2014 Oso landslide

Landslide east of Oso, Washington, United States May 2025 June 2019 Oso Mudslide 29 March 2014 aerial view 1.jpg 300 Oso Mudslide on March 29, 2014, view to the northeast 2014 3 22 10:36 a.m. Oso, Washington 48.28256 -121.84800 dms inline,title type:event_region:US-WA_scale:50000 Suspected soil saturation from heavy rainfallWashington Post, March 24, 2014. 43Snohomish County Medical Examiner's Office Media Update http://www.snohomishcountywa.gov/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/3913 Snohomish County Medical Examiner's Office July 23, 2014 July 27, 2014 12 total (4 serious)Seattle Times, April 7, 2014. 0 SR 530 Slide Area Missing Person List http://wa-snohomishcounty.civicplus.com/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/3866 Snohomish County Sheriff's Office May 28, 2014 June 7, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140714205517/http://wa-snohomishcounty.civicplus.com/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/3866 July 14, 2014 dead $60 million (2014 USD)Storm Events Database, NOAA A major landslide occurred 4 mi east of Oso, Washington, United States, on March 22, 2014, at 10:37 a.m. local time. A portion of an unstable hill collapsed, sending mud and debris to the south across the North Fork of the Stillaguamish River, engulfing a rural neighborhood, and covering an area of approximately 1 sqmi off. Forty-three people were killed and 49 homes and other structures destroyed. The landslide has been described as one of, if not the most, deadly landslide in American history.2024-03-20 Friday marks 10 years since 43 killed in Oso landslide https://www.kiro7.com/news/local/friday-marks-10-years-since-43-killed-oso-landslide/EIB7MLP3KJEN3HZXHYJQTKGPWI/ 2024-03-23 KIRO 7 News Seattle enBernhard Jimmy 2022-03-22 Remembering the Oso landslide, deadliest in US history, 8 years later https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/oso-landslide/oso-landslide-memorial-steelhead-haven-community-snohomish-county/281-1e91f51d-8f5c-440a-b1fc-5d535f41f067 2024-03-23 king5.com en-US Overview left|thumb|2009 view to the southwest overlooking the slide site (on the left) and the Steelhead Haven plat across the Stillaguamish River. The unstable area is the area of lighter green trees to the right and beneath the river section that is visible. The mudslide flowed towards the upper left, across the river. All of the houses visible in the image were destroyed.Seattle Times, April 3, 2014 The March 2014 landslide engulfed 49 homes and other structures in an unincorporated neighborhood known as "Steelhead Haven" on the south side of the North Fork of the Stillaguamish River, approximately 4 mi km east of Oso, Washington.Seattle Times, March 24, 2014c It also dammed the river, causing extensive flooding upstream as well as blocking State Route 530, the main route to the town of Darrington (population 1,347), 16 mi km east of Oso.March 26, 2014 A brief history of Darrington and Oso https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/oso-landslide/a-brief-history-of-darrington-and-oso/246924308 KING 5 News March 20, 2019 The natural rock and mineral formation (referred to as a "geological feature") with the most recent activity in the area of Oso is known as the Hazel Landslide; the most recent landslide event was referred to in the media as "The Oso Mudslide".Herald (Everett), March 22, 2014; Leberfinger 2014; NBC News, March 24, 2014; Seattle Times, March 22, 2014. Excluding landslides caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquakes or dam collapses, the Oso slide is the deadliest single landslide event in United States history.Worst Landslides in U.S. History https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/worst-landslides-in-us-history.html Weather Underground March 31, 2014 The Hazel Landslide has a history of instability dating to 1937.Seattle Times, March 24, 2014a; Miller Sias 1998. Seattle Times, March 24, 2014a; Miller Sias 1998. Prior to the March 2014 mudslide, the Oso area had heavy rainfall during the previous 45 days, up to 200 percent of normal.Leberfinger 2014. The slide, described by witnesses as a "fast-moving wall of mud", contained trees and other debris; it cut through homes directly beneath the hill on the south side of the Stillaguamish River. A firefighter at the scene stated, "When the slide hit the river, it was like a tsunami." A Washington state geologist stated the slide was one of the largest landslides he had personally seen. The mud, soil and rock debris left from the mudslide covered an area 1500 ft on long, 4400 ft on wide and deposited debris 30 to 70 ft on deep.Tina Patel, "The mud and debris are 70 feet deep in some places", Q13 Fox News Fresh landslide tailings depicted in aerial photograph dated 2006, with topology map comparisons (1901–1977), NETROnline.com. April 2014 KING5 News Online, March 23, 2014. Seattle Times, March 23, 2014b. Death toll rises to 14 in Snohomish County landslide KING 5 News and Associated Press http://www.nwcn.com/news/washington/Oso-darrington-landslide-Monday-251915291.html March 24, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140325045513/http://www.nwcn.com/news/washington/Oso-darrington-landslide-Monday-251915291.html March 25, 2014 dead April 2014 A national geologist stated the flow of the landslide was extreme because of the extraordinary run-out