'Akbara

yes 'Akbara عكبرة ar Village Akbara ap 002.JPG Modern village of Akbara possibly from male jerboaPalmer, 1881, pp. 61, 66 Mandatory Palestine Location within Mandatory Palestine 2 1870s 1940s modern 1940s with modern overlay 225 A series of historical maps of the area around 'Akbara (click the buttons) 200 32 56 22 N 35 29 58 E type:city_region:PS inline,title Palestine grid 197/260 Geopolitical entity Mandatory Palestine Subdistrict Safad Date of depopulation 10 May 1948Morris, 2004, p. 224 Repopulated dates dunam 3,224 1945 390 Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 9Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 69 Cause(s) of depopulation Military assault by Yishuv forces Akbara (ar عكبرة) is an Arab village in the Israeli municipality of Safed, which included in 2010 more than 200 families.Ashkenazi Eli Safed, a model for coexistence or sectarian tinderbox? https://www.haaretz.com/2010-11-04/ty-article/safed-a-model-for-coexistence-or-sectarian-tinderbox/0000017f-e365-d9aa-afff-fb7dd0840000 https://web.archive.org/web/20241127172335/https://www.haaretz.com/2010-11-04/ty-article/safed-a-model-for-coexistence-or-sectarian-tinderbox/0000017f-e365-d9aa-afff-fb7dd0840000 2024-11-27 2026-02-19 Haaretz.com en live It is 2.5 km south of Safed City. The village was rebuilt in 1977, close to the old village destroyed in 1948 during the 1947–1949 Palestine war. Location The village of 'Akbara was situated 2.5 km south of Safad, along the two sides of a deep wadi that ran north–south. Southeast of the village lay Khirbet al-'Uqeiba, identified as the Roman village Achabare, or Acchabaron. This khirba was a populated village as late as 1904.Khalidi, 1992, p. 430. History Second Temple The first mention of 'Akbara is during the Second Temple period by Josephus Flavius who noted the rock of Acchabaron (Ακχαβαρων πετραν) among the places in the Upper Galilee he fortified as a preparation for the First Jewish Revolt, while leading rebel forces against the Romans in Galilee.Leibner Uzi https://books.google.com/books?id=bsxkXam_QzwC&pg=PA108 Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee 2009 Mohr Siebeck 978-3-16-149871-8 en Bohstrom Philippe Caves in Which Jewish Rebels Hid From Romans 2,000 Years Ago Found in Galilee 2016-09-29 https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/archaeology/1.744834 https://web.archive.org/web/20160928223642/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/archaeology/1.744834 dead September 28, 2016 This site is identified with caves situated along the cliffs south of 'Akbara.Rogers Guy MacLean For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE 2021 Yale University Press 978-0-300-24813-5 New Haven 532 The nearby Khirbet al-'Uqeiba was first excavated during the Mandate period, and was shown to contain remains such as building foundations, hewn stones, and wine presses.Khalidi, 1992, p. 431 Cisterns,Dauphin, 1998, pp. 658-9 tombs, oil press and the walls of ancient synagogues have also been found.Tsafrir, Di Segni and Green, 1994, p. 56 Foerster identifies the ruins as the "early Galilean type" synagogue.Marilyn Joyce Segal Chiat Handbook of Synagogue Architecture https://books.google.com/books?id=NzdUAAAAMAAJ 1 January 1982 Scholars Press 978-0-89130-524-8 57 According to Liebner, a 1965 letter in the IAA composed by antiquities inspector N. Tfilinski notes a Hebrew inscription on a building stone found at the site. The current location of the stone is unknown.Galilaea and Northern Regions: 5876-6924 LXIII. Acchabaron (Mod. ʿAkbara) 2023 5 (Part 1) 311 10.1515/9783110715774-071 978-3-11-071577-4 Above the settlement, a 135 m high vertical cliff is located. There are one hundred and twenty-nine natural and man-made caves interconnected by passages in the cliff. According to tradition, those caves were used for shelter by Jews during their war with Romans. During archeological excavations, coins from Dor and Sepphoris were found in the caves, dating to the Roman emperor Trajan period. Talmud Akbara/Akbari/Akbora/Akborin is mentioned several times in Rabbinic literature as early as second half of the third century CE. According to some traditions Rabbi Yannai disciples lived in 'Akbara forming an agricultural community; R. Yannai established a bet midrash there.A'haron Oppenheimer Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society https://books.google.com/books?id=BPkfQl2iDx8C&pg=PA156 2005 Mohr Siebeck 978-3-16-148514-5 156–157Stuart S. Miller Sages and Commoners in Late Antique ʼEreẓ Israel: A Philological Inquiry Into Local Traditions in Talmud Yerushalmi https://books.google.com/books?id=c4teDvr-uuEC&pg=PA46 2006 Mohr Siebeck 978-3-16-148567-1 46Ben Tsiyon Rozenfeld Torah Centers and Rabbinic Activity in Palestine, 70-400 CE: History and Geographic Distribution https://books.google.com/books?id=dD_dGmWh73QC&pg=PA150 2010 BRILL 978-90-04-17838-0 150–151 The earliest mention of this bet midrash is in the context of discussions between Rabbi Yohanan and sages of 'Akbara.Leibner Uzi https://books.google.com/books?id=bsxkXam_QzwC&pg=PA109 Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee 2009 Mohr Siebeck 978-3-16-149871-8 en The Talmud school of Rabbi Jose bar Abin was also in Akbara.Conder C. R. (Claude Reignier) http://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft The survey of western Palestine : memoirs of the topography, orography, hydrography, and archaeology Kitchener Horatio Herbert Kitchener Palmer Edward Henry Besant Walter 1881–1883 London : Committee of the Palestine exploration fund Robarts - University of Toronto Several of the rabbis mentioned in the tractate Pirkei Avot lived in 'Akbara.Albert Victor (duke of Clarence and Avondale) George V (King of Great Britain) The Cruise of Her Majesty's Ship "Bacchante", 1879-1882: The East https://books.google.com/books?id=2B9FAAAAYAAJ 1886 Macmillan and co. 695 Akbara is mentioned as the burial place of several Talmudic sages: Rabbi Nehurai, Rabbi Yannai, and Rabbi Dostai, his son, buried "in the gardens" "by the spring". According to tradition, the body of Rabbi Elazar ben Simeon was laying for twenty two years in his widow's garret in Akbara since he told her not to allow his colleagues to bury him. Rabbi Elazar ben Simeon feared to be dishonoured due to his aid to the Romans.Dov Aryeh B. Leib Friedman Rabbis of Ancient Times: Biographical Sketches of the Talmudic Period (300 B.C.E. to 500 C.E.). Supplemented with Maxims and Proverbs of the Talmud https://books.google.com/books?id=j1VKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA19 1896 Rochester Volksblatt 19–20Benjamin De Tudèle The Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela https://books.google.com/books?id=RNUWAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA427 1841 A. Asher 427Heinrich Graetz History of the Jews from the Downfall of the Jewish State to the Conclusion of the Talmud https://books.google.com/books?id=XAk4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA167 1873 American Jewish Publication Society 167–168 Caliphates and Crusaders The local Jewish community is attested during the Fatimid rule from 969 to 1099 by the Cairo Geniza.Leibner, 2009, p. 106 Samuel ben Samson visited 'Akbara during his 1210 Palestine pilgrimage and he described the tomb of Rabbi Meir he had found there.Elkan Nathan Adler Jewish Travellers https://books.google.com/books?id=mflHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 4 April 2014 Routledge 978-1-134-28606-5 103–110 In 1258 Jacob of Paris visited Akbara and found there, according to Pirkei Avot, the tomb of Rabbi Nehurai. Ottoman Empire 'Akbara was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Moshe Basola visited the village in 1522 and said that he had found there a "destroyed synagogue, 3 cubits high remaining on two sides". Later in 1968 the remains of the synagogue were identified by Foester.Leibner Uzi https://books.google.com/books?id=bsxkXam_QzwC&pg=PA107 Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee 2009 Mohr Siebeck 978-3-16-149871-8 en In the census of 1596, the village was part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Jira, which was a part of Liwa Safad, with a population of 36 households and 1 bachelor, all Muslims. It paid taxes on a number of crops and produce, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olives, occasional revenues, goats, beehives, and a press which was either used for processing grapes or olives; a total of 6,115 akçe. 6/24 of the revenue went to a waqf.Rhode Harold The Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century https://www.academia.edu/2026845 en https://web.archive.org/web/20200301141739/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century 2020-03-01 2017-11-03 dead In 1648, Turkish traveler Evliya Tshelebi visited Galilee and reflected on the history of Akbara cliff caves: "The children of Israel escaped the plague and hid in these caves. Then Allah sent them a bad spirit which caused them to perish within the caves. Their skeletons, heaped together, can be seen there to this day." Shivtiel Yinon Frumkin Amos The use of caves as security measures in the Early Roman Period in the Galilee: Cliff Settlements and Shelter Caves Caderno de Geografia 24 41 79–81, 85–87 2014 http://periodicos.pucminas.br/index.php/geografia/article/download/6482/5985 2318-2962In 1838, it was noted as a village in the Safad district,Robinson Edward http://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft Biblical researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea : a journal of travels in the year 1838 Smith Eli 1841 Boston : Crocker Robarts - University of Toronto while in 1875 the archeologist Victor Guérin visited, and described it thus: "The ruins of Akbara cover a hillock whose slopes were formerly sustained by walls forming terraces; the threshing floors of an Arab village occupy the summit. Round these are grouped the remains of ancient constructions now overthrown." "The village lies on the east of the wady. It is dominated by a platform on which foundations can be traced of a rectangular enclosure called el Kuneiseh, measuring thirty paces in length by twenty-three in breadth. It stands east and west, and was firmly constructed of good