1917 Minsk City Duma election

Election July 2022 July 2022 An election to the Minsk City Duma was held on 30 July 1917. Николай Борисович Щавлинский 2009 Государственно-политическое и национально-культурное самоопределение Беларуси в годы Первой мировой войны (1914–1918) Мэджик бук 84 9789856863250 460871132 https://books.google.com/books?id=MIMsAQAAIAAJ A total of 102 deputies were elected in Minsk. Some 105,000 civilians and 24,000 soldiers were eligible to vote.Alexander Guzhalovsky. Мінская гарадская дума ў віхуры вайны і рэвалюцыі (1917–1918 гг.) The election was preceded by an active election campaign, with campaign rallies, campaigns vehicles crossing through the city and buildings covered by posters for the different candidate lists. The voting occurred in orderly fashion, with voters queuing for hours from the early morning. The socialist parties formed a majority coalition after the election, with the Bundist Arn Vaynshteyn becoming the new city duma chairman. Background thumb|right|Proximity of Minsk to the World War I Russian western front, and to Petrograd (St Petersburg) in 1917 In July 1917 (Julian calendar), the 2nd Machine Gun Regiment, supported by the Bolsheviks, refused to send men to the World War I front and marched around the factories until they had "tens of thousands" marching with them to the Executive Committee of the Soviets in Petrograd. The government was afraid; there were power shifts there, and defences were prepared. 500,000 workers and soldiers demonstrated in Petrograd, encouraged by Vladimir Lenin, and there was a general strike. The demonstrators were persuaded to return home, but the government was now on the offensive. The printing machines and buildings of Pravda were destroyed, and some of its employees killed. The Bolshevik Committee's premises were "ransacked" and the situation elevated almost to martial law, with supporters of the Bolsheviks and of Lenin arrested if identified. The government set up a siege around 120 Kronstadt sailors and a group of Red Guards (factory workers' militia). Stalin mediated, the general strike ended, and the sailors went home. However, a "massive show of force" of Stalin's soldiers took over Petrograd. The head of government, Georgy Lvov, resigned, leaving Alexander Kerensky to make "false promises" in an attempt to broker peace, while Lenin retreated to an unspecified location. To discourage rebellious soldiers who were fighting to quell the rebellion, drumhead courts-martial and summary executions for retreating at the front were permitted by the government.Baggins Brian Timeline of the Russian Revolution (1917) https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/timeline/1917.htm marxists.org Marxists Internet Archive 8 June 2022 2005 Sources: ХРОНОЛОГИЯ; History of the Russian Revolution, by Leon Trotsky; the Lenin Internet Archive; The Great Soviet Encyclopedia: Information USSR; Первая мировая война; An Illustrated History of the Great October Socialist Revolution: 1917. Meanwhile, although Minsk was close to the World War I front line, and although it had been involved in political struggles and changes, including taking in a great influx of refugees to help with agriculture, during July 1917 it was at peace in that it was not a theatre of war or revolution.History of the war (overview) https://archives.gov.by/en/welcome-to-the-archives-of-belarus-website/subject-guides-to-archival-records/historical-events/archival-documents-and-materials-2/history-of-the-war-overview archives.gov.by Archives of Belarus 15 June 2022 List of parties List 1 – Russian Nationalists List 1 won three seats in the city duma, Valentin Minich was the faction head.Grigory Lazko. Ляхоўскі У. Школьная адукацыя ў Беларусі падчас нямецкай акупацыі 1915—1918 гг. Навуковае выданне. — Беласток: Беларускае гістарычнае таварыства; Вільня: Інстытут беларусістыкі, 2010. — 340 с. Minich, of the Russian Democratic Party, fiercely opposed the introduction of Belarusian language education. List 3 – Jewish National Bloc The Orthodox Agudath Israel and the non-socialist Zionists formed an electoral bloc. Andrew Sloin 13 February 2017 The Jewish Revolution in Belorussia: Economy, Race, and Bolshevik Power Indiana University Press 26 978-0-253-02463-3 1039852746 https://books.google.com/books?id=nzrqDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 Five out of the 16 deputies of the Jewish National Bloc were Zionists. 