1 Samuel 17

First Book of Samuel chapter 1 Samuel 17 1 Samuel 16 chapter 16 1 Samuel 18 chapter 18 First book of Samuel Old Testament 9 Nevi'im 3 Former Prophets Osmar Schindler - David und Goliath.jpg 240px "David and Goliath" (1888), by Osmar Schindler (1869-1927) 1 Samuel 17 is the seventeenth chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible.Halley 1965 182 According to Jewish tradition the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan,Hirsch Emil G. SAMUEL, BOOKS OF https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13080-samuel-books-of www.jewishencyclopedia.com but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630–540 BCE.Knight 1995 62Jones 2007 197 This chapter contains the battle of David with Goliath, the Philistine.Coogan 2007 422 Hebrew Bible This is within a section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 which records the rise of David as the king of Israel.Jones 2007 207 Text This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 58 verses. Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).Würthwein 1995 35-37 Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSama; 100–50 BCE) with extant verses 3–8, 40–41.Ulrich 2010 277Dead sea scrolls - 1 SamuelFitzmyer 2008 354Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).Würthwein 1995 73-74The whole book of 1 Samuel is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.Codex Sinaiticus The text in the Codex Vaticanus is notably shorter than the others, consisting only of verses 1–11, 32–40, 42–48a, 49, 51–54.Jones 2007 208 Places Israel jerusalem 240 right Ancient Israel Places mentioned in this chapter Israel jerusalem 31.703056 35.195556 Blue_pog.svg 6 Bethlehem 100 top Israel jerusalem 31.823333 35.231111 Red_pog.svg 6 Gibeah 100 right Israel jerusalem 31.700348 34.9356651 Blue_pog.svg 6 Azekah 100 top Israel jerusalem 31.681234 34.976399 Blue_pog.svg 6 Shochoh 100 right Israel jerusalem 31.700 34.847 Blue_pog.svg 6 Gath 100 left Israel jerusalem 31.77889 34.8499203 Blue pog.svg 6 Ekron 100 left Israel jerusalem 31.66 34.83 Blue pog.svg 1 Valley of Elah 100 right right|thumb|300px|Valley of Elah, viewed from the top of Tel Azeka (2014). Azekah Bethlehem-Judah Ephesdammim Ekron Gath Ramah Shaaraim Shochoh Valley of Elah Analysis The section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 is known as the "History of David's Rise", with David as the central character, within which 1 Samuel 16:1 to 2 Samuel 1:27 form an independent unit with a central theme of "the decline of Saul and the rise of David".Jones 2007 207 This narrative provides the test of David's suitability to the throne, in contrast to the testing of Jonathan at Michmash (1 Samuel 14:13–14).Jones 2007 208 It was emphasized that David did not enter into battle with Goliath because of 'arrogance or a spirit of adventure', but because he followed God's plan.Jones 2007 208–209 The portrayal of David as a shepherd in this narrative had 'royal' connotations (cf Psalm 78:70–72 and the prophecies of Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Zechariah).Jones 2007 209 The challenge of Goliath, the Philistine (17:1–11) After an unknown period of time, the Philistines again started a military action against Israel, assembling their army near Sochoh, a strategic passage between the Philistine and Israel territories.Evans 2018 187–188 Saul assembled the Israel army at the opposite side of the Elah valley, anticipating a battle.Evans 2018 188 However, this time, a gigantic man, Goliath, stepped up out of the Philistines, a seasoned veteran, wearing the most advanced weapons, challenging anyone among the Israel army for one-on-one combat, instead of thousands soldiers battling, to decide the outcome – winner takes all.Evans 2018 188 In his challenge, Goliath explicitly called for Saul ("are you not the servants of Saul"; verse 8) perhaps in reference to Saul being the tallest among the Israelites (1 Samuel 10:23), but Saul and all Israel soldiers were too afraid to accept the challenge.Evans 2018 188 Verse 1 Now the Philistines gathered their armies together to battle, and were gathered at Sochoh, which belongs to Judah; they encamped between Sochoh and Azekah, in Ephes Dammim.1 Samuel 17:1 NKJV NKJV The verse detailed the scene of David's memorable battle with Goliath with great exactness. The Philistines and Israel army camped on opposite sides of the wide valley of Elah (verse 2) to their rendezvous at Sochoh, and the Philistines pitched their camp in Ephes-dammim.Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. 1 Samuel 9. Accessed 28 April 2019. "Sochoh" (also written as "Shochoh, Sokho"): identified with the modern "Shuweikeh", about 16 miles southwest of Jerusalem on the road to Gaza. "Azekah" mentioned in Joshua 10:10 in relation to the rout of the Philistines in the battle of Beth-horon. "Ephes-dammim": meaning "boundary of blood" (cf. Ha-Pas Dammim in 1 Chronicles 11:13), identified with modern Beit Fased, or 'House of Bleeding,' near Sochoh.Conder's Tent Work, II. 160. The name was probably given as the scene of frequent battles between the Israelites and the Philistines. Verse 2 And Saul and the men of Israel were gathered together, and they encamped in the Valley of Elah, and drew up in battle array against the Philistines. 