cut stones. The interior is at present given up to cultivation. This enclosure seems to have been once a Christian church."Guérin, 1880, pp. 351–353, as given by Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 219In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Akbara as a village of stone and adobe with about 90 inhabitants who cultivated olive and fig trees. A population list from about 1887 showed Akbara to have about 335 inhabitants, all Muslims.Palestine Exploration Fund http://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale Quarterly statement - Palestine Exploration Fund 1869 London Getty Research Institute British Mandate thumb|'Akbara, as seen from adjacent hill In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Akbara had a population of 147; all Muslims,http://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 Palestine Census ( 1922) increasing in the 1931 census to 275, still all Muslims, in a total of 49 houses.E. Mills http://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas Census of Palestine 1931. Population of villages, towns and administrative areas 1932 During this period the village houses were made of masonry.Khalidi, 1992, pp. 430–431 In the 1945 statistics the population was 390 Muslims, and the total land area was 3,224 dunums; 2,222 dunums was used for cereals, 199 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, https://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Safad/Page-118.jpg https://web.archive.org/web/20250703001331/https://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Safad/Page-118.jpg 2025-07-03 2026-02-19 www.palestineremembered.com live and 6 dunams were built-up (urban) land. https://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Safad/Page-168.jpg https://web.archive.org/web/20250816012128/https://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Safad/Page-168.jpg 2025-08-16 2026-02-19 www.palestineremembered.com live thumb|'Akbara before its conquest on 9 May 1948 Israel During the siege of Safad 'Akbara was targeted for occupation in line with Plan Dalet.Morris Benny https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA223 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited 2004 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-00967-6 en The Hagana attack was launched on 9 May and completed by the Palmach's first battalion. It was found that many of the villagers had fled due to news of Deir Yassin and 'Ein al Zeitun, the village was then blown up and destroyed. On 25 May 1948, during Operation Yiftah, under the command of Yigal Allon, Galilee was cleared of its Palestinian Arab population.Morris Benny https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA248 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited 2004 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-00967-6 enMorris Benny https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA250 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited 2004 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-00967-6 en Following the 25 May exodus of al-Khisas, the last 55 villagers who had remained in their homes for just over a year were "transferred" by Israeli forces despite having friendly relations and collaboration with Jewish settlements in the area.Benvenisti Meron http://archive.org/details/sacredlandscapeb00benvrich Sacred landscape : the buried history of the Holy Land since 1948 2000 Berkeley : University of California Press Internet Archive 978-0-520-21154-4 During the night of 5/6 June 1949, the village of al-Khisas was surrounded by trucks and the villagers were forced into the trucks "with kicks, curses and maltreatment," in the words of a Mapam Knesset member, Elizer Peri, quoted by Morris: "The remaining villagers said that they had been 'forced with their hands to destroy their dwellings,' and had been treated like 'cattle.' They were then dumped on a bare, sun-scorched hillside near the village of 'Akbara where they were left 'wandering in the wilderness, thirsty and hungry.' They lived there under inhuman conditions for years afterwards," along with the inhabitants of at least two other villages (Qaddita and al-Ja'una) expelled in similar circumstances.Morris Benny https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA511 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited 2004 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-00967-6 en The expellees remained at ’Akbara for eighteen years until agreeing to resettlement in Wadi Hamam. thumb|right|'Akbara, 1946 Salman Abu-Sitta, author of the Atlas of Palestine,Bibliography and References Palestine Remembered 25 June 2007 2007-12-20 http://www.palestineremembered.com/Bibliography.html https://web.archive.org/web/20090109201713/http://palestineremembered.com/Bibliography.html 9 January 2009 live dmy-all estimated that the number of Palestinian refugees from 'Akbara in 1998 was 1,852 people.Welcome to 'Akbara Palestine Remembered 2007-12-20 http://www.palestineremembered.com/Safad/Akbara/index.html https://web.archive.org/web/20080704132150/http://palestineremembered.com/Safad/Akbara/index.html 