1445

1445 1445 thumb|250px|April 23: King Henry VI of England marries Margaret of Anjou. Year 1445 (MCDXLV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. Events January–March January 1 – In northern India, Ala-ud-Din Alam Shah becomes the new Sultan of Delhi upon the death of his father, Muhammad Shah IV.Jackson Peter The Delhi Sultanate : a political and military history 2003 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 323 9780521543293 1st January 13 – King Henry VI of England summons the English Parliament for the first time in almost three years, directing the Lords and the members of the House of Commons to assemble at Westminster on February 25. January 19 – In Poland, the Duchy of Oświęcim, ruled jointly since 1434 by the three sons of the late Duke Casimir of the Piast dynasty, is divided between the three brothers. Wenceslaus I, the eldest, receives the Duchy of Zator, Przemysław becomes ruler of Toszek and Jan IV, the youngest of the brothers, receives the capital, Oświęcim, along with the towns of Kęty and Żywiec. February 25 – The English Parliament is opened by King Henry VI. On the first day, the House of Commons elects William Burley as its Speaker. March 8 – The Amir Isfahan of Baghdad (born Ispend bin Yusuf) dies after a reign of 12 years and is succeeded by Fulad Mirza. The ruler of the adjacent Qara Qoyunlu Empire, Jahan Shah, then mobilizes an army at Tabriz to invade and take control of Baghdad.Hasan beg Rumlu, Aḥsan at-tawārīḫ (Kastamonu: Uzanlar, 2017) pp.155-156 9786050306415 April–June April 7 – In southern Germany, the number of Duchies of Bavaria is reduced from three to two when Bavaria-Ingolstadt is reunited with Bavaria-Landshut, under the rule of Heinrich the Rich following the death of Ludwig the Hunchback of Ingolstadt. The Duchy of Bavaria-Munich, ruled by Albert III the Pious remains the only other duchy in Bavaria.Mueller Steven The Wittelsbach Dynasty 2007 Waldmann Press 978-0-9702576-3-5 40 April 8 – At West Java in what is now Indonesia, the Sultanate of Cirebon establishes its capital at Dukuh Alang-alang and Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang is designated as the Sultan. http://www.cirebonkab.go.id/sekilas-kab-cirebon/sejarah-kabupaten-cirebon Sejarah Kabupaten Cirebon id Cirebon Regency 16 January 2013 24 October 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20191024165232/http://www.cirebonkab.go.id/sekilas-kab-cirebon/sejarah-kabupaten-cirebon dead April 9 – The 14th Parliament of King Henry VI (23 H. 6) closes and royal assent is given to new laws, including the Labourers Act (requiring that "A servant in husbandry purporting to depart from his master must give him half a year's warning, or else shall serve him the year following.") and the Exportation Act ("Whoever shall pack or ship thrums or threads to pass beyond the seas, during the three years next coming, shall forfeit the same, or the value.")Chronological Table of the Statutes: Covering the Period from 1235 to the End of 1971 Her Majesty's Stationery Office London 1972 lUMIAAAAMAAJ 33 33 978-0-11-840096-1 Google Books April 23 – King Henry VI of England marries Margaret of Anjou, daughter of René of Anjou, the former King of Naples, at a ceremony at Titchfield Abbey in Hampshire.Margaret Lucille Kekewich, The Good King: René of Anjou and Fifteenth Century Europe, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) p. 101 May 29 – Stjepan Tomaš Kotromanić of the House of Kotromanić is granted recognition by the Roman Catholic Church and Pope Eugene IV as King Tomaš of Bosnia.Kotromanići Ćošković Pejo Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography https://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak/249#Tomas 2009 sh 2025-05-29 2019-02-03 https://web.archive.org/web/20190203143535/http://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=249#Tomas dead May 30 – At a ceremony at Westminster Abbey, the coronation of Margaret of Anjou as Queen consort of England takes place before John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury. June 1 – In Hungary, the deadline passes for King Vladislaus I (who is also King Wladyslaw III of Poland), to return from the Crusade against the Ottoman Empire and to resume rule, and the 5-year-old Ladislaus the Posthumous is recognized as King of Hungary by the legislators of the Országgyűlés.Solymosi László Körmendi Adrienne Solymosi László Magyarország történeti kronológiája, I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig [Historical Chronology of Hungary, Volume I: From the Beginning to 1526] Akadémiai Kiadó 1981 264 A középkori magyar állam virágzása és bukása, 1301–1526 [The Heyday and Fall of the Medieval Hungarian State, 1301–1526] 963-05-2661-1 hu To administer the kingdom of Hungary during the minority of Ladislaus, the Hungarian nobles elect seven "Captains in Chief"John Hunyadi, Michael Ország, George Rozgonyi, Pongrác Szentmiklósi, Janos Jiskra, Miklos Újlaki and Emeric Bebek to administer