1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane

Category 4 Atlantic hurricane July 2022 Hurricane Four (George) Fort Lauderdale hurricane weather analysis, Sept 17, 1947.jpg Surface weather analysis of the hurricane nearing landfall in South Florida on September 17 September 4, 1947 September 21, 1947 September 21, 1947 125 938 1947 51 direct 84238000 ($US 84,238,000 1947 -4 in US USD) The Bahamas Florida Louisiana Mississippi Rappaport Edward N. Fernández-Partagás José Edward Rappaport The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996 NWS NHC 47 National Weather Service, National Hurricane Center 22 April 1997 28 May 1995 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadly.shtml? Appendix 1. Cyclones with 25+ Deaths https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml? 10 December 2024 1947 Atlantic hurricane season The 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane (Air Weather Service designation: GeorgeMultiple sources: AWS 1948 15–6 Barnes 1998 171 Louisiana Hurricane History: Early 20th Century (continued) http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/lahur.pdf National Weather Service Forecast Office Lake Charles, LA National Weather Service Lake Charles, Louisiana 10 December 2024 Roth David 2010 September 5, 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20080905040128/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/research/laerly20hur2.php Weather Prediction CenterTropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin were not formally named prior to World War II. Storms such as this one were denoted by their attributes, including coincidence with Catholic saints' feasts. Starting in 1947 the United States Weather Bureau office in Miami, working with the military, informally applied the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet to Atlantic tropical cyclones; the first storm to be so identified in public advisories was Hurricane Fox in 1950,Landsea, Christopher W. Dorst, Neal M. Christopher Landsea June 1, 2021 Hurricane FAQ – NOAA/AOML Subject: Tropical Cyclone Names: B1) How are tropical cyclones named? Hurricane Research Division https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd-faq/#naming-hurricanes 23 April 2023Norcross 2007 138–9 when the names also first appear in Atlantic HURDAT. The 1947 storm has also been colloquially called the Pompano Beach (or simply Pompano), Broward, or Southeast Florida storm, as well as the New Orleans hurricane.Multiple sources: Bush Neal Longo 2004 40–1 Colten 2009 22 Douglas 1976 116 Dunn Miller 1960 291, 301 Hagemeyer Bartlett C. Carney JoAnn S. Florida hazardous weather day-by-day (to 1994) https://www.weather.gov/media/mlb/whirl/Florida_Hazardous_Weather_By_Day_Hagemeyer.pdf National Weather Service Melbourne, Florida 20 July 2025 Landsea Franklin McAdie Beven II 2004 1710 Winsberg 2003 195 "nb" "Name") was a long-lived and an intense tropical cyclone that affected the Bahamas, southernmost Florida, and the Gulf Coast of the United States in September 1947. The fourth Atlantic tropical cyclone of the year, it formed in the eastern Atlantic Ocean on September 4, becoming a hurricane, the third of the 1947 Atlantic hurricane season, less than a day later. After moving south by west for the next four days, it turned to the northwest and rapidly attained strength beginning on September 9. It reached a peak intensity of 145 mph km/h on on September 15 while approaching the Bahamas. In spite of contemporaneous forecasts that predicted a strike farther north, the storm then turned to the west and poised to strike South Florida, crossing first the northern Bahamas at peak intensity. In the Bahamas, the storm produced a large storm surge and heavy damage, but with no reported fatalities. A day later, the storm struck South Florida as a Category 4 hurricane, its eye becoming the first and only of a major hurricane to strike Fort Lauderdale. In Florida, advance warnings and stringent building codes were credited with minimizing structural damage and reducing loss of life to 17 people, but nevertheless widespread flooding and coastal damage resulted from heavy rainfall and high tides. Many vegetable plantings, citrus groves, and cattle were submerged or drowned as the storm exacerbated already high water levels and briefly threatened to breach the dikes surrounding Lake Okeechobee. However, the dikes held firm, and evacuations were otherwise credited with minimizing the potential death toll. On the west coast of the state, the storm caused further flooding, extensive damage south of the Tampa Bay Area, and the loss of a ship at sea. On September 18, the hurricane entered the Gulf of Mexico and threatened the Florida Panhandle, but later its track moved farther west than expected, ultimately leading to a landfall southeast of New Orleans, Louisiana. Upon making landfall, the storm killed 34 people on the Gulf Coast of the United States and produced a storm tide as high as 15.2 ft m on, flooding millions of square miles and destroying thousands of homes. The storm was the first major hurricane to test Greater New Orleans since 1915, and the widespread flooding that resulted spurred flood-protection legislation and an enlarged levee system to safeguard the flood-prone area. In all, the powerful storm killed 51 people and caused $110 million (1947 US$) in damage.All damage totals are in 1947 United States dollars unless otherwise noted. "nb" Meteorological history AL04 1947 path.png new On September 2, 1947, an observer for Pan American Airways at Dakar, French West Africa, noted a tropical wave. Within a few days it moved offshore, dropping 85.4 mm in on on of rain there. The wave was also discernible as a trough aloft, in the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and was seen near Cape Verde on September 5. At 12:00 UTC on September 4, the Atlantic hurricane database—HURDAT—initiated a tropical depression midway between Cap-Vert and the archipelago. Before 2014, HURDAT began it as a tropical storm and made it a hurricane within 18 hours of formation, raising its winds from 50 mph (85 km/h) to 75 mph (120 km/h); however, reanalysis found that it took more than a week to become a hurricane. For nearly six days the cyclone—at a brisk 17 mi/h km/h on—headed south of due west, crossing half the tropical Atlantic, during which observers lost track of it after the second day, due to sparse in-situ data. Late on September 10, the ship Arakaka radioed the next definite report of its position, near 15 -49. At 15:00 UTC the next day, reconnaissance was first sent to sample the storm, finding it of moderate intensity. At this point the cyclone began turning north of due west. Within a day it underwent rapid intensification, its winds increasing from 60 mph (95 km/h) to 100 mph (155 km/h), and a new flight reported a pressure of 977 mb inHg on, indicating a 24-hour drop of 22 mb inHg on.The same flight estimated winds of 144 mi/h km/h on.Chris Landsea Craig Anderson William Bredemeyer Noel Charles Michael Chenoweth 3 Christopher Landsea https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html#1947_4 Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT: 1947 Storm 4 – Revised in 2014 Re-Analysis Project Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division Miami, Florida Note, however, that reconnaissance-derived estimates of wind speed are considered unreliable prior to the mid-1970s, if not more than a decade later.Landsea Strahan-Sakoskie Hagen 2012 4444–5 "nb" "Flight winds" Now equal to a Category 2 storm, the cyclone trekked west-northwest, a heading it kept for more than three days while being closely surveilled by aircraft. Just after, it attained winds of 115 mph (160 km/h)—major hurricane status—and for the first time aircraft noted concentric eyewalls in an Atlantic hurricane. The storm became a Category 4 hurricane on September 14. Late that day a flight found a pressure of 938 mb inHg on in the storm's eye, a record low for a mission to date in the Atlantic, implying maximum sustained winds of 141 mi/h km/h on. Due to a 7 mi km mid -wide eye—smaller than average for its location—reanalysis assigned winds of 145 mph (230 km/h), equal to mid-range Category 4 status. Within a day the storm weakened and slowed considerably, nearing a "standstill" late on September 15 off the northernmost Bahamas, possibly due to a strong ridge.Multiple sources: AWS 1948 15–6 Chris Landsea Craig Anderson William Bredemeyer Noel Charles Michael Chenoweth 3 Christopher Landsea https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html#1947_4 Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT: 1947 Storm 4 – Revised in 2014 Re-Analysis Project Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division Miami, Florida Landsea Strahan-Sakoskie Hagen 2012 4456 Norton 1947a 1 Norton 1947b 53 Strong Winds Expected Here Today Daytona Beach Morning Journal Daytona Beach, Florida September 16, 1947 22 343 1 https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qmcpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=F8gEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2063%2C4482217 Google News Archive Sumner 1947 252–3 Tannehill 1952 286 U.S. Daily Weather Maps https://library.noaa.gov/weather-climate/daily-weather-maps National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 10 December 2024 NOAA Central Library Quasi-stationary, the storm lumbered west early on September 16, while sited 250 miles (405 km) east of Palm Beach, Florida. Its trajectory then shifted south of due west, nearing the Abaco Islands. At 19:00 UTC the cyclone made its first landfall, on Great Guana Cay, with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). A weather station on a hilltop to its south—at Hope Town, Elbow Cay—recorded 160 mi/h km/h on, its highest winds on record, feeling the storm's radius of maximum wind. Shortly afterward it logged 60 mi/h km/h on near the edge of the eye, along with a pressure of 960 mb inHg on at the same time, suggesting a central pressure of 954 mb inHg on.According to one report, however, the pressure coincided with the station's strongest winds.Hurricane Warnings Issued, Lauderdale to Titusville Miami Daily News September 16, 1947 1 "nb" "Hope Town" Both the pressure and the station's elevation justified Category 3 winds, a demotion from the storm's former Category 5 rank in HURDAT. Early on September 16 the storm, now very large—and accordingly described as a "monster" by media—turned west-southwest, brushed Grand Bahama, and began to regain force, closing in on peninsular Florida. By the time it reached the state's east coast, its twin eyewalls had formed a large eye, confirming its completion of an inner-core replacement.Multiple sources: AWS 1948 15–6 Barnes 1998 170–1 Chris Landsea Craig Anderson William Bredemeyer Noel Charles Michael Chenoweth 3 Christopher Landsea https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html#1947_4 Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT: 1947 Storm 4 – Revised in 2014 Re-Analysis Project Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division Miami, Florida Landsea Christopher Delgado Sandy Best Track Committee https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/1947reanalysiscomments.pdf Best Track Committee Re-Analysis Comments for 1947 October 2013 HURDAT Re-analysis Miami Hurricane Research Division 10 December 2024 1 Tannehill 1952 286 Broward News https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123572798/ Three 1947 Storms Produced Record Rainfall September 2, 1978 Miami Herald 68 276 First 2-BR Fort Lauderdale, Florida Miami 26 April 2023 Newspapers.com thumb|A man battles strong winds during the hurricane at South Flagler Drive in West Palm Beach At 16:30 UTC on September 17, the cyclone struck South Florida near Fort Lauderdale with maximum sustained winds of 130 mph (215 km/h), equal to low-end Category 4 status.Original HURDAT showed landfall farther north, near Boca Raton, with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h), the latter derivative of the Hillsboro observation, which was erroneously taken to be a sustained wind.Kleinberg 2003 218 "nb" "Florida landfall"Landsea Strahan-Sakoskie Hagen 2012 4451–2 At Hillsboro Inlet Light an anemometer, 43 m ft on above sea level, measured a gust of 155 mi/h km/h on—the strongest to be verified in a Florida hurricane before Andrew in 1992—and a brief lull, the latter during the eye passage; the former hinted at sustained winds of 131–138 mph (211–228 km/h) near standard height.The Saffir–Simpson scale uses an elevation of 10 m ft on above mean sea level.Simiu Vickery Kareem 2007 1043 "nb" "Sea level" A barometer there sampled a low of 27.97 inHg mb on, and another at Cap's Place noted 945 mb inHg on, while readings farther south, nearer the center of the eye, varied from 951 to 956 mb inHg on; as