of mud and debris. While the landslide was well documented, a research team from the Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) announced in April 2014 that it would investigate the factors contributing to the slide.Wilcox Kevin Team Seeks to Learn From Fatal Landslide Civil Engineering April 22, 2014 http://www.asce.org/cemagazine/Article.aspx?id=23622330614#.U10YjfPn90h https://web.archive.org/web/20140428172038/http://www.asce.org/cemagazine/Article.aspx?id=23622330614#.U10YjfPn90h dead April 28, 2014 April 27, 2014November 2025 What are results of the study? Casualties and damage More than 100 first responders from Snohomish County Volunteer Search and Rescue (SCVSAR), Snohomish County, and other surrounding counties were dispatched to assist with emergency medical and search-and-rescue efforts, including the Navy's search and rescue unit stationed at nearby Naval Air Station Whidbey Island. Over 600 personnel, including more than 160 volunteers, worked on landslide recovery operations.Sunday night 530 landslide update http://snohomishcountywa.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=181 Snohomish County Medical Examiner's Office April 1, 2014 April 1, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140407193345/http://snohomishcountywa.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=181 April 7, 2014 dead Late in the evening of March 22, 2014, Washington's Lieutenant Governor Brad Owen declared a state of emergency in Snohomish County. Washington state Governor Jay Inslee toured the area by air the following day before joining county officials at a news conference.Landslide kills three, injures others in Washington state March 23, 2014 Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-mudslide-washingtonstate-idUSBREA2L0R020140323 March 23, 2014 Kaminsky Jonathan On the day of the slide, eight people were rescued and taken to regional hospitals. While the official search for victims ended in April 2014, workers and volunteers continued to screen debris and look for one victim still unaccounted for. On July 22, 2014 the Snohomish County Sheriff's Office confirmed 43 fatalities after remains of the final victim had been located and identified.Associated Press Last body found in Washington mudslide http://mynorthwest.com/174/2570325/Last-body-found-in-Washington-mudslide MYNorthwest.com https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051439/http://mynorthwest.com/174/2570325/Last-body-found-in-Washington-mudslide August 8, 2014 English July 22, 2014 dead July 22, 2014 The slide blocked the North Fork of the Stillaguamish River, causing it to back up eastward. Because of concerns that the mud and debris dam could fail and cause downstream flooding, the National Weather Service (NWS) issued a flash flood watch. On April 2, 2014, with the river flowing in a new channel at the north end of the debris dam, the service lifted the flash flood watch. Flooding due to the partially obstructed river continued to occur upstream of the debris dam.Flash Flood Watch http://forecast.weather.gov/showsigwx.php?warnzone=WAZ518&warncounty=WAC061&firewxzone=WAZ656&local_place1=&product1=Flash+Flood+Watch#.UzDXWVxrpzQ National Weather Service March 27, 2014 As a result, the NWS continued to issue flood warnings for the Stillaguamish one month after the March 2014 slide.National Weather Service Watches, Warnings & Advisories; Flood Statement National Weather Service, Seattle, WA 327 PM PDT Sat Apr 19 2014 State Route 530 was indefinitely closed after the slide by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), with an alternative local route opened the following week after snow was cleared from the unpaved portion of Mountain Loop Highway south of Darrington.SR 530 Landslide http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/projects/SR530/Landslide/ Washington State Department of Transportation March 26, 2014 The highway was cleared enough by May 31 to open one lane of escorted traffic. Because the highway was badly damaged, and because the topography of the area had been altered by the landslide, WSDOT decided to elevate that section of the highway when it was rebuilt. The new roadway was opened September 22, http://www.arlingtontimes.com/news/276497641.html Highway 530 reopens 6 months after Oso slide September 23, 2014 Arlington Times September 23, 2014 ahead of schedule of the projected completion date of early October 2014.Rebuilding SR 530 http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/projects/SR530/Landslide/ Washington State Department of Transportation July 28, 2014 Federal aid On April 3, the mudslide was declared a major disaster by President Barack Obama. The declaration was requested on April 1 by Governor Inslee, who stated that approximately 30 families needed help with housing and other needs. Inslee said that financial loss estimates had reached $10 million. Snohomish County Emergency Management Director John Pennington advised residents to register with FEMA."Obama declares major disaster for Oso landslide" https://web.archive.org/web/20140407073456/http://www.kvue.com/news/253727261.html April 7, 2014 , KING 5 News and Associated Press via KVUE, April 3, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2014. Four days later, during passage of the Green Mountain Lookout Heritage Protection Act, Senator Patty Murray (D-WA) mentioned the