the kingdomEngel Pál 2001 The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526 I.B. Tauris Publishers 288 1-86064-061-3 Confirmation is made later that King Vladislaus had been killed almost seven months earlier at the November 10 Battle of Varna. June 24 – Annibale I Bentivoglio, the ruler of the semi-independent Lordship of Bologna since 1443, is assassinated by the rival Canneschi family, with the support of Pope Eugene IV.Page at italica.rai.it it July–September July 7 – The Battle of Suzdal takes place 120 mi from Moscow when Ulugh Muhammad of the Khanate of Kazan attacks Nizhny Novgorod, part of the Grand Principality of Moscow. The Grand Prince Vasily II of Moscow is captured in battle as a prisoner of war and held for ransom until the payment of 200,000 rubles is completed in November.Martin Janet The Cambridge History of Russia. Volume 1. From Early Rus' to 1689 2006 Cambridge University Press 978-1-139-05410-2 Perrie Maureen Cambridge 164 The emergence of Moscow (1359-1462) 828740214 July 16 – In Germany, Frederick II, Elector of Saxony and his brother William III, Duke of Luxembourg, agree to negotiate the Division of Altenburg, in hopes of peacefully splitting lands in Thuringia which they had inherited from their father's cousin, Frederick IV, Landgrave of Thuringia.Historische Commission bei der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften Ficquelmont — Friedrich Wilhelm III. von Sachsen-Altenburg Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 7 778–779 Leipzig 1878 de http://mdz.bib-bvb.de/digbib/lexika/adb/images/adb007/@ebt-link?target=idmatch(entityref,adb0070780) 2008-10-18July 2019 InternetArchiveBot yes August 7 – A papal bull is issued by Pope Eugene IV declaring that the Chaldean Christians and the Maronites of Cyprus are in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church.Council of Florence, Bull of union with the Chaldeans and the Maronites of Cyprus Session 14, 7 August 1445 August 16 – Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France, daughter of the late King James I of Scotland and wife of the Dauphin Louis, son of King Charles VII of France, dies from an illness contracted a week earlier. On her deathbed, she accuses a court official, Jamet de Tillay, of having slandered her reputation and causing her death.Kendall P.M. Louis XI: The Universal Spider W.W. Norton & Company Inc. 1971 43 September 5 – In Switzerland, troops from the Canton of Zürich launch a new attack on Brugg in the Canton of Aargau, but their raid is detected before they can reach the city and the Zurich troops are repelled. The troops then pillage surrounding villages.1686 BruggZwei habsburgische Frauen mit Wirkung: Königin Elisabeth und Königin Agnes von Ungarn https://web.archive.org/web/20081013115637/http://www.ag.ch/staatsarchiv/de/pub/fokus/habsburger_gedenkjahr/frauen.php 2008-10-13 , Staatsarchiv Aargau September 12 – In a royal wedding at the Church of Our Lady in Copenhagen, King Christoffer III of Denmark (who also rules Sweden and Norway) marries Dorothea of Brandenburg, daughter of John the Alchemist, Margrave of Brandenburg.Troels Dahlerup De fire stænder. 1400-1500 Gyldendal og Politikens Danmarkshistorie 6 1989 København Gyldendal & Politikens Forlag 197 87-89068-08-4 After King Christoffer's death in 1448, Dorothea marries King Christian I of Denmark in 1449. September 14 – Queen consort Dorothea is crowned as "Queen of the Union of the Three Kingdoms" (kronet som unionsdronning af de tre kongeriger) in a ceremony at Copenhagen two days after her marriage to King Christoffer, who levies a series of taxes to pay for the expense.Dick Harrison, Karl Knutsson - en biografi (Lund: Historiska media, 2002) p. 152f 91-89442-58-X, LIBRIS-id 8693772 September 17 – Đurađ Branković, Despot of Serbia, and his sons Grgur, Stefan and Lazar sign a charter confirming the sovereignty and privileges of the Republic of Ragusa, located in what is now Croatia.Franz Miklosich Monumenta Serbica Spectantia Historiam Serbiae, Bosniae, Ragusi 1858 CCCL 433 https://archive.org/details/monumentaserbica00mikluoft September 26 – Negotiations between the Saxon brothers Frederick and William on the division of Thuringia break down after Frederick asserts that he will claim western Thuringia and will only allow William to inherit the Margraviate of Meissen. September 29 – In Normandy, Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York of England's House of Plantagenet, completes his five-year term as Lieutenant-general of British-occupied France and Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset takes his place. Gairdner James Richard, Duke of York (1411–1460) 48 Richard (1411–1460) He returns to England on October 20. October–December October 6 – A battle is fought at Erlenbach in Switzerland as troops from the canton of Zurich defeat a group of wine thieves."Erlenbach (ZH)", by Karl Kuprecht, in Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (1998) The battle takes place a year after the first battle of Erlenbach that had been waged on October 13, 1444. October 10 – At the Battle of Mokra, Albanian forces under the command of the rebel Skanderbeg, with 3,500 soldiers, defeat the more than 9,000 Ottoman troops led by Firuz Pasha.Hodgkinson Harry Scanderbeg https://books.google.com/books?id=X4lpAAAAMAAJ 1999 Centre for Albanian Studies 81 978-1-873928-13-4 Firuz is killed in battle along with 1,500 of his men.Francione Gennaro 2003 Skenderbeu: Një hero modern Shtëpia botuese "Naim Frashëri" 310 sq 978-99927-38-75-7 Pope Eugene IV raises a hymn of praise, that Christendom has been provided with a new defender, after he hears of the battle).Wendy Sacket Chronology of European History, 15,000 B.C. to 1997: 15,000 B.C. to 1469 https://books.google.com/books?id=EScOAQAAMAAJ 1997 Salem Press 978-0-89356-419-3 442 November 3 – (3rd waxing of Nadaw 807 ME) In the city of Bhamo (now in Myanmar), Chinese troops invade and proceed toward Inwa, the fortified capital of the Kingdom of Ava in pursuit of Thonganbwa, the ruler of the independent state of Mogaung, who had led numerous raids into China's Yunnan Province.Royal Historical Commission of Burma Royal Historical Commission of Burma Hmannan Yazawin 2 1832 Yangon 87 my 2003 Ministry of Information, Myanmar King Narapati I of Ava, who had captured Thonganbwa in 1442, negotiates an agreement to hand Thonganbwa over to the Chinese in return for assistance in helping Ava conquer rebels in Yamethin. Before he can be turned over to China for execution, Thonganbwa commits suicide, but China accepts his corpse as a recognition of Ava's submission.Phayre Arthur Purves Phayre Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. History of Burma 1883 1967 Susil Gupta London 84–85 December 11 – At a monastery in Neuwerk in Halle, with the mediation of the Landgrave Louis II of Hesse, the Archbishop Frederick III of Magdeburg, and the Margrave Frederick II of Brandenburg, William III, Duke of Luxembourg and his brother Frederick II, Elector of Saxony, the two surviving sons of Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, make a final attempt to agree on the division of lands in Thuringia which they had inherited from their father's cousin, Frederick IV, Landgrave of Thuringia. Despite the mediation, Frederick of Saxony and William of Luxembourg are not able to agree and the Saxon Fratricidal War begins a few months later. December 25 – In northeastern Africa, the Battle of Gomit is fought between the Ethiopian Empire (whose troops are led by the Emperor Zara Yaqob ) and the Adal Sultanate, whose invading army is led by the Sultan Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din. The Sultan charges toward the Emperor, who kills him with his spear.Budge E. A. Wallis E. A. Wallis Budge https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499166/page/n392/mode/1up History Of Ethiopia Nubia And Abyssinia Methuen & co. 1828 1 307–308 The Adal troops flee and many are killed by the pursuing Ethiopian troops. Badlay's son, Muhammad ibn Badlay, survives and becomes the new Sultan. Date unknown The Portuguese set up their first trading post (Feitoria) in Africa, on the island of Arguin. Portuguese explorer Dinis Dias discovers the Cap-Vert, on the western coast of Africa. Vlad II Dracul, aided by a crusaders' fleet from Burgundy, attacks Giurgiu, and massacres the Ottoman garrison after their surrender. Stephen II remains sole ruler of Moldavia. Rai Sahra becomes the first Sultan of Multan as Qutb-ud-Din Mahmud. Births March 16 – Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, Swiss-born priest (d. 1510) April 4 – Wiguleus Fröschl of Marzoll, Bishop of Passau (1500–1517) (d. 1517) October 25 – Fulk Bourchier, 10th Baron FitzWarin, English baron (d. 1479) October 31 – Hedwig, Abbess of Quedlinburg, Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 1511) December 11 – Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1496) date unknown – Albert Brudzewski, Polish astronomer (d. 1497) probable – Nicolas Chuquet, French mathematician approximate – Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter (d. 1510)Adolfo Venturi Botticelli https://books.google.com/books?id=TfJOAAAAYAAJ 1927 A. Zwemmer 101 Deaths January 19 – Antonio Correr, Venetian cardinal (b. 1359)The early Italian pictures in the collection of Her Majesty the Queen https://books.google.com/books?id=bqpRAQAAIAAJ 1983 978-0-521-24214-1 195 Shearman John Cambridge University Press February 19 – Leonor of Aragon, queen of Portugal (b. 1402) April 7 – Louis VIII, Duke of Bavaria, German noble (b. 1403) May 15 – Johanna van Polanen, Dutch noblewoman (b. 1392) June 5 – Leonel Power, English composer July 15 – Joan Beaufort, Queen of ScotlandNorman Macdougall James III: A Political Study https://books.google.com/books?id=VY5nAAAAMAAJ 1982 J. Donald 978-0-85976-078-2 10–13 August 2 – Oswald von Wolkenstein, Austrian composer (b. 1377) date unknown – Olug Moxammat of Kazan, Khan of Kazan References