Minoia, Caberto Conelli and Louis Chiron, as well as Albert Divo (formerly of Talbot and Delage, replacing Bordino) and Gastone Brilli-Peri. Maserati also arrived with purpose. After his serious accident the year before, Alfieri Maserati stayed solely as team manager, while his brother Ernesto joined Baconin Borzacchini and Diego de Sterlich driving the 2-litre 26B, while Luigi Fagioli ran the 1.5-litre Tipo 26. thumb|300px|right|Eliška Junková, with her Bugatti and Vincenzo Florio The works Alfa Romeo team, Alfa Corse, returned after a 4-year absence with two new 6C sports cars for Campari and Attilio Marinoni. Campari was given the brand new Super Sport version to race. Bugattis again dominated the field with half the entries. The 1927 winner, Emilio Materassi, was one of the dozen privateer drivers. Others included Tazio Nuvolari, René Dreyfus and the popular female Czech driver Eliška Junková. Junková had arrived a month early with her husband and, with a car and guide provided by Vincenzo Florio, set about meticulously mapping the route in what was one of the earliest examples of race-notes, by marking trees and posts with braking points and landmarks.Fondi 2006, p.91 thumb|300px|right|Albert Divo (Bugatti), winner of the Targa Florio Chiron put in the fastest time to lead at the end of the first lap on elapsed time, with barely thirty seconds back to Campari, Divo and Junková. But when Chiron went off the road, and Divo had to pit, Junková found herself in the lead, racing right behind Divo, who had originally started two minutes earlier. Her meticulous preparation was paying off and despite Campari leading at the end of the third, a puncture dropped him back again, and she led going into the fifth and final lap. From the staggered start, Campari was the first to finish. Conelli brought in his works Bugatti soon after, barely 20 seconds slower, and then Divo stormed in to take the lead by 90 seconds. Unfortunately for Junková, she suffered a puncture, losing two minutes, and then engine overheating forced her to ease off to save the car. She eventually finished fifth behind Chiron, nine minutes behind Divo who gave Bugatti their fourth consecutive victory in the Targa.Fondi 2006, p.1011928 Targa Florio http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2804.htm 2020-09-11 2021-02-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20210213091448/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2804.htm dead Indianapolis thumb|300px|right|Louis Meyer, winner of the Indianapolis 500 The entry list for the Indianapolis 500 was once again dominated by Millers. Duesenberg had scaled back its participation, while Earl Cooper and Tommy Milton ran cars based around the Miller engines. The front-wheel drive Millers once again proved extremely fast, taking four of the top-six positions on the grid. They were led by George Stewart (who raced under the pseudonym “Leon Duray”) who established a new qualifying record. There were several major accidents in practice: Peter DePaolo rolled his Miller FD suffering mild injuries. His car would subsequently be repaired and Wilbur Shaw qualified it at the back of the grid. On a wet race-day morning L. L. Corum and Dutch Baumann both crashed their cars in warm-up and had to be scratched. This meant that George Souders, a rookie the year before, was the only previous race-winner among the starters.1928 AAA National Championship Trail https://www.champcarstats.com/year/1928.htm 2026-02-27 www.champcarstats.comRendall 1993, p.123 By the time of the start, the track had dried and the sun was out. Duray bolted into the lead setting a record pace for the first quarter of the race. On lap 35 Benny Shoaff hit oil entering Turn 1 and spun into the wall. He ended up facing toward the traffic but only suffered a bloody nose. Then after 62 laps, Duray's car starting overheating and he slowed, eventually retiring at two-thirds distance. Babe Stapp and Souders then swapped the lead with rookies Jimmy Gleason and Louis Meyer close behind. Gleason's greater speed got him into the lead which he held for the next 100 miles. He then pitted and was relieved by Russ Snowberger who had earlier been the first retiree. Going into the last quarter of the race, the race was between Tony Gulotta in the lead, Gleason (back in his car), and Louis Schneider now relieving for Lou Moore. At lap 160, light rain started falling, with the drivers put under caution for two laps until the shower moved away. The only driver caught out was Earl Devore, who slid and crashed at Turn 1 on lap 161. With twenty laps to go, Gulotta slowed and had to pit because of dropping fuel pressure. On