landslide, saying the bill would "provide a glimmer of hope for the long-term recovery of this area."Cox Ramsey Senate approves small bill to help Oso recovery https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/202617-senate-approves-small-bill-to-aid-oso-landslide-victims/ April 8, 2014 The Hill April 3, 2014 On April 22, President Obama visited the west side of the slide area. After arriving in Air Force One at Paine Field in Everett, he met with officials and boarded Marine One. There, he was joined by Governor Inslee and Senators Patty Murray and Maria Cantwell as well as Rep. Suzan DelBene for a flyover of the slide and debris field. After viewing the site, the president met privately with survivors, families of the victims, and some of the scene's first responders and rescuers at the Oso fire hall.Seattle Times, April 22, 2014 Controversy "Completely unforeseen" remark thumbnail|right|Top view of slide area On March 24, two days after the slide, John Pennington, Director of Snohomish County's Department of Emergency Management, stated at a news conference, "This was a completely unforeseen slide. This came out of nowhere."Seattle Times, March 25, 2014a. The same day The Seattle Times published an articleSeattle Times, March 24, 2014a. about previous slides at the same location, as well as the likelihood of future slides. The article contained comments from geologists, engineers, and local residents, and stated that the area was known among locals as "Slide Hill". On the next day, The Times followed up with a full page article, Unforeseen' risk of slide? Warnings go back decades". Snohomish County Public Works Director Steve Thomsen was quoted as saying, "A slide of this magnitude is very difficult to predict. There was no indication, no indication at all." thumbnail|left|Aerial view of slide ridge On March 27, 2014, The Seattle Times reportedSeattle Times, March 27, 2014. that a 2010 study, commissioned by the county, warned the hillside above Steelhead Drive was one of the most dangerous in the county. According to Rob Flaner, one of the authors of the 2010 report, "For someone to say that this plan did not warn that this was a risk is a falsity." In the days following the slide, criticism of Snohomish County officials received national attention in a New York Times editorial.New York Times, March 29, 2014b. The Seattle Times further reported that in 2004, county officials became concerned about the possibility of a dangerous landslide in the Steelhead Haven area, and considered buying out the homes of that area's residents. The idea was rejected with the county building a new wall in an attempt to stabilize the slope. Some disaster experts criticized this decision as a serious mistake.Christian Science Monitor, April 5, 2014 According to environmental engineer and applied geomorphologist Tracy Drury, "[after the 2006 slide they] didn't even stop pounding nails." As to any kind of buy-out program, Drury further stated, "I think we did the best we could under the constraints that nobody wanted to sell their property and move elsewhere." Repairs to the slide area extend back several decades prior to the March 2014 slide. A rock revetment installed in 1962 to protect the toe of the slide area from erosion from the river was overrun by a slide two years later. An effort in 2006 to move the river 430 feet (130 m) south of the erosion area failed when another landslide moved the river a total of 730feet (220m). Seattle Times, March 25, 2014a. Logging In the days following the slide, scientists questioned whether logging in the area could have been a factor contributing to the hillside collapse.UPI Science News; "Logging may have contributed to deadly Washington landslide"Stranger, March 27, 2014 Grandy Lake Forest Associates of Mount Vernon, WashingtonConcern Over Landslide-Logging Connection Near Oso Is Decades Old proposed a 15-acre (6 ha) clearcut at the upper edge of the Oso landslide zone in 2004. Washington state forester Aaron Everett stated in an interview with KUOW that the application was rejected and "The one that was approved in the end eliminated the part of the harvest that would have been inside the groundwater recharge area." Everett further stated the resulting 7-acre (2.8 ha) clearcut operation reached to the edge of the groundwater danger zone.http://nwpr.org/post/oso-clearcut-extended-no-logging-zone https://web.archive.org/web/20140331112759/http://nwpr.org/post/oso-clearcut-extended-no-logging-zone dead March 31, 2014 Oso: Clearcut Extended Into No-Logging Zone | Northwest Public Radio Nwpr.org March 31, 2014 An investigation is being conducted to determine whether Grandy Lake crossed into the restricted area that could theoretically feed groundwater into the landslide zone, affecting it for 16 to 27 years.Logging OK'd in 2004 may have exceeded approved boundary http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2023235343_mudslideovercutxml.html The Seattle Times Mike Baker and Justin Mayo March 26, 2014 Aftermath Two years after the mudslide, about 11,000 tons of wreckage had been removed from the slide area. Thirty-four parcels of land had been purchased by Snohomish County from owners of property too dangerous for residences. Properties in the area bordering State Route 530 and across from the slide area remained salable.Lacitis Erik 2 years since Oso slide, a quiet renewal amid the sorrow http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/northwest/2-years-since-oso-slide-a-quiet-renewal-amid-the-sorrow/ Seattle Times September 9, 2016 March 21, 2016 In October 2016, survivors and the victims' families reached settlements with the State of Washington and a timber company, Grandy Lake Forest Associates, for $50 million and $10 million respectively.Families reach $10 million settlement with Grandy Lake Forest Associates over deadly 2014 landslide http://www.cbsnews.com/news/families-10-million-settlement-grandy-lake-forest-associates-deadly-2014-landslide/ October 10, 2016 CBS News October 10, 2016 Site memorials Alongside State Route 530, the entrance to what was Steelhead Drive is closed by a gate that was decorated by impromptu memorials. Alongside, three rows of 43 cedar trees were planted, one for each of the victims. At the time of the planting, each tree was decorated with mementos specific to each person. In September 2017, one of the few trees in the path of the slide that remained standing near Highway 530 and was seen by locals as a memorial was cut down as a danger tree. County officials decided to cut the Sitka spruce tree down after it was determined its roots had sustained enough damage that it could no longer be considered stable and not a hazard to both the Whitehorse Trail parallel to the highway as well as the highway itself. Following the slide, a memorial sign carved out of cedar and reading, "Oso. 10:45 a.m. 3/22/14", was placed on the spruce and remained until the tree was removed.http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/sep/17/massive-tree-that-withstood-deadly-oso-mudslide-co/ Massive tree that withstood deadly Oso mudslide comes down King Rikki September 17, 2017 spokesman.com June 28, 2018https://www.kiro7.com/news/local/tree-that-withstood-oso-slide-comes-down/610439472 Tree that withstood Oso slide comes down Bhoolsuwan Patranya September 16, 2017 June 28, 2018https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/oso-tree-cut-down-but-not-communitys-strength/475612108 Oso tree cut down, but not community's strength Tan LiLi September 17, 2017 king5.com June 28, 2018 The Snohomish County Department of Parks, Recreation & Tourism announced on March 22, 2018, that plans had begun for the Oso Landslide Memorial, a permanent memorial commemorating the victims. The tribute is set to be built at the location of the slide and fundraising efforts are underway with wood from the formerly standing memorial tree to be repurposed and used for the permanent display.https://www.kiro7.com/news/local/plans-underway-for-oso-memorial-4-years-after-devastating-landslide/720083016 Plans underway for Oso memorial 4 years after devastating landslide News Staff KIRO 7 March 22, 2018 June 28, 2018 Ground activity surrounding the slide thumb|right|Aerial view of the damage Ground vibrations generated by the Oso landslide were recorded at several regional stations and subsequently analyzed by the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network (PNSN). The initial collapse began at 10:37:22 a.m. local time (PDT; 17:37:22 UTC), lasting approximately 2.5 minutes. Debris loosened by initial collapse is believed to contain material previously disturbed and weakened by the 2006 slide. Following the initial event was another large slide occurring at 10:41:53 PDT. Additional events, most likely smaller landslides breaking off the head scarp, continued for several hours. The last notable signal came at 14:10:15.Allstadt 2014. Examination of records from the nearest seismic station 7 mi on to the southwest indicate small seismic events started around 8 a.m. the day of the slide and stopped in the late afternoon. However, they were not detected at the next nearest seismic station. They are also seen in the days before and after the slide, but only during daylight hours. They are believed to be related to some kind of human activity. No other indications of possible precursors have been found. In the days following the slide, Snohomish County Emergency Management Director John Pennington speculated a 1.1 magnitude earthquake on March 10 may have triggered the landslide.Seattle Times, March 25, 2014c; CBC News, March 25, 2014. Data collected by the PNSN shows a magnitude 1.1 earthquake on that date in the vicinity of the Oso landslide (about 2 ±0.8 km to the northeast), at a depth of 3.9 ±1.9 km.Allstadt 2014 (PNSN).M1.1 – 18km WNW of Darrington, Washington (BETA) Regardless, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) determined the slide was not caused by seismic activity.USGS states slide not caused by seismic activityApril 2014 Geological context upright=1.3|right|thumbnail|Shaded-relief geomorphologic map of Oso Landslide of 2014 and adjacent areas. Oso is two miles west of this map, Hazel, one mile east. Colored areas are older landslides, "D" being the oldest. Upper "A" is the March 2014 landslide, lower "A", Skaglund Hill. Topography shown is from 2006; red line is approximate location of the current head scarp. Red cross-hatching is the runout area, now buried in mud and debris. Terrace on the upper-left is Whitman Bench. Image from USGS OFR 2014-1065. The landslide occurred at the southeastern edge of Whitman Bench, a land terrace about 800 ft on above the valley floor and consisting of gravel and sand deposited during the most recent glaciation.Miller 1999 1; USGS OFR 2014-1065. When the Puget Lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet moved south from British Columbia, Canada filling the Puget Lowland, various mountain valleys were dammed and lakes were formed.Tabor Booth Vance Ford 2002 (Sauk River Quadrangle). Sediment washed down from the higher mountains settled in the lake bottoms, forming a layer of clay. As the glacial ice pressed higher against the western end of Mount Frailey, water flowing around the edge of the ice from the north was forced around the mountain, eventually pouring in through the long valley extending to the northwest and now occupied by Lake Cavanaugh. Sand and gravel carried by the flow and entering the glacial lake dropped out to form a delta, the remnant of which is now known as Whitman Bench.The areas predominantly containing gravel and sand are shown as "Qgoge" and "Qgose", respectively. "Qgle" and "Qglv" mark exposures of the underlying clay and silt with "Qls" marking landslide complexes. Mount Higgins; Dragovich Stanton 2007 (DDMF). Following the glacier's retreat and allowing for the lake to be released, the river carved out most of the clay and silt deposits, leaving the former delta "hanging" approximately 650 ft on above the current valley floorMiller 1999 1. When the sand portion of a deposit has very little clay or "fines" to cement it together, it is structurally weak, leaving the area around it vulnerable. Such an area is also sensitive to water accumulation, increasing the internal "pore" pressure and subsequently contributing to ground failure. Water infiltrating from the surface will flow through the surface, save for contact with the less permeable clay, allowing the water to accumulate and form a zone of stability weakness.Miller 1999 p. 1. Such variations in pore pressure and water flux are one of the primary factors leading to slope failure. In case of the area of the Stillaguamish River where the March 2014 slide occurred, erosion at the base of the slope from the river flow further contributes to slope instability.Miller 1999 4. Such conditions have created an extensive series of landslide complexes on both sides of the Stillaguamish valley. Additional benches on the margin of Whitman Bench are due to deep-seated slumping of large blocks, which also creates planes of weakness for future slippage and channels for water infiltration.Miller Sias 1997 Figure 1.3. History of slide activity According to a 1999 report submitted to the United States Army Corps of EngineersMiller 1999 2. by geologist Daniel J. Miller, PhD:Geologist Daniel J. Miller Ph.D. curriculum vitae online The Hazel landslide has been active for over half a century. Thorsen (1996) noted a tight river bend impinging on the north bank with active landslides visible in 1937 aerial photographs. The next 60 years involves two periods of relatively low landslide activity, and two periods of relatively high activity, the last of which extends to this day [1999]. Known activity at this specific site includes the following:Miller 1999 2–3. 1937: aerial photographs show active landslides. 1951: mudflow from a side channel briefly blocked the river. 1952: movement of large, intact blocks, leaving head scarps 70 ft on high. Later photographs show persistent activity through the next decade. 1967 January: slump of a large block and accompanying mud flows push the river channel about 700 ft on south. This protects the toe from erosion, activity is minor for about two decades. 1988 November: erosion of the toe leads to another slide, and the river is again moved south, but not as far as in 1967. 2006 January 25: large slide blocks the river, new channel is cut to alleviate flooding.Seattle Times, January 27, 2006. See also Steelhead Landslide pictures. See also United States 2006 Southern Leyte mudslide Debris flow Mudflow Mass wasting Rotational slides Notes 24em References 30em Kate Allstadt March 26, 2014 Seismic signals generated by the March 22nd Oso Landslide Seismo Blog: Updates and dispatches from the PNSN Kate Allstadt http://www.pnsn.org/blog/2014/03/26/seismic-signals-generated-by-the-march-22nd-oso-landslide. The Bellingham Herald: CITEREFBellingham Herald, January 23, 2009 Stark John January 23, 2009 Lands commissioner tours landslide areas in Whatcom County The Bellingham Herald March 30, 2014 http://wflc.org/inthenews/landslidesflooding/1.23.09BellinghamHerald/view Benda L. G. Thorsen S. Bemath 1988 Report of the ID Team Investigation of the Hazel Landslide on the North Fork of the Stillaguamish River Unpublished. DNR NW Region, FPA 19–09420 CBC News: CITEREFCBC News, March 25, 2014 Mike Lanela March 25, 2014 Washington state mudslide preceded by small earthquake CBC News http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/washington-state-mudslide-preceded-by-small-earthquake-1.2585733 The Christian Science Monitor: CITEREFChristian Science Monitor, March 28, 2014 Knickerbocker Brad March 28, 2014 Washington mudslide: logging eyed as contributing cause The Christian Science Monitor https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2014/0328/Washington-mudslide-logging-eyed-as-contributing-cause March 30, 2014 CITEREFChristian Science Monitor, April 5, 2014 Knickerbocker Brad April 5, 2014 Authorities knew of mudslide danger, but didn't tell residents The Christian Science Monitor April 5, 2014 