1991 Evreĭskiĭ zhurnal Dom Dubnova 27 25223662 https://books.google.com/books?id=VqUMAQAAMAAJ List 4 – Socialist-Revolutionaries According to contemporary press reports, the majority of the soldiers at the Minsk garrison voted for the SR list. Михаил Самойлович Френкин 1982 Захват власти большевиками в России и роль тыловых гарнизонов армии: подготовка и проведение Октябрьского мятежа, 1917–1918 гг Изд-во Став 98 1180853427 https://books.google.com/books?id=4gAfAAAAMAAJ The SR deputies elected to the city duma were Ivan Nesterov ru Нестеров, Иван Петрович, Metlin I.I., Levitas A.R., Zalmanov N.D., Sergei Kovalik ru Ковалик, Сергей Филиппович, Pavel Kashchenko, Pavel Zlobin ru Злобин, Павел Владимирович, Utevsky I.B., Kizillo L. I., Gembitsky B.Kh., Belkind G.M., Levinsky P.L., Zimionko A.G., Bragin F.S., Marshak M.I., Baskin Ya.B., Grigoriev N.F., Serafimovich S.G., Pigulevsky P.M., Dobrotvorskaya A.S., Astakhov S.A., Khitrov I.I., Ivashchenko I.P., Sokoldynsky E.S., Lebedz I.I., Kireev I. M., Dobrotvorsky V.V., Kernozhitsky V.I., Golynets I.M., Radkevich S.Ya, Lebedeva V.M. and Kuzmin I.I. Vladimir Grigorʹevich Ivashin 1957 Velikiĭ Okti︠a︡brʹ v Minske Izd-vo Belgosuniversiteta im. V.I. Lenina 145 215372558 https://books.google.com/books?id=s37iAAAAMAAJ 22 August 2019 Боевой восемнадцатый год. Сборник документов и воспоминаний Litres 114 9785041855062 https://books.google.com/books?id=cImqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 С. Н Хомич Wacław Solski 2004 1917 год в Западной области и на Западном фронте Тесей 201 9789854631615 1170373367 https://books.google.com/books?id=TmwjAQAAIAAJ List 5 - Social Democrats A joint social democratic list was presented, with candidates from the General Jewish Labour Bund, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. 1960 Великая Октябрьская социалистическая революция: 26 июля-11 сентября 1917 года Изд-во Академии наук СССР 45 1671760 https://books.google.com/books?id=-WkfAQAAMAAJ Ten Bundists, six Bolsheviks and six Mensheviks were elected from the social democratic list. Oleg Budnitskii 24 July 2012 Russian Jews Between the Reds and the Whites, 1917–1920 University of Pennsylvania Press 56 978-0-8122-0814-6 1037924041 https://books.google.com/books?id=dLdhSUZI-AYC&pg=PA56 Микалай Стсяпанавич Сташкевич На пути к истине: из истории национально-освободительного движения в Белоруссии, 1917 год 1983 94 14167671 https://books.google.com/books?id=ASYzAAAAMAAJ Vasily Vashkevich ru Вашкевич, Василий Васильевич, Kārlis Landers, I. F. Skuratowicz, V. Golubeva and Nevsky were among the Bolshevik members of the city duma.Lukashevich Andrei Mikhailovich. Минское городское самоуправление в условиях советской власти: Проблема легитимности (ноябрь 1917 — январь 1918 Г.)Міністэрства адукацыі Рэспублікі Беларусь – Беларускі дзяржаўны ўніверсітэт. 1917 год у гістарычных лёсах Беларусі – Зборнік матэрыялаў Міжнароднай навуковай канферэнцыі – Мінск, 30 лістапада — 1 снежня 2017 г. Vera Grigorʹevna Gnevko 1973 Rabochiĭ klass Belorussii v borʹbe za pobedu Okti︠a︡bri︠a︡: (Mart 1917-mart 1918 gg.) Наука и техника 143 1072510 https://books.google.com/books?id=SYcbAAAAMAAJ Maria Frumkin-Wichman and Evgenia Gurvich ru Гурвич, Евгения Адольфовна were among the elected Bundists.Kulazhenko, Vladimir Gennadievich. Вновь обращаясь к истокам, или коллективный портрет организаторов первого университета Беларуси After the election, a united social democratic faction was formed in the city duma with 30 members. However, this faction was divided into two sub factions – a Bundist-Menshevik sub faction and a Bolshevik-Polish Socialist Union sub faction. Frumkin headed the former sub faction, Heltman the latter. L. Skarżynski became a city duma member, from the social democratic list on 9 September 1917, after Kwiatkowski resigned. List 7 – Polish Electoral Committee The Agricultural Syndicate director Mieczysław Porowski pl headed the Polish Electoral Committee (PKW) faction in the new city duma. Other members of the PKW faction in the city duma were Ignacy Witkiewicz (lawyer and head of the food committee – on 28 September 1917, Witkiewicz resigned from the city duma and was replaced by Józef Święcicki), Feliks Kryżan (tram conductor), Edmund Iwaszkiewicz (lawyer), Marian Jankowski (Polish school teacher), Lucjan Żołądkowski (priest, he was soon replaced by Stanisław Dobraszczyc), Ernest Ambroszkiewicz (lawyer), Józef Pawłowicz (representing the suburbs), Wiktor Janczewski ru Янчевский, Виктор Осипович (lawyer), Stanisław Chrząstowski pl (former mayor), Konstanty Demidecki-Demidowicz (assistant to the provincial commissioner, attorney) and Władysław Korzon (engineer). List 9 – Kadets Dr. S.V. Balkovets be Сцяпан Варфаламеевіч Балкавец, who had been elected as head of the Kadet Party Minsk Committee in May 1917, headed the Kadet faction in the new city duma. 2010 Документы общероссийских партий и организаций либерального направления в Беларуси (1905—1918 гг.): хрестоматия МгГУ 297 9789854806327 709687361 https://books.google.com/books?id=lt5FAQAAIAAJ Another of the three Kadets in the new city duma was Uladzimir Samoila be Уладзімір Іванавіч Самойла, well-known publicist. List 12 – Bloc of National Socialist Parties Various nationality-oriented socialist parties united around the list of the Bloc of National Socialist Parties – the Belarusian Socialist Assembly, the Belarusian Socialist People's Party be Беларуская народная партыя сацыялістаў, Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party, Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party, Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party (Poalei Zion), the United Jewish Socialist Workers Party (Fareynikte) and the Lithuanian Socialist People's Party lt Lietuvos socialistų liaudininkų sąjunga.Dariusz Tarasiuk. Polacy w radzie miejskiej Mińska w latach 1917–1918. Echa Przeszłości 9, 181–195. 2008 List 12 won four seats, shared between the Belarusian and Jewish parties. Arkadź Smolič (Belarusian Socialist Assembly) and Leanard Zajac (Belarusian Socialist-Populist) were elected to the new city duma. The two Belarusian nationalist deputies sided with the SRs in the city duma after the election.Vorobyov A. A.. ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ МИНСКОЙ ГУБЕРНСКОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ПАРТИИ СОЦИАЛИСТОВ-РЕВОЛЮЦИОНЕРОВ В ИЮЛЕ-СЕНТЯБРЕ 1917 г. Among the Jewish parties, Poalei Zion and Fareynikte won one seat each. The candidate of the Lithuanian Socialist-Populists, the people's educator A.I. Yashkevich, occupied the 17th slot of the list (and thus did not get elected).S.S. Rudovich. ЛІТОЎСКАЯ ПРЫСУТНАСЦЬ У БЕЛАРУСІ Ў ГАДЫ ПЕРШАЙ СУСВЕТНАЙ ВАЙНЫ List 13 – Polish Socialist Union After the February Revolution the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL) and the section of Polish Socialist Party – Left (PPS-Lewica) formed the Polish Socialist Union (PZS), and contested the election with a list of their own. 1988 Neman, Issues 7–12 Izd-vo Glavizdata Ministerstva kul'tury BSSR 143 12499694 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAxMAAAAYAAJ Aleksandr I︠A︡kovlevich Manusevich 1967 Polacy w Rewolucji Październikowej, luty-październik, 1917 r Ksiaźka i Wiedza 141 68174751 https://books.google.com/books?id=mBY8AAAAMAAJ PZS sought to confront nationalist and bourgeois influences among Polish workers. As PZS moved closer towards the Bolsheviks, a faction of the PPS-Lewica broke away from PZS and formed an 'independent Polish socialist' faction in the summer of 1917. Александр Федорович Хацкевич 1967 Польские интернационалисты в борьбе за власть советов в Белоруссии Nauka i tekhnika 26 1170536376 https://books.google.com/books?id=jb48AAAAMAAJ However, under the leadership of Stefan Heltman pl, Jadwiga Moszyńska-Heltman pl, Stanisław Berson and others, PZS reaffirmed its internationalist line and deepened their cooperation with the Bolsheviks. PZS achieved an unexpected