lap 195, Gleason pitted to top up water but his mechanic missed the radiator when pouring and cracked the engine. This left Meyer to take the victory by just under a lap from the Moore/Schneider Miller with Souders four minutes back in third. Ray Keech, despite bad burns on his legs from leaking fuel, came in fourth. Meyer had driven as a relief driver for Wilbur Shaw in 1927 but was technically another rookie winner. He went on to be crowned the 1928 AAA champion.Indy Star https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/motor/2016/03/05/1927-indy-500-victory-goes-steady-driving-souders/81361182/ 2020-06-27 Mid-season races Maserati finally broke the string of nine Bugatti victories in Europe at the Coppa Etna in Sicily, when Borzacchini won for the Italian team. Maserati took three of the top four places, in front of 40000 spectators. But the triumph was marred by an accident as the local Catanian driver Russo crashed into spectators. A teenager was killed and seven seriously injured, including Russo and his mechanic.1928 Coppa Etna http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2805.htm 2020-09-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20160121015410/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2805.htm 2016-01-21 dead Racing was also developing in North Africa and the European colonies. Both the Casablanca GP (for touring cars) and Tripoli GP were well-established, but new races were also held that year in Algiers and Tunis. Both were won by Marcel Lehoux in his Bugatti 35C. Lehoux was a Frenchman who ran a successful automotive parts company in Algiers, and was the best of the North African drivers in the 1920s.1928 Algerian GP http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2804.htm#16 2020-09-11 2021-02-13 https://web.archive.org/web/20210213091448/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2804.htm#16 dead In the southern hemisphere, the 100-Mile Road Race was held on 6.5 -mile dirt track at Phillip Island in Victoria in April. It would later be known as the first Australian Grand Prix with prize-money of £30. It was won by Arthur Waite, who had worked for Austin in England before becoming the Austin agent in Melbourne.Georgano 1971, p.64 thumb|300px|right|Materassi (Talbot) leading Chiron (Bugatti) in the Rome GP The Royal Rome GP was raced on a new 13 km road circuit on the southern outskirts of the city. A round of the Italian Championship, it attracted many of the top drivers. Nuvolari, Chiron, Brilli Peri, Minoia and Foresti represented Bugatti, in various guises. Maserati had six cars, including a works entry for Ernesto Maserati while Borzacchini drove as relief for Cesare Pastore with his new car. Materassi had Talbots for himself and Giuseppe Morandi, while Varzi and Aymini ran 1925 Delages. Finally, Amilcar arrived with a 3-car works team to contest the 1.1-litre voiturette class and 23 cars took the grid. Brilli Peri took the lead from the start and he, Chiron and Nuvolari broke away from the rest. They duelled for the first half of the race with Chiron on getting into the lead on the 13th lap. After the half-time pitstops, Chiron held a 1-minute lead over Brilli-Per, with Materassi and Minoia over six minutes behind. The rest of the race was fairly pedestrian, and after 30 laps Chiron won by four minutes from Brilli Peri, then Materassi and Minoia. Luigi Fagioli was the best-finishing Maserati, in fifth.1928 Rome GP http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2805.htm 2020-09-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20160121015410/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2805.htm 2016-01-21 dead A fortnight later, at the extremely fast Cremona track, Materassi's newest team-mate Luigi Arcangeli won an exciting victory for the Talbot team, by narrowly beating Nuvolari in a race of attrition where only four of the nineteen starters finished.1928 Cremona Circuit http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2806.htm 2020-09-11 Eight days after the 24 Hours of Le Mans touring-car endurance race, Ettore Bugatti hosted his first Grand Prix Bugatti at Le Sarthe circuit. Exclusively for privateer Bugatti owners, it was run over two handicap elimination races and a 16-lap final. Prizes were three new Bugatti cars, including the first prize of a supercharged 2-litre grand-prix car (valued at FF165000). It attracted 29 drivers, including Dudley Benjafield, Louis Rigal, "Sabipa" and Goffredo Zehender who had just raced there the week beforehand. The race was won by the wealthy liqueur magnate André Dubonnet.1928 Bugatti GP http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2806.htm 