https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2014/0405/Authorities-knew-of-mudslide-danger-but-didn-t-tell-residents Joe D. Dragovich Benjamin Stanton 2007 The Darrington—Devils Mountain Fault – A probably active reverse-oblique-slip fault zone in Skagit and Island Counties, Washington Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open-File Report 2007-2 1 sheet, scale 1:31,104 http://www.dnr.wa.gov/Publications/ger_ofr2007-2_darrington_devils_mountain_fault.zip. CITEREFMount Higgins Joe D. Dragovich Benjamin W. Stanton William S. Lingley Jr. Gerry A. Griesel Michael Polenz 2003 Geologic Map of the Mount Higgins 7.5-minute Quadrangle, Skagit and Snohomish Counties, Washington Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open-File Report 2003-12 1 sheet, scale 1:24,000 http://www.dnr.wa.gov/Publications/ger_ofr2003-12_geol_map_mounthiggins_24k.pdf. GEER Report: CITEREFGEER Report2014 Jeffrey R. Keaton Joseph Wartman Scott Anderson Jean Benoît John deLaChapelle Robert Gilbert David R. Montgomery July 22, 2014 The 22 March 2014 Oso Landslide, Snohomish County, Washington Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance https://snohomishcountywa.gov/DocumentCenter/View/18180. CITEREFUSGS OFR 2014-1065 Ralph A. Haugerud 2014 Preliminary interpretation of pre-2014 landslide deposits in the vicinity of Oso, Washington U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Open-File Report 2014-1065 10.3133/ofr20141065 https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1065/pdf/ofr2014-1065.pdf free. Everett Herald: CITEREFHerald (Everett), March 22, 2014 Chris Winters March 22, 2014 Mudslide witness: 'Everything was gone in 3 seconds' Everett Herald http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20140322/NEWS01/140329561/Mudslide-witness-%91Everything-was-gone-in-3-seconds%92 March 23, 2014 Iverson R.M. D.L. George K. Allstadt M.E. Kate Allstadt Reid B.D. Collins J.W. Vallance S.P. Schilling J.W. Godt C.M. Cannon C.S. McGirl R.L. Baum J.A. Coe W.H. Schulz J.B. Bower 2015 Landslide mobility and hazards: implications of the 2014 Oso disaster Earth and Planetary Science Letters 412 197–208 10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.020 2015E&PSL.412..197I free. KING 5 News (Seattle): Death toll rises to 14 in Snohomish County landslide KING 5 News Associated Press http://www.nwcn.com/news/washington/Oso-darrington-landslide-Monday-251915291.html March 24, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140325045513/http://www.nwcn.com/news/washington/Oso-darrington-landslide-Monday-251915291.html March 25, 2014 dead mdy-all CITEREFKING5 News Online, March 23, 2014 Zahid Arab March 23, 2014 KING 5 News What caused the landslide near Oso? Seattle, Washington http://www.king5.com/news/local/What-caused-the-landslide-near-Oso-251810431.html March 24, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140326191927/http://www.king5.com/news/local/What-caused-the-landslide-near-Oso-251810431.html March 26, 2014 dead mdy-all KUOW (Seattle): Concern Over Landslide-Logging Connection Near Oso Is Decades Old March 26, 2014 KUOW Seattle, Washington Ryan John http://kuow.org/post/concern-over-landslide-logging-connection-near-oso-decades-old March 30, 2014 Mark Leberfinger March 24, 2014 Death Toll From Washington Landslide Climbs to Eight AccuWeather.com http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/two-dead-after-washington-land/24749353 March 24, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140323224449/http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/two-dead-after-washington-land/24749353 March 23, 2014 dead Daniel J. Miller October 1999 Hazel/Gold Basin Landslides: Geomorphic Review Draft Report http://www.netmaptools.org/Pages/Hazel/Hazel_GoldBasin.pdf. Dan Miller Joan Sias 1997 Environmental Factors Affecting the Hazel Landslide http://www.netmaptools.org/Pages/Hazel/Hazel.pdf. Miller Daniel J. Joan Sias 1998 Deciphering large landslides: linking hydrological, groundwater and slope stability models through GIS Hydrological Processes 12 6 923–941 http://www.netmaptools.org/Pages/Hazel/Miller&Sias.pdf 10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(199805)12:6<923::aid-hyp663>3.0.co;2-3 1998HyPr...12..923M NBC News: CITEREFNBC News, March 24, 2014 Elisha Fieldstadt Alexander Smith March 24, 2014 Rescuers Search 'Quicksand' for Survivors of Washington Mudslide NBC News http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/deadly-mudslide/rescuers-search-quicksand-survivors-washington-mudslide-n60256 March 24, 2014 The New York Times: CITEREFNew York Times, March 29, 2014a John Schwartz March 29, 2014a No Easy Way to Restrict Construction in Risky Areas The New York Times A12 https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/29/us/governments-find-it-hard-to-restrict-building-in-risky-areas.html CITEREFNew York Times, March 29, 2014b Timothy Egan March 29, 2014b A Mudslide, Foretold The New York Times SR3 https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/30/opinion/sunday/egan-at-home-when-the-earth-moves.html Kaminsky Jonathan March 23, 2014 Landslide kills three, injures others in Washington state Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-mudslide-washingtonstate-idUSBREA2L0R020140323 March 23, 2014 CITEREFNorthwest Public Radio, March 28, 2014 Ryan John March 28, 2014 Oso: Clearcut Extended Into No-Logging Zone Northwest