success in the city duma election, winning 8 seats. Kazimierz Dopierała 2003 Encyklopedia polskiej emigracji i Polonii: P-S Oficyna Wydawnicza Kucharski 158 9788389376145 1170444928 https://books.google.com/books?id=D6sjAQAAIAAJ Members of the PZS faction in the new city duma were Stefan Heltman (agronomist), Paweł Jakubowski (saddler), Witold Falkowski (surveyor), Stanisław Zaniewski (agronomist), Julian Bassak (clerk – on 28 September 1917, Bassak resigned and Stanisław Jankowski took his seat), Michał Świdziński (craftsman), Stanisław Berson (driver) and Jan Kowalewski (craftsman).Tarasiuk Dariusz, „Między nadzieją a niepokojem: działalność społeczno-kulturalna i polityczna Polaków na wschodniej Białorusi w latach 1905–1918", Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, Lublin 2007, s. 175 In the city duma PZS aligned with the Bolsheviks, and would support the Bolsheviks in the 1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election. Results ListVotes%SeatsList 4 – Socialist-Revolutionaries22,68431.33%33List 5 – Social Democrats (Bund, Bolsheviks, Mensheviks)15,50621.42%22List 3 – Jewish National Bloc11,42615.78%16List 7 – Polish Electoral Committee8,80512.16%12List 13 – Polish Socialist Union5,6757.84%8List 12 – Bloc of National Socialist Parties2,6253.63%4List 9 – Kadets2,2953.17%3List 1 – Russian Nationalists1,8802.60%3List 11 – Jewish Non-Party List9081.25%1List 14 – Jewish Suburban Communities 1880.26%0List 2 – Non-Party Socialists1230.17%0List 10 – Small shopkeepers1200.17%0List 8 – Labour Party of the Suburbs1010.14%0List 6660.09%0Total72,402102 Simon Rabinovitch 1 October 2016 Jewish Rights, National Rites: Nationalism and Autonomy in Late Imperial and Revolutionary Russia Stanford University Press 238 978-0-8047-9303-2 1039823124 https://books.google.com/books?id=1B5-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA238 Isaak Izrailevich Mint︠s︡ N. V. Kamenskai︠a︡ Ivan Sergeevich Kravchenko 1967 Победа Советской власти в Белоруссии Izd-vo "Nauka i tekhnika" 172 217314034 https://books.google.com/books?id=gP4eAAAAMAAJ New city government After the election the Socialist-Revolutionaries and social democrats formed a majority bloc in the new city duma. The newly elected city duma held its first meeting on 9 August 1917. The Bundist Arn Vaynshteyn was elected city duma chairman. Zvi Gitelman 8 March 2015 Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917–1930 Princeton University Press 85 978-1-4008-6913-8 1011461285 https://books.google.com/books?id=ufZ9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 Эмануил Григорьевич Иоффе 2001 По достоверным источникам: евреи в истории городов Беларуси Изд-во "Четыре четверти" 171 9789856089810 231889641 https://books.google.com/books?id=at4-AQAAIAAJ Elissa Bemporad 29 April 2013 Becoming Soviet Jews: The Bolshevik Experiment in Minsk Indiana University Press 25 978-0-253-00827-5 1055353197 https://books.google.com/books?id=gV64kQQyHGkC&pg=PA25 Sergei Kovalik ru Ковалик, Сергей Филиппович (Socialist-Revolutionary) was elected deputy chairman of the city duma. Socialist-Revolutionary, native of Tver Governorate and Saint Petersburg University graduate Pavel Kashchenko was elected mayor by the city duma, receiving 56 votes in favor, 1 abstention and 28 votes against. Other members of the city board were N. Zalmanov (SR), G. Bielkind (SR), L. Skarżynski (social democrat) and Heltman (PZS). Evgenia Gurvich became the city duma secretary. The ruling coalition came under criticism from not including a broader range of parties in the governance. In response, Vaynshteyn set up a senior college of the city duma with Minich, Frumkin-Wichmann, Heltman, Chaim Churgin ru Хургин, Хаим, Porowski and Balkovets as its members. See also 1917 Astrakhan City Duma election 1917 Baku City Duma election November 1917 Yekaterinburg City Duma election 1917 Kiev City Duma election 1917 Russian municipal elections 1917 Odessa City Duma election References Category:Local elections in Russia Category:Elections in the Russian Revolution Category:History of Minsk Category:1917 in Belarus Category:July 1917 in Russia