2020-09-11 The formerly pre-eminent French GP was a shadow of its past. The Comminges GP was designated the national race, and run as a handicap event for sports cars. Williams won the race in a road-adapted Bugatti 35C ahead of a field of 1100cc cars.Venables 2009, p.56Cimarosti 1997, p.82Saward 2006, p.38 The German GP was also a sports car race, and run on the full Nürburgring track. Won by Rudolf Caracciola and Christian Werner in their big 7-litre Mercedes-Benz SS, the race was notable for the death of Čenĕk Junek. Distraught at the death of her husband, Eliška immediately retired from racing.Cimarosti 1997, p.83Motorsport Memorial http://www.motorsportmemorial.org/focus.php?db=ct&n=690 2020-09-12 The San Sebastián Grand Prix was a Bugatti-only affair, as the entry by Caracciola's Mercedes did not eventuate. Although there were only nine starters, it was a high-quality field. Divo led initially until his brakes gave out. Zehender, Lehoux and Robert Benoist then all had a turn at leading until Chiron was once again able to get to the front and claim the victory. Chiron also won the Spanish Grand Prix four days later, which was held as a series of handicap elimination heats for sports cars, before a final race.1928 San Sebastian GP http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2806.htm 2020-09-11 The next two rounds of the Italian Championship were the Coppa Acerbo and Coppa Montenero. Campari easily won in his four-year old Alfa on the long straights at Pescara, while Materassi got his revenge at the twisty circuit of the lucrative Livorno race.1928 Coppa Acerbo http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2807.htm 2020-09-11 The European Grand Prix The last major race of the year was the only international Grand Prix. The AIACR declared that their races were no longer exclusive to manufacturer teams. Instead, privateer drivers would be allowed to enter if they got the permission of their car's manufacturer. Without the restrictions of a set formula, the Italian Grand Prix finally drew a sizeable field. Maserati was the only company to send a works team, with two new 1.7-litre Tipo 26R for Baconin Borzacchini and Conte Aymo Maggi, and an older 2-litre 26B for Ernesto Maserati. Bartolomeo Costantini, works team manager for Bugatti, was present to support the privateers. The strongest Bugatti drivers were Louis Chiron, Tazio Nuvolari and “Williams”. Emilio Materassi had bought the cars from the defunct Talbot works team, setting up one of the first private racing teams in Europe – the Scuderia Materassi (being the first use of the term Scuderia for a motor-racing teamMotorsport Memorial http://www.motorsportmemorial.org/focus.php?db=ct&n=1823 2020-09-11). His drivers with him, were Conte Gastone Brilli-Peri, Luigi Arcangeli and Gianfranco Comotti. Conte Giulio Aymini had been running a team with 2-litre Delages, but only his own car was entered for this race. Young motorcycle champion, Achille Varzi, a sometime driver for both Aymini and Nuvolari was this time entered to drive Giuseppe Campari's Alfa Romeo P2.1928 Europe GP http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2808.htm#48 2020-08-29 2020-02-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20200218011013/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2808.htm#48 dead On a sunny day, a huge crowd gathered for the race. The start line had been moved to the back straight of the road course and 22 cars lined up on the grid, drawn by lot. At the end of the first lap, Williams had a small lead from Nuvolari and Borzacchini, then the Talbots of Materassi and Brilli-Peri. Williams had built a 20-second lead by the 5th lap when he slowed with a blown engine. Materassi had a misfiring engine and also had to pit to change two tyres, dropping down to ninth. Nuvolari took over the lead, pursued by Varzi who had moved up the field. After 100 km (10 laps), the leading group was Brilli Peri, Nuvolari, Varzi and Chiron covered by only ten seconds and changing positions regularly. Arcangeli then put in the fastest lap of the race to join the group. thumb|300px|right|Materassi in his Talbot, refuelling at the Italian GP On the 18th lap, Materassi was fifth, a minute behind the leading pack and pushing hard to make up time. He was coming off the banking to start a new lap and travelling at 200 km/h. He had closed up behind Foresti's Bugatti to lap him when the Talbot suddenly veered off to the right, then left. It shot across the grass verge, a barbed-wire security fence and then over the 3-metre ditch into the crowd for 50 metres before tumbling back into the ditch. Materassi was thrown clear and died on impact. Twenty-two spectators were killed and another 36 injured. The senior officials immediately met and decided to keep the race running to avoid starting panic. The other four Talbots were withdrawn in respect for their team leader. While the rescue operation proceeded, Chiron and Varzi fought for the lead, with Nuvolari a minute behind and Borzacchini's Maserati in fourth over two minutes further back, about to be lapped. Then on lap 26 another accident occurred, near the previous one. Borzacchini came off the road course at speed to go onto the banked oval. He hit a retired Bugatti parked between the two parallel tracks, tearing off the Maserati's wheel and skating along the pit-straight for 200 metres before coming to rest. However, this time it had not burst through the fence, and Borzacchini got out shaken, but uninjured. By two-thirds distance, Varzi had been relieved by Campari at his regular fuel-stop. The leading two had built a two-lap lead over the rest of the field. The Bugattis of Nuvolari and Drouet scrapped for third with Maggi's Maserati (now driven by Borzacchini) five laps in arrears. The positions stayed like this for the rest of the race, with Chiron, and Bugatti, winning by two minutes from the Alfa Romeo with Nuvolari a distant fourteen minutes back in third.1928 Europe GP http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2808.htm#48 2020-08-29 2020-02-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20200218011013/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2808.htm#48 deadMontagna 1989, p.37-9 This event highlighted the need for better safety measures at the Italian circuit. Examination of the cars found no evidence of them hitting each other, and it was ruled that Materassi's steering manoeuvre to overtake was too strong and caused the car to lose adhesion. For the following two seasons the Italian Grand Prix was not held, while the Monza circuit underwent a complete upgrade.Emilio Materassi, museoauto.it August 2017 medicmedic A subsequent official court decision in 1931 found the race organisers and Automobile Club of Italy had not taken sufficient precautions for crowd safety and were ordered to pay reparations to the families of the victims.1928 Europe GP http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2808.htm#48 2020-08-29 2020-02-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20200218011013/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2808.htm#48 dead Louis Chiron was the dominant driver of the season, winning major races for Bugatti in France, Italy and Spain. Bugatti dominated the podiums through the year, and before his fatal accident, Materassi's Talbot team had won most of the others. Materassi himself had ended the Italian season with the highest earnings (185000 lire) ahead of Nuvolari's (178000 lire). Consistency gave Giuseppe Campari the Italian Driver's Championship.1928 Europe GP http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2808.htm#48 2020-08-29 2020-02-18 https://web.archive.org/web/20200218011013/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp2808.htm#48 dead Despite the lack of technical development, the opening up of racing to privateers gave bigger grids and close racing, and had proven popular with spectators. Results of the season's major races Pos Driver Team ALSITA 1861 TGFITA 1861 INDUSA 1912 ROMITA 1861 CREITA 1861 MARFRA SEBESP 1874 CACITA 1861 CMNITA 1861 ITAITA 1861 MCO Louis Chiron Usines BugattiPrivate Entry 4 1 1 1 1 ITA 1861 Tazio Nuvolari Scuderia Nuvolari 1 Ret Ret 2 4 2 3 ITA 1861 Giuseppe Campari SA Alfa Romeo 2 Ret 1 3 [2] ITA 1861 Luigi Arcangeli Scuderia Materassi Ret 1 2 WD ITA 1861 Emilio Materassi Scuderia Materassi 4 Ret 3 3 Ret [2] 1Ret † FRA Albert Divo Usines Bugatti 1 Ret USA 1912 Louis Meyer Private Entry 1 ITA 1861 Achille Varzi Scuderia NuvolariGiulio Aymini SA Alfa Romeo 2 Ret Ret Ret 2 USA 1912 Lou Moore Private Entry 2 ITA 1861 Gastone Brilli-Peri Usines BugattiScuderia Materassi Ret 2 Ret WD FRA Robert Gauthier Private Entry 2 FRA Robert Benoist Private Entry 2 ITA 1861 Carlo Tonini Private Entry Ret Ret 3 4 Ret ITA 1861 Federico Valpreda Giulio Aymini 3 ITA 1861 Caberto Conelli Usines Bugatti 3 USA 1912 George Souders Bill White Race Cars 3 FRA Philippe Aubert Private Entry 3 FRA Marcel Lehoux Private Entry 3 ITA 1861 Tommaso Saccomanni Private Entry 4 5 ITA 1861 Ferdinando Minoia Usines Bugatti 6 4 USA 1912 Ray Keech Peter de Paolo / Flying Cloud 4 FRA José Scaron Private Entry 4 ITA 1861 Goffredo Zehender Private Entry 4 ITA 1861 Guy Drouet Private Entry Ret 4 ITA 1861 Luigi Fagioli Officine Alfieri Maserati 7 5 Ret 7 ITA 1861 Luigi BeccariaPrivate Entry 5 Ret CZE Eliška JunkováPrivate Entry 5 USA 1912 Norman BattenPrivate Entry 5 FRA Antonio Valette Private Entry 5 ARG Manuel Blancas Private Entry 5 DNS ITA 1861 Letterio Cucinotta Private Entry Ret 5 ITA 1861 Aymo Maggi Officine Alfieri Maserati 5 ITA 1861 Ernesto Maserati Officine Alfieri Maserati 11 Ret DNS 9 6 CHE Mario LeporiPrivate Entry 9 6 DSQ ITA 1861 Clemente Biondetti Private Entry 13 Ret 6 ITA 1861 Cleto Nenzioni Private Entry 6 Ret Ret Ret Ret USA 1912 Elbert 'Babe' Stapp Private Entry 6 FRA? Vincent Tersen Private Entry 6 ESP 1874 Francisco Torres Private Entry 6 Pos Driver Team ALSITA 1861 TGFITA 1861 INDUSA 1912 ROMITA 1861 CREITA 1861 MARFRA SEBESP 1874 CACITA 1861 CMNITA 1861 ITAITA 1861 italics show the driver of the race's fastest lap. Only those drivers with a best finish of 6th or better are shown. Sources:1928 Season http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gp28.htm 2020-08-21TeamDan http://www.teamdan.com/archive/gen/1928.html https://web.archive.org/web/20081027015345/http://www.teamdan.com/archive/gen/1928.html 2020-08-21 2008-10-27 Speedfreaks.org http://www.dlg.speedfreaks.org/archive/gen/1925.html https://web.archive.org/web/20150405025213/http://www.dlg.speedfreaks.org/archive/gen/1925.html dead 2015-04-05 2020-08-21Formula 2 http://formula2.se/Targa28.html 2020-08-21MotorSport https://database.motorsportmagazine.com/database/races/1928-indianapolis-500 2020-08-21ChampCar Stats http://www.champcarstats.com/races/192801.htm 2020-08-21 Citations 30em References Acerbi, Leonardo (2015) Mille Miglia – A race in pictures Milan: Giorgio Nada Editorie 978-88-7911-618-3 Cimarosti, Adriano (1997) The Complete History of Grand Prix Motor Racing London: Aurum Press Ltd 1-85410-500-0 Fondi, Pino (2006) Targa Florio: 20th Century Epic Milan: Giorgio Nada Editore 88-7911-270-8 Fox, Charles (1973) The Great Racing Cars & Drivers London: Octopus Books Ltd 0-7064-0213-8 Georgano, Nick (1971) The Encyclopaedia of Motor Sport London: Ebury Press Ltd 0-7181-0955-4 Higham, Peter (1995) The Guinness Guide to International Motor Racing London: Guinness Publishing 0-85112-642-1 Legate, Trevor (2006) 100 years of Grand Prix Kent: Touchstone Books Ltd 0-9551-0201-4 Ludvigsen, Karl (2008) Racing Colours - Italian Racing Red Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing Ltd 0-7110-3331-5 Monkhouse, George (1953) Grand Prix Racing Facts and Figures London: G.T. Foulis & Co Ltd Montagna, Paolo (ed.) (1989) The Legendary Italian Grand Prix Milan: A.C. Promotion Rendall, Ivan (1991) The Power and The Glory – A Century of Motor Racing London: BBC Books 0-563-36093-3 Rendall, Ivan (1993) The Chequered Flag – 100 years of Motor Racing London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd 0-297-83220-4 Saward, Joe (2006) The Grand Prix Saboteurs London: Morienval Press 978-0-9554868-0-7 Venables, David (2009) Racing Colours - French Racing Blue Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing Ltd 978-0-7110-3369-6 External links 1928 in auto racing 1928 Race Season – comprehensive race reports of most events, also listing entries and results. Retrieved 21 Aug 2020 1928 World Championship https://web.archive.org/web/20180115205924/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/cha28.htm 2018-01-15  – detailed article about the championship regulations. Retrieved 21 Aug 2020 Grand Prix Winners 1895–1949 : History https://web.archive.org/web/20070930012944/http://www.kolumbus.fi/leif.snellman/gpw5.htm 2007-09-30  – Hans Etzrodt's description of the annual regulations, and changes. Retrieved 21 Apr 2020 TeamDan  - list of the major races, entrants and results. Retrieved 21 Aug 2020 SpeedFreaks  - list of the major races, entrants and results. Retrieved 21 Aug 2020 6th Gear  - list of the major races and winners each year. Retrieved 21 Aug 2020 MotorSport magazine – list of the year's races, entrants and results, by category. Retrieved 21 Aug 2020 Grand Prix History – history of the Targa Florio race. Retrieved 21 Aug 2020 La Targa Florio – race report and pictures of the Targa Florio. Retrieved 21 Aug 2020 F2 Register – race results of the Targa Florio. Retrieved 21 Aug 2020 Motorsport Memorial – motor-racing deaths by year. Retrieved 21 Aug 2020 Racing Reference.com – list of entries and results of Indianapolis 500. Retrieved 21 Aug 2020 ChampCar Stats – list of all the races, entrants and results of the AAA Championship. Retrieved 21 Aug 2020 Indianapolis Motor Speedway.com – Indy 500 race results. Retrieved 21 Aug 2020 Category:Grand Prix seasons Category:1928 in motorsport Category:1928 in American motorsport