Public Radio http://nwpr.org/post/oso-clearcut-extended-no-logging-zone https://web.archive.org/web/20140331112759/http://nwpr.org/post/oso-clearcut-extended-no-logging-zone dead March 31, 2014 March 30, 2014 The Seattle Times (by date): CITEREFSeattle Times, January 27, 2006 Brian Alexander January 27, 2006 Slide diverts river; Oso homes at risk The Seattle Times https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20060127/ososlide27m/slide-diverts-river-oso-homes-at-risk CITEREFSeattle Times, July 13, 2008 Bernton Hal Mayo Justin July 13, 2008 Logging and landslides: What went wrong? The Seattle Times March 30, 2014 http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2008048848_logging13m.html CITEREFSeattle Times, July 14, 2008 Bernton Hal Mayo Justin July 14, 2008 Slides putting our highways in danger The Seattle Times March 30, 2014 http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2008050123_logging14.html CITEREFSeattle Times, March 22, 2014 Angel Gonzalez Coral Garnick Jack Broom March 22, 2014 3 die in mudslide east of Arlington, 6 homes destroyed The Seattle Times http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2023201818_mudslidexml.html March 24, 2014 CITEREFSeattle Times, March 23, 2014a Angel Gonzalez Coral Garnick Jack Broom March 23, 2014a 3 die in mudslide east of Arlington, 6 homes destroyed The Seattle Times http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2023201818_mudslidexml.html March 24, 2014 CITEREFSeattle Times, March 23, 2014b March 23, 2014b 8 confirmed dead in mudslide; 18 still missing The Seattle Times http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2023210830_mudslidesundayxml.html March 23, 2014 CITEREFSeattle Times, March 24, 2014a Nancy Bartley Ken Armstrong March 24, 2014a Site has long history of slide problems The Seattle Times A4 http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2023211509_mudslidehistoryxml.html CITEREFSeattle Times, March 24, 2014b Sandi Doughton March 24, 2014 River likely undercut slope, experts say The Seattle Times A5 http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2023211593_mudslidesciencexml.html CITEREFSeattle Times, March 24, 2014c March 24, 2014c 14 dead; 176 reports of people missing in mile-wide mudslide The Seattle Times http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2023215066_mudslidemondayxml.html March 24, 2014 CITEREFSeattle Times, March 25, 2014a Ken Armstrong Mike Carter Mike Baker March 25, 2014a 'Unforeseen' risk of slide? Warnings go back decades The Seattle Times A1, A5 https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/risk-of-oso-landslide-unforeseen-warnings-go-back-decades/ CITEREFSeattle Times, March 25, 2014b Baker Mike Armstrong Ken Bernton Hal March 25, 2014b State allowed logging on plateau above slope The Seattle Times http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2023225363_mudslideloggingxml.html March 30, 2014 CITEREFSeattle Times, March 25, 2014c Sandi Doughton March 25, 2014c Scientists say there's little chance tiny quake triggered slide The Seattle Times http://blogs.seattletimes.com/today/2014/03/scientists-say-theres-little-chance-tiny-quake-triggered-slide/ CITEREFSeattle Times, March 26, 2014b Mike Baker Justin Mayo March 26, 2014 Logging OK'd in 2004 may have exceeded approved boundary The Seattle Times http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2023235343_mudslideovercutxml.html CITEREFSeattle Times, March 27, 2014 Jim Brunner Michael J. Berens March 27, 2014 County's own 2010 report called slide area dangerous The Seattle Times A1, A7 http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2023225415_mudslidecounty1xml.html CITEREFSeattle Times, April 2, 2014 Lornet Turnbull Jennifer Sullivan April 2, 2014 Day 12: 'We are trying to be as honest as we can' The Seattle Times April 7, 2014 http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2023288032_mudslidewednesday031xml.html CITEREFSeattle Times, April 3, 2014 April 3, 2014 Oso mudslide victims The Seattle Times April 4, 2014 http://seattletimesdata.com/mudslide-map/deploy/index-playlist.html CITEREFSeattle Times, April 7, 2014 The Seattle Times April 7, 2014 Crews start work on berms to ease search for mudslide victims http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2023324877_mudslidetuesdayxml.html April 7, 2014 CITEREFSeattle Times, April 8, 2014 Sandy Doughton The Seattle Times April 8, 2014 Expert baffled by ferocity, distance of 'freakish' slide http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2023331700_mudslidescientistxml.html April 19, 2014 CITEREFSeattle Times, April 9, 2014 Jim Brunner Michael J. Berens April 9, 2014 County's own 2010 report called slide area dangerous The Seattle Times http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2023225415_mudslidecounty1xml.html CITEREFSeattle Times, April 14, 2014 David Montgomery April 14, 2014 Guest: Map the runout risk for landslides like Oso The Seattle Times http://seattletimes.com/html/opinion/2023376128_davidmontgomeryopedosolandslidexxxml.html CITEREFSeattle Times, April 22, 2014 Mike Carter April 22, 2014 Obama to Oso: 'Whole country thinking about you' The Seattle Times http://blogs.seattletimes.com/today/2014/04/obama-on-his-way-to-site-of-the-oso-slide/ Roy C. Sidle Hirotaka Ochiai 2006 Landslides: processes, prediction, and land use Water Resources Monograph 18 American Geophysical Union 978-0-87590-322-4 CITEREFSnohomish County Medical Examiner's Office, April 9, 2014 Snohomish County Medical Examiner's Office April 9, 2014 Snohomish County Medical Examiner's Office Media Update http://www.snohomishcountywa.gov/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/3589 April 9, 2014 CITEREFSnohomish County Medical Examiner's Office, April 1, 2014 Snohomish County Medical Examiner's Office Sunday night 530 landslide update April 1, 2014 http://snohomishcountywa.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=181 April 1, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140407193345/http://snohomishcountywa.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=181 April 7, 2014 dead mdy-all CITEREFSnohomish County Sheriff's Office, April 9,2 014 Snohomish County Sheriff's Office April 9, 2014 SR 530 Slide Area Missing Person List http://wa-snohomishcounty.civicplus.com/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=205 April 9, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140410141225/http://wa-snohomishcounty.civicplus.com/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=205 April 10, 2014 dead mdy-all CITEREFUSGS OFR 2018-1132 Staisch Lydia M. Bedrock Mapping and Seismic Hazard Assessment at Gold Basin Landslide, Washington 2018 U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Open-File Report 2018-1132 10.3133/ofr20181132 https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo111239 free The Stranger: CITEREFStranger, March 27, 2014 Kiley Brendan March 27, 2014 Is There a Connection Between the Mudslide and Our State's Historical Mishmash of Logging Regulations? The Stranger SLOG Seattle, Washington http://slog.thestranger.com/slog/archives/2014/03/27/is-there-a-connection-between-the-mudslide-and-our-states-historical-mishmash-of-logging-regulations March 30, 2014 R. W. Tabor D. B. Booth J. A. Vance A. B. Ford 2002 Geologic Map of the Sauk River 30- by 60- minute quadrangle, Washington U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations map I-2592 2 sheets and pamphlet, scale 1:100,000 https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2592/. The Washington Post: CITEREFWashington Post, March 24, 2014 Berman Mark March 24, 2014 Everything you need to know about the Washington landslide The Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/03/24/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-washington-landslide/ March 24, 2014 Whidbey News-Times: CITEREFWhidbey News-Times, March 26, 2014 Janis Reid March 26, 2014 Whidbey Island agencies assist in Oso mudslide response Whidbey News-Times http://www.whidbeynewstimes.com/news/252508151.html Broken or incomplete references http://www.historicaerials.com/aerials.php?scale=6&lon=-121.85849656687999&lat=48.283683958846765&year= NETR Online Fresh landslide tailings depicted in 2006 aerial photograph, with topology map comparisons 2006 Historic Aerials Nationwide Environmental Title Research, LLC Flash Flood Watch National Weather Service http://forecast.weather.gov/showsigwx.php?warnzone=WAZ518&warncounty=WAC061&firewxzone=WAZ656&local_place1=&product1=Flash+Flood+Watch#.UzDXWVxrpzQ March 27, 2014 November 2004 Forest Practices Rules Forest Practices Board Washington State Department of Natural Resources http://www.dnr.wa.gov/BusinessPermits/Topics/ForestPracticesRules/Pages/fp_rules.aspx https://web.archive.org/web/20150613074228/http://www.dnr.wa.gov/BusinessPermits/Topics/ForestPracticesRules/Pages/fp_rules.aspx dead 2015-06-13 March 31, 2014 March 25, 2014 SR 530 Landslide Washington State Department of Transportation http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/projects/SR530/Landslide/ March 26, 2014 http://www.kvue.com/news/253727261.html Obama declares major disaster for Oso landslide April 3, 2014 kvue.com KVUE Television April 3, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140407073456/http://www.kvue.com/news/253727261.html April 7, 2014 dead mdy-all March 25, 2014 Christopher C. Burt Worst Landslides in U.S. History Wunderground http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=258 March 31, 2014 External links Oso mudslide Snohomish County Official 530 Slide Updates (includes most recent lists of victims and missing people) The Seattle Times: Victims of the Oso mudslide (photos and brief bios of the people killed or missing) https://archive.today/20140408062456/http://seattletimesdata.com/mudslide-map/deploy/index-playlist.html Oso mudslide victims el (interactive aerial view of victims' addresses) USGS simulation shows how quickly the Washington landslide liquefied Washington mudslide: before and after (interactive aerial view of landslide area) Thorsen, 1967: Landslide of January 1967 Tetra Tech Report, 2010, Ch. 14: Landslides Snohomish County Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Update (presentation) Aerial History and LiDAR of the Stilliguamish Blocking Landslide Professor Cliff Mass, Cliff Mass Weather Blog: The Meteorological Background for the Stillaguamish Landslide Dr. Dave Petley, The Landslide Blog Department of Natural Resources, Q&A About Landslides and Geology Earth sciences United States Category:2014 in Washington (state) Category:2014 natural disasters in the United States Category:History of Snohomish County, Washington Oso mudslide 2014 Category:Natural disasters in Washington (state) Oso mudslide