Fort Lauderdale saw a longer calm than Hillsboro, the lowest pressures—reckoned to be near 943 mb inHg onBefore 2014 the lowest central value in Florida was officially listed as 940 mb inHg on.Blake Rappaport Landsea 2007 40 "nb" "Pressure"—occurred by the eye's edge, implying eyewall mesovortices.Multiple sources: Barnes 1998 172 Doehring Duedall Williams 1994 21 Edward Rappaport December 10, 1993 Hurricane Andrew Preliminary Report National Hurricane Center June 21, 2012 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1992andrew.html National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service Miami, Florida https://web.archive.org/web/20160906055141/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1992andrew.html September 6, 2016 live Heath Conover 1981 63 Chris Landsea Craig Anderson William Bredemeyer Noel Charles Michael Chenoweth 3 Christopher Landsea https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html#1947_4 Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT: 1947 Storm 4 – Revised in 2014 Re-Analysis Project Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division Miami, Florida Norcross 2007 55–6 Norton 1947a 1–2 Norton 1947b 53–4 Sumner 1947 252–3 The storm's radius of maximum wind was 15 miles (30 km)—near the mean for its intensity and location—but its size was huge and movement slow: hurricane-force winds extended outward 120 miles (195 km) and the storm crept inland at less than 10 mph (15 km/h). Winds over 100 mph (160 km/h) swept more than 70 miles (110 km) of coast between a point "well north" of Palm Beach and northern Miami. The storm's top winds were between Lake Worth and Fort Lauderdale, lashing lesser-populated areas such as Pompano, Deerfield, Boca Raton, Delray Beach, Coconut Creek, Coral Springs, and Margate. Winds topped 50 mph (80 km/h) over most of Florida below Brevard County, a radius of 150 miles (240 km). Meteorologist Grady Norton dubbed the storm a "Great Hurricane", one of only 10 such Florida storms on record (from 1880–1948), signifying overall intensity and impact; 13 years later his understudy Gordon Dunn deemed it "Extreme".A "Great Hurricane" contained winds over 125 mph (200 km/h) and spread hurricane-force winds over 100 miles (160 km) or more, while also generating high tides, low pressures, extensive damage, and casualties.Doehring Duedall Williams 1994 54 An "Extreme" hurricane featured winds of at least 136 mph (219 km/h)—roughly equivalent to Category 4 on the Saffir–Simpson scale—and a barometric pressure of no more than 28.00 inHg mb on.Dunn Miller 1960 291, 301 The 1947 hurricane was the sole "Great Hurricane" in the late 1940s.Tannehill 1952 286 "nb" "Great Hurricane"Multiple sources: Barnes 1998 18, 172, 314 Doehring Duedall Williams 1994 54, 62 Williams Duedall 2002 1, 21–2 Dunn Miller 1960 291, 301 Chris Landsea Craig Anderson William Bredemeyer Noel Charles Michael Chenoweth 3 Christopher Landsea https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html#1947_4 Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT: 1947 Storm 4 – Revised in 2014 Re-Analysis Project Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division Miami, Florida Norcross 2007 55–6 Norton 1947a 1–2 Norton 1947b 53–4 Sumner 1947 252–3 Winsberg 1990 151 left|thumb|303x303px|Front page of The Miami Daily News on September 18, regarding the hurricane's impact Upon landfall, the sprawling storm headed west over the marshy Everglades and the Big Cypress region; while slowly weakening, it lightly damaged rural Collier and Broward counties. Just north of Naples, which received the southern side of the eye, the storm entered the Gulf of Mexico around 03:00 UTC on September 18, bearing winds of 100 mph (155 km/h). Moving offshore, it skirted Sanibel and Captiva islands, the latter of which recorded a pressure of 969.5 mb inHg on.Multiple sources: Barnes 1998 172 Chris Landsea Craig Anderson William Bredemeyer Noel Charles Michael Chenoweth 3 Christopher Landsea https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html#1947_4 Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT: 1947 Storm 4 – Revised in 2014 Re-Analysis Project Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division Miami, Florida Ho Su Hanevich Smith 1987 10 Norton 1947a 1–2 Sumner 1947 252–3 Once over water, the hurricane turned more northwesterly and began to restrengthen, its forward pace rising to 18 mph km/h on.Sumner 1947 252–3 Around 14:00 UTC on September 19, the hurricane traversed the Chandeleur Islands and hit St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, as a high-end Category 2 hurricane with sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h).Saffir–Simpson rankings were first given United States storms in 1975.Landsea Glenn Bredemeyer Chenoweth 2007 2139 Before reanalysis the 1947 storm was ranked Category 3 in both Louisiana and Mississippi,Blake Rappaport Landsea 2007 40 on the basis of pressure;Jarrell Herbert Mayfield 1992 2, 4 however, since the late 1980s storms have been rated by wind alone.Landsea Glenn Bredemeyer Chenoweth 2007 2139 "nb" "Rating" Its 25 mi km mid -wide eye passed over Saint Bernard, Belle Chasse, and downtown New Orleans; several barometers read 967 to 974 mb inHg on, supporting a central value of 966 mb inHg on, as Belle Chasse Naval Air Station and the U.S. Weather Bureau office in New Orleans intercepted the calm center. After passing inland, the vortex hit the Louisiana state capital Baton Rouge with sustained winds of 96 mph km/h on,Sumner 1947 252–3 but degenerated rapidly thereafter: within 10 hours of landfall it lost hurricane status. Over Ark-La-Tex the tropical storm weakened further, becoming a tropical depression in North Texas late on September 20. Past the Red River its track bent northeast, and by 12:00 UTC the next day the system became extratropical, at which time it also dissipated. Preparations On the evening of September 15, the U.S. Weather Bureau foresaw a north turn, suggestive of landfall between Jacksonville, Florida, and Savannah, Georgia. As a precautionary measure, small watercraft between Jupiter, Florida, and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, were advised to remain in port.Strong Winds Expected Here Today Daytona Beach Morning Journal Daytona Beach, Florida September 16, 1947 22 343 1 https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qmcpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=F8gEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2063%2C4482217 