2008-07-04 live Of what remains of 'Akbara's built structures, Walid Khalidi wrote in 1992 that "the original inhabitants of the village were replaced by 'internal' refugees from Qaddita villages several kilometers north of Safd. Since 1980, however, these internal refugees have been gradually relocated to the nearby, planned village of 'Akbara, 0.5 km west of the old village site. As a precondition of the relocation, each family was required to demolish its home in the former village. Today, fifteen of the old houses still stand on the site, in addition to the school. The new village of 'Akbara was placed under the administration of the city of Safad in 1977.Khalidi, 1992, p xix It is now a neighbourhood of the city of Safed.Not clear where the Khalidi quotation ends? November 2023 See also List of massacres committed during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war References 25em Bibliography Barron, J.B. Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 Government of Palestine 1923 Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948 https://books.google.com/books?id=7itq6zYtSJwC M. Benvenisti Meron Benvenisti 2002 978-0-520-23422-2 University of California Press Conder C.R. Claude Reignier Conder Kitchener H.H. Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener 1881 https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology London Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund 1 (p. 205) Dauphin C. Claudine Dauphin La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ III : Catalogue BAR International Series 726 1998 Archeopress Oxford fr 0860549054 Village Statistics, April, 1945 http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390 Department of Statistics 1945 Government of Palestine Gelber Y. Yoav Gelber Palestine 1948: War, Escape And The Emergence Of The Palestinian Refugee Problem 2006 Sussex Academic Press 1-84519-075-0 Guérin V. Victor Guérin Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr01unkngoog 3: Galilee, pt. 1 1880 L'Imprimerie Nationale Paris fr Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html S. Hadawi Sami Hadawi 1970 Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center Hütteroth W.-D. Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth K. Abdulfattah Kamal Abdulfattah Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ 1977 Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft 3-920405-41-2 All That Remains:The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ W. Khalidi Walid Khalidi 1992 Washington D.C. Institute for Palestine Studies 0-88728-224-5 Leibner, Uzi Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee https://books.google.com/books?id=bsxkXam_QzwC&pg=PA108 2009 Mohr Siebeck 978-3-16-149871-8 Mills, E. Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas Government of Palestine Jerusalem 1932 Moore Dahlia Aweiss Salem 2004 Bridges Over Troubled Water: A Comparative Study Of Jews, Arabs, and Palestinians Praeger/Greenwood 0-275-98060-X https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C B. Morris Benny Morris 2004 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited 978-0-521-00967-6 Cambridge University Press Nazzal Nafez 1978 The Palestinian Exodus from Galilee 1948 https://books.google.com/books?id=li1IAAAAMAAJ The Institute for Palestine Studies Beirut 43–45 9780887281280 Palmer E.H. Edward Henry Palmer 1881 https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund PhD Rhode H. Harold Rhode 1979 https://www.academia.edu/2026845 Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century Columbia University 2017-11-03 2020-03-01 https://web.archive.org/web/20200301141739/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century dead Robinson E. Edward Robinson (scholar) Smith E. Eli Smith 1841 https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838 Boston Crocker & Brewster 3 Rogan E. Eugene Rogan Shlaim A. Avi Shlaim The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948 2007 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87598-1 Schumacher G. Gottlieb Schumacher Population list of the Liwa of Akka Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund 20 169–191 https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale 1888 Tsafrir, Y. Yoram Tsafrir Leah Di Segni Judith Green (TIR): Tabula Imperii Romani: Judaea, Palaestina https://books.google.com/books?id=8XJtAAAAMAAJ Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities Jerusalem 1994 965-208-107-8 External links Welcome to Akbara 'Akbara, Zochrot Survey of Western Palestine, Map 4: IAA https://web.archive.org/web/20230423030247/https://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8367 2023-04-23 , Wikimedia commons 'Akbara, at Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center Akbara, Dr. Khalil Rizk. 3akbara from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh uncollapsed Category:Arab villages depopulated prior to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War Category:District of Safad Category:Safed Category:Establishments in the Herodian kingdom Category:Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee