1810

1810 250px|thumb|April 19: Venezuela becomes first South American nation to declare independence from Spain. 250px|thumb|May 22: Argentina declares independence from Spain. 250px|thumb|July 20: in Colombia, the United Provinces of New Granada declare independence from Spain. thumb|right|August 20–27: Battle of Grand Port 1810 Events January–March January 1 – Major-General Lachlan Macquarie officially becomes Governor of New South Wales.Ward Russel Australia: a short history 1975 Ure Smith rev 978-0-7254-0164-1 https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/9442954 36 January 4 – Australian seal hunter Frederick Hasselborough discovers Campbell Island, in the Subantarctic.Mills William James Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia ABC-CLIO 2003 Santa Barbara 9781576074220 https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&q=Exploring+polar+frontiers January 12 – The marriage of Napoleon I and Joséphine is annulled.Modern Europe a popular History https://books.google.com/books?id=YrkhzbYW3IsC 1970 64 February 13 – After seizing Jaén, Córdoba, Seville and Granada, Napoleonic troops enter Málaga under the command of General Horace Sebastiani. February 17 – Napoleon I decrees that Rome would become the second capital of the French Empire. February 20 – Tyrolean rebel leader Andreas Hofer is executed. March 11 – Napoleon I marries Marie-Louise of Austria by proxy in Vienna.C. W. Crawley The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 9, War and Peace in an Age of Upheaval, 1793-1830 https://books.google.com/books?id=mfV7qQ_oiVEC&pg=PA270 1957 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-04547-6 270 April–June April 2 – Emperor Napoleon I of France marries Marie-Louise of Austria in person in Paris.Geoffrey James Ellis The Napoleonic Empire https://books.google.com/books?id=rjNdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 11 November 1991 Macmillan International Higher Education 978-1-349-08847-8 53 April 19 – Venezuela achieves home rule: Vicente Emparán, Governor of the Captaincy General of Venezuela, is removed by the people of Caracas, and Supreme Junta is installed. Venezuela is the first South American state to proclaim independence from Spain. April 27 – Beethoven composes his famous piano piece, Für Elise.What is the meaning of Beethoven's 'Für Elise' – and who was Elise? https://www.classicfm.com/composers/beethoven/fur-elise-meaning-who-is-elise/ 2025-07-13 Classic FM en May 1 – Macon's Bill Number 2 becomes law in the United States, intending to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. April – Kaumualii receives an assurance of the continued independence of the Kingdom of Hawaii.United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs Native Hawaiian Study Commission Report: Oversight Hearing Before the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, Second Session ... Hearing Held in Washington, DC, May 3, 1984 https://books.google.com/books?id=AODF4Pwi8y0C&pg=PA327 1985 U.S. Government Printing Office 327 May 3 – Lord Byron swims across the Hellespont in Turkey.Penguin Pocket On This Day Penguin Reference Library 0-14-102715-0 2006 May 10 – Rev. Henry Duncan opens the world's first commercial savings bank, in Ruthwell, Scotland.Chronology of Scottish History A Timeline of Scottish History Rampant Scotland http://www.rampantscotland.com/timeline/1899.htm March 10, 2014 May 16 – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe publishes his book Zur Farbenlehre (Theory of Colours).Götz Hoeppe, Why the Sky is Blue: Discovering the Color of Life (Princeton University Press, 2007) p126 May 18–25 – May Revolution: Armed citizens of Buenos Aires expel the Viceroy and establish a provincial government for Argentina (the Primera Junta). Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros is removed. June 7 – Argentina's new junta publishes the country's first newspaper, the Gazeta de Buenos-Ayres, edited by Mariano Moreno. June 23 – John Jacob Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company. June – Nicolas Appert publishes L'art de conserver pendant plusieurs années toutes les substances animales ou végétales, the first description of modern food preservation using airtight containers. July–September July 9 Napoleon I dissolves the Kingdom of Holland, ruled by his younger brother Louis Bonaparte, and annexes the country into the French Empire.Stuart Woolf Napoleon's Integration of Europe Taylor & Francis 2002 9781134944200 30 Russia acquires Sukhumi through a treaty with the Abkhazian dukes, and declares a protectorate over the whole of Abkhazia.George Hewitt, The Abkhazians: A Handbook (Routledge, 2013) p74 July 10 - Peninsular War: Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo: French forces (28,000 men) under Marshal André Masséna take the fortified city of Ciudad Rodrigo on route into Portugal. July 11 – Frederick Hasselborough discovers Macquarie Island, in the subantarctic.Rubin Jeff Antarctica https://books.google.com/books?id=A7Y5vXE9grIC&q=%22Frederick+Hasselborough%22&pg=PA170 June 30, 2010 2005 Lonely Planet 1-74059-094-5 170The Australian Geographic book of Antarctica Scott Keith 1993 Australian Geographic Terrey Hills, NSW 1-86276-010-1 14 July 20 – First Republic of New Granada: Patria Boba: A junta of seven patriots, led by José Acevedo y Gómez, assemble in Bogotá in the Viceroyalty of New Granada (modern-day Colombia), to declare its independence from the Spanish Empire, the first South American nation to break away from Spain as the third oldest independent republic state after Haiti. Proceso histórico del 20 de Julio de 1810 – Documentos Banco de la República Publicaciones conmemorativas del Sesquicentenario de la Independencia Nacional 1960 Bogotá http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/historia/julio20/sec2b.htm September 12, 2009 January 6, 2010 https://web.archive.org/web/20100106083304/http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/historia/julio20/sec2b.htm dead July 24 – Paraguay governor Bernardo de Velasco and the Cabildo of Asunción declare their loyalty to Ferdinand VII of Spain and break up their relationship with Buenos Aires. August 2 – In Quito, Ecuador, 200 citizens are slaughtered in the Royal barracks and the surrounding streets by royalist troops.Fermín Cevallos, Pedro Resumen de la Historia del Ecuador, tomo III, Cap. I "Primera Idea de Emancipación", páginas 194 - 220 http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/pedro-fermin-cevallos--0/html/fffd854e-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_11.html#I_11_ Biblioteca Virtual Cervantes Spanish August 6 – The city of Santa Cruz de Mompox, in modern-day Colombia, declares independence from the Spanish Empire. August 20–27 – Battle of Grand Port: The French defeat a Royal Navy frigate squadron attempting to blockade a harbour on Isle de France (Mauritius). August 21 – Jean Baptiste Bernadotte, Marshal of France, is elected Crown Prince of Sweden, by the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates.Simon Forty Michael Swift Historical Maps of the Napoleonic Wars https://books.google.com/books?id=_kAZAQAAMAAJ 2003 Brassey's 978-1-85753-332-3 114 August 27 – Peninsular War: Siege of Almeida: French forces under André Masséna capture the fortified city of Almeida before the advance toward Lisbon. September 8 – The Tonquin sets sail from New York Harbor, with 33 employees of John Jacob Astor's newly created Pacific Fur Company on board. After a six-month journey around the tip of South America, the ship arrives at the mouth of the Columbia River, and Astor's men establish the fur-trading town of Astoria. September 16 – Grito de Dolores: Miguel Hidalgo, a Catholic priest from Guanajuato, incites the revolt that becomes the Mexican War of Independence. September 18 – Chile forms its First National Junta, which is the country's first step towards its independence. September 22 – Manuel Belgrano prepares his invasion to the Provincia del Paraguay. September 23 – The Republic of West Florida declares independence from Spain. September 26 – A new Act of Succession is adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates, and Jean Baptiste Bernadotte becomes heir to the Swedish throne. September 27 - Peninsular War: Battle of Bussaco: Anglo-Portuguese forces under General Arthur Wellington repel several attacks of the French invasion force (65,000 men) under André Masséna at Bussaco. Wellington is forced to withdraw to the Lines of Torres Vedras after Masséna's troops outflank his positions. The French lose 522 dead and 3,612 wounded. The allied losses are 200 dead and 1,001 wounded.Glover, Michael (1971). Wellington's Peninsular Victories, p. 138. Macmillan. 0-330-02789-1. October–December October – King George III of the United Kingdom is deemed permanently insane.Oliver Sylvain Baliol Brett Esher (Viscount) Wellington https://books.google.com/books?id=S1EmAQAAMAAJ 1928 Doubleday, Doran., Incorporated 93 October 12 – First Oktoberfest: Bavarian royalty invites the citizens of Munich to join the celebration of the marriage of Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, to Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. October 27 – The United States annexes the Republic of West Florida. November 2 – A peace treaty in Haiti confirms its division between the northern State of Haiti, ruled autocratically by the gen de couleur Henri Christophe, and the southern Republic, ruled by mulatto Alexandre Pétion.Steeve Coupeau, The History of Haiti (Greenwood, 2008) p49 November 17 – Anglo-Swedish War (1810–12): Sweden declares war on the United Kingdom. November 29–December 3 – Invasion of Isle de France: British forces force the French to surrender Isle de France (Mauritius). December 20 – Manuel Belgrano crosses the Paraná River to Itapúa Department, starting his invasion of Paraguay. December 22 – British ship of the line Minotaur 1793 is wrecked on Texel in the West Frisian Islands with the loss of 500 lives. December 27 – Chartered British East Indiaman Elizabeth is wrecked off Dunkirk with the loss of more than 360 lives, many of them lascar seamen. Date unknown Amadou Lobbo initiates his jihad, in present-day Mali. Ching Shih and Cheung Po Tsai surrender their pirate fleet to the Chinese government. 4,500 chests of opium are sold in China. Births January–June thumb|right|110px|Frédéric Chopin thumb|110px|right|Robert Schumann January 3 – Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie, Irish-French geographer (d. 1897) January 13 – Ernestine Rose, Polish-born feminist (d. 1892) January 29 – Ernst Kummer, German mathematician (d. 1893) February 5 – Ole Bull, Norwegian violinist (d. 1880)http://www.snl.no/Ole_Bull Ole Bull (Store norske leksikon) Snl.no 2013-02-27 2013-04-07 February 8 – Eliphas Levi, French writer (d. 1875) March 1A baptismal record gives February 22; see Frédéric Chopin for details. – Frédéric Chopin, Polish composer, pianist (d. 1849)Zamoyski Adam Adam Zamoyski 2010 Chopin: Prince of the Romantics HarperCollins London 978-0-00-735182-4 4–5 March 2 – Pope Leo XIII (b. Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci) (d. 1903) March 10 – Samuel Ferguson, Northern Irish lawyer, poet and artist (d. 1886)Boylan Henry 1998 A Dictionary of Irish Biography, 3rd Edition 129 Dublin Gill and MacMillan 978-0-7171-2945-4 March 28 – Alexandre Herculano, Portuguese writer and historian (d. 1877)Ford Jeremiah Denis Mathias Alejandro Herculano de Carvalho e Araujo 7 March 31 - Hayyim Selig Slonimski Polish-Jewish scientist (d. 1904) April 8 – Hégésippe Moreau, French writer and poet (d. 1838) May 2 – Hans Christian Lumbye, Danish composer (d. 1874)Constance Green David Mason Greene Greene's biographical encyclopedia of composers Doubleday 1985 9780385142786 571 May 23 – Margaret Fuller, American journalist, literary critic and feminist (d. 1850)Nelson, Randy F. The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 42. 0-86576-008-X May 24 – Abraham Geiger, German rabbi, founder of European Reform Judaism (d. 1874) May 31 – Horatio Seymour, 18th Governor of New York, 1868 Democratic Party Presidential Nominee (d. 1886) June 8 – Robert Schumann, German composer and pianist (d. 1856)John Daverio Robert Schumann: Herald of a "New Poetic Age" https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8yLxsRJucoC&pg=PT29 10 April 1997 Oxford University Press 978-0-19-983931-5 29 June 9 – Otto Nicolai, German composer and conductor (d. 1849)Nicolaï, Otto 19 662 June 14 – Ward Hunt, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1886) July–December thumb|right|110px|Theodor Schwann July 5 – P. T. Barnum, American showman (d. 1891)Morgen Witzel Encyclopedia of History of American Management https://books.google.com/books?id=6cGvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 15 March 2005 A&C Black 978-1-84714-469-0 23 July 20 – Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal, Prussian field marshal (d. 1900)Blumenthal, Leonhard 4 July 21 – Henri Victor Regnault, French chemist, physicist (d. 1878)Turner Browne Elaine Partnow Macmillan biographical encyclopedia of photographic artists & innovators Macmillan 1983 9780025175006 503 August 4 – Maurice de Guérin, French poet (d. 1839)y Guérin du Cayla, Georges Maurice de 12 671 August 10 – Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, 1st Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1861)The Court of the Second Empire Imbert de Saint-Amand C. Scribner's sons 1898 310 August 24 – Theodore Parker, American preacher, Transcendentalist, and abolitionist (d. 1860) August 29 – Juan Bautista Alberdi, Argentinian politician, writer and Constitution main promoter (d. 1884)Carlos A. Solé Maria Isabel Abreu Latin American Writers Scribner 1989 9780684185972 153 September 29 – Elizabeth Gaskell, British novelist (d. 1865)https://gaskellsociety.co.uk/elizabeth-gaskell/ Elizabeth Gaskell Biography - The Gaskell Society Gaskellsociety.co.uk 20 January 2025 November 3 – Yisroel Salanter, father of the Musar movement in Orthodox Judaism (d. 1883)Understanding Rabbinic Judaism: From Talmudic to Modern Times Jacob Neusner Wipf & Stock Publishers 2003 9781592442133 355 November 7 – Ferenc Erkel, Hungarian musician and composer (d. 1893)David Mason Greene Greene's biographical encyclopedia of composers Doubleday 1985 9780385142786 581 November 8 – Pierre Bosquet, French general, Marshal of France (d. 1861)1 Bosquet, Pierre François Joseph 4 287 November 9 – Bernhard von Langenbeck, German surgeon (d. 1887)1 Langenbeck, Bernhard Rudolf Konrad von 16 173-174 November 26 – William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong, English engineer, inventor of the Hydraulic accumulator (d. 1900)https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-669 Armstrong, William George, Baron Armstrong (1810–1900), armaments manufacturer and industrialist 2004 10.1093/ref:odnb/669 Linsley Stafford M. December 4 – Barbara Bronisława Czarnowska, Polish noblewoman, independence fighter and soldier (d. 1891)Barbara Bronisława Czarnowska https://ckziumragowo.pl/historia/Barbara-Bronis%C5%82awa-Czarnowska 2026-04-10 CKZiU Mrągowo December 7 – Theodor Schwann, German physiologist (d. 1882)Thomas Tony Abraham Theodor Schwann: A founding father of biology and medicine Current Medical Issues 2017 15 4 299 10.4103/cmi.cmi_81_17 90944618 free December 11 – Alfred de Musset, French poet (d. 1857)Alfred de Musset The Confession of a Child of the Century Current Lit. Publishing Company 1925 224 December 24 – Wilhelm Marstrand, Danish painter (d. 1873)Joseph Thomas Universal Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and Mythology J. B. Lippincott Company 1908 1666 Date unknown Nicolae Golescu, 9th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1877)Radu Florescu The Struggle Against Russia in the Romanian Principalities: A Problem in Anglo-Turkish Diplomacy, 1821-1854 https://books.google.com/books?id=v4PiAAAAMAAJ 1997 Center for Romanian Studies, The Foundation for Romanian Culture and Studies 978-973-98091-3-9 204 Deaths January–June thumb|right|110px|Henry Cavendish January 15 – Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova, Russian princess, courtier and patron of the arts and sciences, first woman to head a scientific academy (b. 1743) January 20 – Benjamin Chew, Chief Justice of colonial Pennsylvania (b. 1722) January 23 – Johann Wilhelm Ritter, German chemist, physicist (b. 1776) February 20 – Andreas Hofer, Tyrolean national hero (executed) (b. 1767)Tom Pocock. Stopping Napoleon: War and Intrigue in the Mediterranean (Kindle Locations 2357-2359). Thistle Publishing. Kindle Edition. February 22 – Charles Brockden Brown, American novelist (b. 1771; tuberculosis)Doris Devine Fanelli Karie Diethorn History of the Portrait Collection, Independence National Historical Park https://books.google.com/books?id=UWvU0cjtJVEC&pg=PA98 2001 American Philosophical Society 978-0-87169-242-9 98– February 24 – Henry Cavendish, British scientist (b. 1731) Cavendish, Henry 05 580–581 March 7 – Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood, British admiral (b. 1750)Collingwood, Cuthbert Collingwood, Baron 6 690–691 March 10 – Augusta Dorothea, Abbess of Gandersheim, German princess (b. 1749) March 12 – Jean-François-Auguste Moulin, member of the French Directory (b. 1752) April 25 – Jacob Broom, American businessman and politician (b. 1752) April 26 – John Metcalf, English roadbuilder (b. 1717) May 9 – Benjamin Lincoln, major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1733) May 21 – Chevalier d'Eon, French-born diplomat, spy, soldier and transvestite (b. 1728) June 7 – Luigi Schiavonetti, Italian engraver (b. 1765) June 26 – Joseph-Michel Montgolfier, French inventor (b. 1740)Contemporary Contemporary Books Chase's Annual Events: The Day-By-Day Directory to 1994 https://books.google.com/books?id=zQoBM1qCk5wC 1993 Contemporary books 978-0-8092-3732-6 266 July–December thumb|right|110px|Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz July 6 – Andrianampoinimerina, ruler of Madagascar (b. 1745) Galibert Didier Les gens du pouvoir à Madagascar – Etat postcolonial, légitimités et territoire (1956–2002) Karthala Editions Antananarivo 2009 9782811131432 fr https://books.google.com/books?id=DoEG8JNlKvAC 207 July 19 – Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of Prussia (b. 1776) August 12 – Étienne Louis Geoffroy, French pharmacist, entomologist (b. 1725) August 26 – Santiago de Liniers, 1st Count of Buenos Aires, French officer in Spanish colonial military service (executed) (b. 1753) September 13 – William Cushing, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1732) September 17 – Ulla von Höpken, Swedish courtier, influential socialite (b. 1749) October 15 – Alfred Moore, American judge (b. 1755) October 16 - Nachman of Breslov chassidic master (b. 1772) November 2 – Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom, Member of the British Royal Family (b. 1783) November 11 – Johan Zoffany, German-born painter (b. 1733)Zoffany, Johann December 2 – Philipp Otto Runge, German painter (b. 1777) December 5 – Kumara Swamy Desikar, Indian philosopher (b. 1711) December 14 – Cyrus Griffin, last President of the Continental Congress (b. 1749) References External links