Google News Archive Early on September 16, the forecast was revised, and hurricane warnings were issued for eastern Florida from Titusville to Fort Lauderdale, later to be expanded to Miami.Storm Nears Florida: Rich Resort Area Periled Kingsport News September 17, 1947 These were eventually issued for the west coast of the state south of Tampa, along with storm warnings in the Florida Keys.West Dick https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-commercial-appeal/161071582/ Big hurricane aims at West Palm Beach; Miami also warned United Press International The Commercial Appeal West Palm Beach, Florida Memphis, Tennessee September 17, 1947 108 260 1 P. 2 At least 5,000 people sheltered in a courthouse at Miami.https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star/161071148/ Florida 'ghost towns', 5,000 in 'bomb shelter' as hurricane roars in Toronto Star September 17, 1947 Miami Toronto 55 1 P. 2 As the hurricane approached Northern commercial flights were grounded, and 1,500 National Guard troops were readied to be mobilized if needed by Florida Governor Millard Caldwell. 4,700 persons in Broward County moved into Red Cross shelters,Broward News https://www.newspapers.com/clip/123572798/ Three 1947 Storms Produced Record Rainfall September 2, 1978 Miami Herald 68 276 First 2-BR Fort Lauderdale, Florida Miami 26 April 2023 Newspapers.com while up to 15,000 people evacuated the flood-prone Lake Okeechobee region.https://www.proquest.com/docview/108093259 registration Winds Rake Coast in Hurricane Path Nearing Florida New York City Miami Associated Press The New York Times 96 32743 September 17, 1947 1, 6 108093259 In all, more than 40,000 people statewide moved into Red Cross shelters.USWB 1947 Military aircraft were flown to safer locations, in some cases four or days more in advance.Boca Field Digging Its Way Out Delray Beach News September 26, 1947 5 Hotels in the at-risk area filled quickly due to fears of a disaster like the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane; at Melbourne and Cocoa no vacant hotels were left for evacuees. During the storm, the MacArthur, North Bay (now Kennedy), and Venetian Causeways in Miami were closed to traffic.Miami: Beach Hard-Hit Miami Daily News September 18, 1947 2 At Lake Worth alone, 1,800 people sheltered in nine official shelters during the storm.L. W. (Lake Worth) Reports Few Hardships The Palm Beach Post September 19, 1947 1, 4 As the hurricane reached the Gulf of Mexico, forecasters thought it would hit between Apalachicola and Pensacola, Florida, but by 04:15 UTC on September 19, the Weather Bureau office in New Orleans posted hurricane warnings from St. Marks, Florida, to Morgan City, Louisiana.Storm Heads for Louisiana The Palm Beach Post September 19, 1947 1 As the storm neared Louisiana, Emile Verret, the acting governor of Baton Rouge, closed the state capital and sent public officials home. In New Orleans, local National Guard units were mobilized.https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=4b-LE5UluQcC&dat=19470919&printsec=frontpage&hl=en Hurricane Levels Buildings Windsor Daily Star Associated Press Windsor, Ontario New Orleans 59 16 September 19, 1947 1, 2 Google News Archive Impact Impacts by regionRegionDeathsInjuriesLocaleDeathsInjuriesDamagesSourceCaribbean and Bahamas0? Bahamas 0 Multiple sources: https://www.proquest.com/docview/108072405 registration Grand Bahamas Damaged: All Docks and Most of Houses on West End Are Razed New York Times Nasssau, Bahamas New York City Associated Press September 18, 1947 September 19, 1947 97 32,745 3 108072405 https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald/161069805/ Great Abaco Island Residents Survive Gale Miami Herald September 20, 1947 Miami 37 291 4 Petit Don https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news/161065074/ Bahama Homes Destroyed, Residents' Lives Spared The Miami News Settlement Point, Bahamas Miami September 20, 1947 September 21, 1947 52 256 1 P. 10 Sumner 1947 252–3United States51935 Florida 17 186 31,800,000 $ Multiple sources: Norton 1947a 2 Norton 1947b 53 USWB 1947 183 Louisiana 12 95 24,000,000 $ USWB 1947 184 Mississippi 22 654 28,438,000 $ USWB 1947 184Total5193584,238,000 $Multiple sources: https://www.proquest.com/docview/108072405 registration Grand Bahamas Damaged: All Docks and Most of Houses on West End Are Razed New York Times Nasssau, Bahamas New York City Associated Press September 18, 1947 September 19, 1947 97 32,745 3 108072405 https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald/161069805/ Great Abaco Island Residents Survive Gale Miami Herald September 20, 1947 Miami 37 291 4 Norton 1947a 2 Norton 1947b 53 Petit Don https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news/161065074/ Bahama Homes Destroyed, Residents' Lives Spared The Miami News Settlement Point, Bahamas Miami September 20, 1947 September 21, 1947 52 256 1 P. 10 Sumner 1947 252–3 USWB 1947 The Bahamas As the storm passed nearby, Green Turtle Cay was flooded by 2 ft m on of water and the local weather station abandoned.https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-fairbury-daily-news/161071766/ Florida east coast prepares for hurricane Fairbury Daily News Associated Press Fairbury, Nebraska September 16, 1947 77 319 1 P. 6 Heavy seas flooded Hope Town during the storm. On the Abaco Islands the storm destroyed all crops, leading to food shortages.https://www.proquest.com/docview/108084584 registration Aid Is Sent to Bahamas New York Times September 21, 1947 September 22, 1947 United Press International Washington, D.C New York City 97 32,748 20 108084584 On Abaco Island winds hurled most of the coconuts off the palms, and seawater washed over vegetation, causing the latter to wither. No casualties occurred on the island,https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald/161069805/ Great Abaco Island Residents Survive Gale Miami Herald September 20, 1947 Miami 37 291 4 though settlements noted substantial damage. Strong winds badly damaged or destroyed the majority of docks and homes on the western end of Grand Bahama.https://www.proquest.com/docview/108072405 registration Grand Bahamas Damaged: All Docks and Most of Houses on West End Are Razed New York Times Nasssau, Bahamas New York City Associated Press September 18, 1947 September 19, 1947 97 32,745 3 108072405 At West End, then Settlement Point, a storm surge of 12 ft m on destroyed half the community. Out of roughly 300 families there, the storm left 111 homeless. It leveled or overturned 56 homes and badly damaged 55 more. A weather station during the storm measured winds of 125 mi/h km/h on at 07:00 UTC on September 17. Fierce winds downed a 40 ft m mid -tall tower and extensively damaged the island's primary fishing cannery, the Grand Bahama Packing Company; at the latter they unroofed the main building and collapsed a warehouse.Petit Don https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-news/161065074/ Bahama Homes Destroyed, Residents' Lives Spared The Miami News Settlement Point, Bahamas Miami September 20, 1947 September 21, 1947 52 256 1 P. 10The company belonged to Swedish industrialist Axel Wenner-Gren. "nb" "Cannery" Damages were severer on Grand Bahama than on either Bimini or the Abaco Islands.https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montreal-star/161069240/ Damage Caused In Bahamas Montreal Star The Canadian Press September 18, 1947 September 19, 1947 Nassau, Bahamas Montreal 79 220 2 On September 19 the United States Coast Guard dispatched the cutter Macoma to supply Grand Bahama with food and medical necessities. Aircraft also dropped food onto the island.https://www.proquest.com/docview/108066411 registration Food Rushed to Bahamas New York Times Associated Press Miami New York City September 19, 1947 September 20, 1947 97 32,746 9 108066411 Despite its intensity, the storm was not blamed for any deaths in the Lucayan Archipelago,Sumner 1947 252–3 and only slight injuries were reported. Florida right|thumb|225 px|Man dwarfed by heavy surf near Miami Effects of the 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane in Florida Statewide the storm destroyed 205 homes and severely damaged 10,543.Norton 1947a 2USWB 1947 183 Broadly comparable to the great 1926 and 1928 hurricanes,Landsea Franklin McAdie Beven II 2004 1710 it killed far fewer people—only 17—than its size and intensity suggested,http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/mgch.html Memorable Gulf Coast hurricanes of the 20th century November 1993 14 December 2024 https://web.archive.org/web/20050923150331/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/mgch.html September 23, 2005 National Hurricane Center live AOML largely due to improvements in warnings, preparations, and building codes since the 1920s.Barnes 1998 173 As a result, its winds lightly damaged structures, destroying just 37 homes, mainly small, in Broward County, blowing hundreds more off their foundations, and unroofing lightweight structures in the Palm Beaches, while doing less damage to new buildings. Rainfall and surf did most damage.Broward County Takes Stock of Storm Damage Fort Lauderdale Daily News September 22, 1947 12Loss Reported Many Millions In Palm Beach The Palm Beach Post September 19, 1947 1, 4 Gusts of 127 to 150 mph km/h on in the Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood area tore off roofs and broke utility poles "like toothpicks".Barnes 1998 172–3Norton 1947b 56 At Hillsboro Beach homes suffered roof and window damage but survived. At West Palm Beach, 40% of the initial $11 2 million in losses were to roofs. Gusts there reached 140 mi/h km/h on,Summary Of Damage From Storm In South Florida Miami Daily News September 19, 1947 12 snapping many trees.Buildings Worse in '28; Trees, Shrubs This Palm Beach Post September 19, 1947 7 left|thumb|225x225px|Storm surge battering a seawall in the west side of North Bay Village in Miami during the hurricane The storm ravaged the Boca Raton Army Air Field, doing $41 2 million in losses there and hastening its closure; on base the hurricane mostly destroyed makeshift structures, including 150 barracks, supply houses, warehouses, the post stockade, the fire station, and the theater and mess buildings.Multiple sources: Boca Field Digging Its Way Out Delray Beach News September 26, 1947 5 Churl Johnson 1990 124 Ling 2012 172–3 Summary Of Damage From Storm In South Florida Miami Daily News September 19, 1947 12 The History of the Boca Raton Airport http://www.bocaairport.com/history.shtml Boca Raton Airport Authority July 5, 2012 January 23, 2010 https://archive.today/20100123070856/http://www.bocaairport.com/history.shtml dead At Hialeah, the 11,000-seat race track was mostly unroofed, its barns and paddocks damaged and many of its flamingos missing.Wind-Lashed South Florida Digs Out of Storm's Debris Miami Daily News September 18, 1947 1 Gusts of 110 mi/h km/h on flipped and wrecked aircraft at Miami International Airport, while destroying hangars. Across Miami the winds felled power lines, signage, awnings, and trees.Barnes 1998 172 A large storm tide inundated the beaches, peaking at 11 ft m on at Hillsboro Inlet; similar levels occurred elsewhere from Fort Lauderdale to Palm Beach, eroding long swaths of State Highway A1A. Washouts also occurred from Sunny Isles Beach to Baker's Haulover Inlet.Barnes 1998 172–3Harris 1963 69, 73Kleinberg 2003 219–20 Near Lake Worth the ocean eliminated a 5 mi km mid -long segment of roadway,Sutor Jack Aerial Survey of Ocean Road Shows Damage Palm Beach Post September 21, 1947 1, 11 and washed out a 1 mi km on section at Delray Beach.Bush Neal Longo 2004 212 High tides reconfigured the coast, opening new channels and old inlets,New River Inlet Nearly Reopened Fort Lauderdale Daily News September 18, 1947 1 and "whitecaps broke" 1 mi km on inland on Las Olas Boulevard. The waves unmoored a few freighters at Port Everglades. A 6 + 1/2 ft m mid -high storm tide hit Bahia Mar Yacht Club, near the port.Turpin 1982 XIX-19 Large waves battered apartments, homes, and many of the 334 resorts on Miami Beach, causing severe flooding.Barnes 1998 172 A 3 to 4 ft m mid -deep layer of sand covered many grounds, and nearby neighborhoods on the Venetian Islands, like Belle Isle, were flooded to a depth of several feet. At Pompano floods lingered five days after the storm, covering the municipal beach and isolating the Hillsboro Inlet bridge.Debris Covers Pompano Beach After Big Blow Fort Lauderdale Daily News September 18, 1947 1 The sea also left sand drifts at Dania Beach,Dania Withstands Hurricane Fort Lauderdale Daily News September 18, 1947 and swept away six homes at Deerfield. Tides reached 5.8 ft m on at Fort Pierce.Bush Neal Longo 2004 196 thumb|Downed palms and utility poles in South Florida As it crossed South Florida, the storm dropped prolific rains over a broad area,Norton 1947b 53 peaking at 10.12 in mm on at St. Lucie Lock,Barnes 1998 172Schoner Molansky 1956 216 and so worsened a rainier-than-average wet season.Since March heavy rains had deluged the region; by July a "flood emergency" prevailed.Johnson 1974 135 Before the storm the area was waterlogged.USWB 1947 183 "nb" "Flood"McIver 1983 135 In Miami, floods swamped 200 mi km on of city streets, and in Miami Springs over half the homes. Homestead "resembled Venice".Barnes 1998 172 Davie, having lost 35,000 citrus trees to floodwaters in past months, incurred devastating losses to groves and vegetable beds. In Fort Lauderdale the New River overran its banks, submerging downtown streets.McIver 1983 137 The storm ruined vegetable beds in Broward County,Storm News Roundup Fort Lauderdale Daily News September 18, 1947 delaying cultivation. It yielded 6 to 8 in mm on of rain over the Everglades, flooding farms and drowning cattle.Norton 1947b 53Times Writer Plunges Into Heart of Hurricane, Comes Out With Dramatic Story of 'Big Blow' Saint Petersburg Times September 19, 1947 10 On Lake Okeechobee, the cyclone rivaled the 1928 hurricane,Doehring Duedall Williams 1994 21 imperiling—but not overtopping—the Herbert Hoover Dike.Glades Come Out of Hurricane With Relatively Small Damage The Palm Beach Post September 19, 1947 1, 4Norton 1947b 53 Tides reached 21.6 ft m on at Clewiston and 20.9 ft m on at Moore Haven. Near the north shore, tides crested at 13 ft m on.Doehring Duedall Williams 1994 21 A 150 ft m mid -long section of dike collapsed, stranding 700 cattle and flooding 1,800 acres ha on on of cropland. On Conners Highway floodwaters and debris combined to obstruct motorists; the former seeped over at 30 spots and overwhelmed a 3,000 ft m mid -long stretch.Glades Towns In Flood Path Palm Beach Post September 21, 1947 1, 12Glades Highway Closed by State Palm Beach Post September 21, 1947 1 left|thumb|Map of the total rainfall from the hurricane across the United States On the state's west coast, sustained winds of 105 mph km/h on buffeted Naples, which likely missed the worst conditions. "Heavy" impacts affected the Fort Myers–Punta Gorda area, and 3 ft m on of water covered the Sanibel Island Light grounds.Norton 1947b 53 Tides at Everglades City peaked at 5 + 1/2 ft m on, forcing denizens into attics and flooding local streets.Barnes 1998 172 However, winds blew offshore over Tampa Bay, resulting in below-normal tides and lesser damages.Sumner 1947 252–3 In Pinellas County winds damaged boats and ripped off roof shingles. In St. Petersburg the storm and a walk-out strike coincided, disrupting trolley service for 15 hours.Pinellas Weathers Hurricane With Only Minor Damage Saint Petersburg Times September 19, 1947 15 In Fort Myers, hundreds of trees were prostrated and the city left powerless. During the storm, two vessels, with a total combined crew of nine people, went missing; as of September 18, contact had been established with the former and the crew declared safe, but the remaining vessel, with a crew of two, had not been accounted for.Coast Guard Searches For Two Boats With Eight Men and One Woman Aboard Saint Petersburg Times September 19, 1947 13 Additionally, six Cuban schooners carrying 150 crew members in all sheltered off Anclote Key late on September 17 and rode out the storm. However, another Cuban vessel, the Antonio Cerdedo, foundered and sank off Fort Myers with a loss of seven of its crew members.USWB 1947 183 On September 19, a tornado generated by the storm struck Apalachicola, cutting a 3 mi km on path, killing two people, and injuring 100 others. The tornado damaged or destroyed 58 homes over a 100 yd m mid -wide area, inflicting F3-level damage on the present Fujita scale.Grazulis 1993 933 Gulf Coast of the United States left|thumb|215px|Moisant Airport flooded thumb|235x235px|Weather map of the hurricane approaching southeast Louisiana on September 19 Wind instruments at Moisant Field were disabled after recording sustained winds of 90 mph km/h on. Due to northerly winds, water overtopped sections of the levees on Lake Pontchartrain, leaving some lakefront streets "waist deep," above the 3 ft m on delimiter. Local communications failed during the storm, so the New Orleans Weather Bureau office handed responsibility to its counterpart in Fort Worth, Texas, which issued public advisories instead. The storm flooded a large part of Greater New Orleans: up to 2 ft m on of water covered Moisant Field, forcing it to shut down, and up to 6 ft m on in parts of Jefferson Parish.Louisiana Hurricane History: Early 20th Century (continued) http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/lahur.pdf National Weather Service Forecast Office Lake Charles, LA National Weather Service Lake Charles, Louisiana 10 December 2024 Roth David 2010 September 5, 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20080905040128/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/research/laerly20hur2.php Weather Prediction Center The storm surge in Louisiana peaked at 9.8 – 11.2 ft m on at Shell Beach on Lake Borgne and at 11.5 ft m on in Ostrica.The completion of the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet in 1968 led to erosion, so Shell Beach is submerged today.Bourne Joel K Jr. Gone With the Water National Geographic October 2004 206 4 88–105 "nb" "Shell Beach"Environmental Atlas of the Lake Pontchartrain Basin 2001 Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation New Orleans 2–206 USGS Open File Report Yamazaki, Gordon Shea Penland Recent hurricanes producing significant basin damage https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-206/phy-environment/recent-hurricanes.html Shea Penland Andrew Beall Jeff Waters 36 United States Geological Survey In Orleans Parish the surge overtopped the 9 ft m mid -tall seawall—built by the Orleans Levee Board in the 1920s to stop a repeat of the 1915 hurricane there—and spread water over 9 mi2 km2 on of the parish, as far from Lake Pontchartrain as Gentilly Ridge. Water covered large parts of Jefferson Parish for as long as two weeks. Subsidence settled behind the levees, forming "topographic bowls". These contained up to 6 ft m on of water, which was dredged and pumped back into Lake Pontchartrain. An 11 ft m on storm surge also hit remote areas of St. Bernard and Plaquemines parishes.Colten 2009 22–4 Tides of up to 15.2 ft m on impacted the western half of the Mississippi coast,Sumner 1947 252–3 causing heavy damage in Bay St. Louis, Gulfport, and Biloxi. These recorded their highest tides on record until Hurricane Camille.ACE 1970 22 Although the storm was not a major hurricane at landfall, it still did significant damage, in part owing to the hydrology of the region. 12 people were killed in Louisiana and 22 in Mississippi. In both states combined, the Red Cross reported that the storm destroyed 1,647 homes and damaged 25,000 others, mostly by water.Sumner 1947 252–3 In New Orleans, the storm produced an estimated $100 million worth of damage to the city. Aftermath In Florida, a federal state of emergency was declared by then-U.S. President Harry S. Truman.Barnes 1998 173 The hurricane, a subsequent tropical storm, and an October hurricane generated one of the worst floods in South Florida's history, spurring the creation of the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District, along with a plan for new flood-control levees and canals.McIver 1983 135–7Norcross 2007 57 In New Orleans, the United States Congress approved the Lake Pontchartrain and Vicinity Project to assist ongoing efforts to increase the height of the existing levee along the lakeshore; to bolster the existing seawall in Orleans Parish, an 8 ft m mid -high levee was erected along the lakeside in Jefferson Parish.Colten 2009 24 New Orleans' Walnut Street Ferry was damaged and never replaced. If this same storm were to hit in 2006 it would probably do around $14.406 billion (2006 USD) in damages.Blake Rappaport Landsea 2007 9 See also Tropical cyclones List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes List of Florida hurricanes (1900–1949) List of storms named George Hurricane Betsy (1965) – Headed south of west for a while, affecting Florida and Louisiana Hurricane Andrew (1992) – A devastating Category 5 hurricane that took a similar path Notes nb References Sources Air Weather Service West W. A. July 1948 https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA800255.pdf Report on the Off-Season Operations of the Air Force Hurricane Office 1947–1948 Air Weather Service Technical Report 105-37, Report on the Off-Season Operations Washington, D.C. Defense Technical Information Center AWS 1948 Barnes Jay 1998 Florida's Hurricane History UNC Press Chapel Hill, North Carolina 1st https://archive.org/details/floridashurrican0000barn_g4v2/ registration 0-8078-2443-7 Internet Archive Blake Eric Rappaport Edward N. Landsea Christopher Edward Rappaport amp 2006 The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones (1851 to 2006) National Hurricane Center January 19, 2008 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/NWS-TPC-5.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20080216105628/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/NWS-TPC-5.pdf NWS TPC-5 NOAA Technical Memorandum Miami February 16, 2008 live 15 April 2007 Bush David M. Neal William J. Longo Norma J. Lindeman Kenyon M. Pilkey Deborah F. Esteves Luciana Slomp Congleton John D. Pilkey Orrin H. Orrin H. Pilkey 2004 Living with Florida's Atlantic Beaches: Coastal Hazards from Amelia Island to Key West 978-0-822-33289-3 Living with the Shore Pilkey Orrin H. Neal William J. Duke University Press Durham, North Carolina Bush Neal Longo 2004 3 https://archive.org/details/livingwithflorid0000bush registration Internet Archive Churl Donald W. Johnson John P. 1990 Boca Raton: A Pictorial History The Downing Company Publishers https://archive.org/details/bocaratonpictori0000curl registration 978-0-89865-792-0 Internet Archive Colten Craig C. 2009 Perilous Place, Powerful Storms: Hurricane Protection in Coastal Louisiana University Press of Mississippi 9781604733457 https://archive.org/details/perilousplacepow0000colt registration Internet Archive Doehring Fred Duedall Iver W. Williams John M. June 1994 Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms, 1871–1993: An Historical Survey Technical Paper 71, Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms Florida Sea Grant Gainesville, Florida https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/35476 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Douglas Marjory Stoneman Marjory Stoneman Douglas 1976 1958 Hurricane Mockingbird Books Covington, Georgia https://archive.org/details/bwb_T2-EIH-896/ 89176-015-6 registration Internet Archive Dunn Gordon Miller Banner I. 1960 Atlantic hurricanes https://archive.org/details/atlantichurrican0000unse registration 60-10630 Louisiana State University Press Internet Archive Grazulis Thomas P. Thomas P. Grazulis Significant Tornadoes 1880–1989 November 1990 The Tornado Project of Environmental Films St. Johnsbury, Vermont 1-879362-02-3 2 Grazulis Thomas P. Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events July 1993 The Tornado Project of Environmental Films St. Johnsbury, Vermont 978-1879362031 1 Harris D. Lee 1963 Characteristics of the Hurricane Storm Surge Weather Bureau Technical Papers 48, Characteristics of the Hurricane Storm Surge United States Weather Bureau Washington, D.C. https://coast.noaa.gov/data/hes/images/pdf/CHARACTERISTICS_STORM_SURGE.pdf Heath Richard C. Conover Clyde S. 1981 Hydrologic almanac of Florida https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1107/report.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20190501153721/https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/1107/report.pdf 1 May 2019 United States Geological Survey 81-1107 8 December 2024 Ho Francis P. Su James C. Hanevich Karen C. Smith Rebecca J. Richards Frank P. Hurricane climatology for the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States NWS 38 NOAA Technical Memorandum https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/7136 National Weather Service April 1987 10 December 2024 Silver Spring, Maryland 3 IBTrACS 2022 International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) September 2022 IBTrACS browser (hosted by UNC Asheville) National Centers for Environmental Information World Data Center for Meteorology Jarrell Jerry P. Herbert Paul J. Mayfield Max Max Mayfield Hurricane experience levels of coastal county populations, Texas to Maine NWS NHC-46 NOAA Technical Memorandum https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/7136 National Weather Service August 1992 10 December 2024 Coral Gables, Florida Johnson Lamar Beyond the Fourth Generation 1974 Gainesville University Press of Florida https://archive.org/details/beyondfourthgene0000unse/ registration 978-0813003986 Internet Archive Kleinberg Eliot Eliot Kleinberg 2003 Black Cloud: The Deadly Hurricane of 1928 Carroll and Graf Publishing https://archive.org/details/blackcloudgreatf0000klei registration 0-7867-1386-0 Internet Archive Landsea Christopher W. Franklin James L. McAdie Colin J. Beven II John L. Gross James M. Jarvinen Brian R. Pasch Richard J. Rappaport Edward N. Dunion Jason P. Dodge Peter P. amp A Reanalysis of Hurricane Andrew's Intensity Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society November 2004 85 11 1699–1712 10.1175/BAMS-85-11-1699 free http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/04landsea.pdf July 22, 2012 2004BAMS...85.1699L 3 Landsea Christopher W. Glenn David A. Bredemeyer William Chenoweth Michael Ellis Ray Gamache John Hufstetler Lyle Mock Cary Pérez Ramón Prieto Ricardo Sánchez-Sesma Jorge Thomas Donna Woolcock Lenowrth 3 2007 http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/reanal_1911-20.pdf A Reanalysis of the 1911–20 Atlantic Hurricane Database Journal of Climate American Meteorological Society 21 10 2138–2168 2008JCli...21.2138L 10.1175/2007JCLI1119.1 free Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory 2008-11-22 2016-05-14 https://web.archive.org/web/20160514120307/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/reanal_1911-20.pdf live 1 Landsea Christopher W. Strahan-Sakoskie Donna Hagen Andrew Christopher Landsea A Reanalysis of the 1944–53 Atlantic Hurricane Seasons—The First Decade of Aircraft Reconnaissance Journal of Climate July 2012 25 13 4441–4460 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00419.1 https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/1944-1953_Published_Paper.pdf American Meteorological Society Boston 2012JCli...25.4441H free Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory 1 Ling Sally J. 2012 2005 Small Town, Big Secrets: Inside the Boca Raton Army Air Field During World War II History Press https://archive.org/details/smalltownbigsecr0000sall registration 978-1475251944 Internet Archive McIver Stuart Stuart McIver 1983 Fort Lauderdale and Broward County: An Illustrated History Fort Lauderdale Historical Society 978-0897810814 Norcross Bryan Bryan Norcross 2007 Hurricane Almanac: The Essential Guide to Storms Past, Present, and Future 2nd St. Martin's Griffin https://archive.org/details/hurricanealmanac0000norc_o7w3 registration 978-0312371524 Internet Archive Norton Grady W. J. Bennett September 1947 Reports of hurricanes, September 1947 Florida section Climatological Data 51 9 United States Weather Bureau Washington, D.C. Miami 53–4, 56 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/IPS/cd/cd.html Norton 1947b Grady Norton Grady Norton Chief, U.S. Weather Bureau Forecaster's Report of Hurricanes of September, 1947 October 15, 1947 https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/1947_StormReports.pdf 8 December 2024 1–6 Norton 1947a 1 R. W. Schoner S. Molansky July 1956 Rainfall associated with hurricanes National Hurricane Research Project 3 United States Weather Bureau Washington, D.C. https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/1956NHRPreportNo3.pdf 85, 216 Weather Prediction Center Monthly Weather Review September 1947 75 11 183–84 10.1175/1520-0493(1947)075<0183:SLSFS>2.0.CO;2 Severe Local Storms for September 1947 1947MWRv...75..183. free USWB 1947 Simiu Emil Vickery Peter Kareem Ahsan July 2007 https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=860600 Relation Between Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale Wind Speeds and Peak 3-s Gust Speeds Over Open Terrain Technical Notes Journal of Structural Engineering 133 7 1043–5 Reston, Virginia 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:7(1043) subscription Sumner H. C. Monthly Weather Review December 1947 75 11 251–55 North Atlantic hurricanes and tropical disturbances of 1947 10.1175/1520-0493(1947)075<0251:NAHATD>2.0.CO;2 1947MWRv...75..251S free Tannehill I. R. Ivan Ray Tannehill 1952 1938 Hurricanes: Their Nature and History Princeton University Press Princeton, New Jersey 8th https://archive.org/details/hurricanes0000ivan/ registration 3024697 Internet Archive Turpin Roger J. B. Brand Samson Hurricane Havens Handbook for the North Atlantic Ocean 1982 Naval Research Laboratory Monterey, California Analysis of the Tropical Cyclone Threat at Port Everglades XIX-7–18 https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA144437.pdf 14 December 2024 TR 82-03 Hurricane Havens Handbook May 1970 Hurricane Camille: 14 – 22 August 1969 http://www.csc.noaa.gov/hes/docs/postStorm/H_CAMILLE.pdf United States Army Corps of Engineers Mobile District July 19, 2012 U.S. Army Engineer District, Mobile Corps of Engineers https://web.archive.org/web/20120906205322/http://www.csc.noaa.gov/hes/docs/postStorm/H_CAMILLE.pdf September 6, 2012 dead ACE 1970 Will Lawrence E. 1961 1st Okeechobee Hurricane and the Hoover Dike Great Outdoors Publishing St. Petersburg, Florida 1309988 https://archive.org/details/okeechobeehurric00will Internet Archive Williams John M. Duedall Iver W. Florida Hurricanes and Tropical Storms, 1871–2001 2002 1997 University Press of Florida Gainesville 0-8130-2494-3 2nd https://archive.org/details/floridahurricane0000will_g8q6/ registration Internet Archive Winsberg Morton D. 1990 1st Florida Weather University of Central Florida Press Orlando, Florida https://archive.org/details/floridaweather0000wins/ registration 0-8130-0989-8 Internet Archive Winsberg Morton D. 2003 1990 2nd Florida Weather University Press of Florida Gainesville https://archive.org/details/floridaweather0000wins_u3s2/ registration 0-8130-2684-9 1 External links The Times-Picayune in 175 years – 1947: New Orleans, Metairie flooded by hurricane UNISYS tracks for 1947 storms Pictures from Lake Okeechobee area after the storm https://web.archive.org/web/20120304100205/http://www.tommymarkham.com/Hurricane/floodcontrol1.htm March 4, 2012 F (1947) 1947 Fort Lauderdale Category:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes Category:Hurricanes in the Bahamas Category:Hurricanes in Florida Category:Hurricanes in Mississippi Category:Hurricanes in Louisiana Fort Lauderdale Hurricane, 1947 Fort Lauderdale Hurricane, 1947 Category:Hurricanes in Arkansas Fort Lauderdale hurricane