1 Samuel 17:2 NKJV NKJV "Valley of Elah": now Wady-es-Sunt, running in a northwest direction from the hills of Judah near Hebron passing Gath (cf. 1 Samuel 5:8) to the sea near Ashdod. The ancient name "Elah" was taken from the Terebinth, the largest tree specimen in Palestine still standing in the vicinity, whereas the modern name "es-Sunt" is from the acacias which are scattered in the valley.Robinson, Bibl, Res. II. 21. Verse 4 And there came out from the camp of the Philistines a champion named Goliath of Gath, whose height was six cubits and a span.1 Samuel 17:4 NKJV NKJV "Goliath": a Philistine warrior from Gath. During excavations by Israel's Bar-Ilan University in the location of ancient Gath (now Tell es-Safi) a potsherd was discovered, reliably dated to between the tenth to mid ninth centuries BC, with inscription of two names LWT and WLT,April 2025 which were etymologically related to the name Goliath (גלית, GLYT), so demonstrating that Goliath's name fits with the context of late tenth/early ninth century BCE Philistine culture,https://www.smh.com.au/news/science/tall-tale-of-a-philistine-researchers-unearth-a-goliath-cerealbowl/2005/11/14/1131951099130.html?oneclick=true The Sydney Morning Herald Reuters Tall tale of a Philistine: researchers unearth a Goliath cereal bowl November 15, 2005 as well as could be linked with the Lydian king Alyattes, which also fits the Philistine context.Tell es-Safi/Gath weblog and Bar-Ilan University; For the editio princeps and an in-depth discussion of the inscription, see now: Maeir, A.M., Wimmer, S.J., Zukerman, A., and Demsky, A. (2008 (in press)). "An Iron Age I/IIA Archaic Alphabetic Inscription from Tell es-Safi/Gath: Paleography, Dating, and Historical-Cultural Significance". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. A similar name, Uliat, is also attested in Carian inscriptions.Vernet Pons, M. (2012). "The etymology of Goliath in the light of Carian Wljat/Wliat: a new proposal". Kadmos, 51, 143–164. "Six cubits and a span" following Masoretic Text, approximately 9 ft. 9 in., but some manuscripts including 4QSama and Septuagint have 'four cubits and a span' (about 6 ft. 9 in.),Jones 2007 208Note on 1 Samuel 17:4 in NET Bible as in the table below.Hays 2005 703-706 A "cubit" (Hebrew: ʼammah) is about 18 inches or 45 centimeters,Note [b] in ESV (in the ancient world usually varies from seventeen to eighteen inches), but there were longer and shorter cubits, as in Babylon and Egypt, measured 20.65 and 17.6 inches, respectively.Huey, F. B. (1976) "Weights and Measures," Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible 5.914. apud Hays 2007, pp. 509-510.Billington 2007 491 Textual witnesses Source Language Date Height(original) Height(meter) Height(foot + inch)Dead Sea Scrolls4QSama Jewish Hebrew 50 BCE 4 cubits and a span 2 6 ft. 9 in. JosephusAntiquities 6.171 Jewish Greek 80 CE 4 cubits and a span 2 6 ft. 9 in. Symmachus (cited by Origenin 3rd century CE) Jewish Greek ~ 200 CE 6 cubits and a span 3 9 ft. 9 in. OrigenHexapla Christian Greek ~250 CE 6 cubits and a span 3 9 ft. 9 in. Lucian Greek recension Christian Greek 200-300 CE 4 cubits and a span 2 6 ft. 9 in. Codex Vaticanus (LXX) Christian Greek 300-400 CE 4 cubits and a span 2 6 ft. 9 in. Codex Alexandrinus (LXX) Christian Greek 400-500 CE 4 cubits and a span 2 6 ft. 9 in. Vulgate (Jerome) Christian Latin 400 CE 6 cubits and a span 3 9 ft. 9 in. Codex Venetus Christian Greek 700-800 CE 5 cubits and a span 2.5 8 ft. 3 in. Aleppo Codex (Masoretic Text) Jewish Hebrew 935 CE 6 cubits and a span 3 9 ft. 9 in. Leningrad Codex (Masoretic Text) Jewish Hebrew 1010 CE 6 cubits and a span 3 9 ft. 9 in. Most of the extant Hebrew manuscripts are based on Masoretic Text (MT), but older manuscripts, such as from Symmachus, a Jewish translator of Hebrew texts to Greek in 200s CE for the Jewish community in Caesarea, cited by Origen in the fourth column of Hexapla and assumed to be "proto-MT" (Vorlage to the MT), as well as Greek version of Origen in the fifth column of Hexapla have "6 cubits and a span".Hays 2005 701-704 Billington suggests that the "4 cubits and a span" in the Septuagint and 4QSama could be a conversion from MT's data of common cubits (1 cubit ≈ 18 inches) into a measurement using royal Egyptian cubits (1 cubit ≈ 20.65 inches).Billington 2007 507 Average height of men at the end of first century BCE in the Middle East and Mediterranean area was estimated based on the skeletons in some tombs to be about 3.5 cubits (about 150 cm or 5 ft.) to about 175 cm.Archaeological excavations in the royal tomb of warriors in Mycenae yield average height of 1.76-1.80 meter, whereas the average height of common men in the same period, based on their skeletons, is 1.64 meter, either in Aegean or in Canaan. Margalith (1994) 'The Sea Peoples in the Bible', p. 49. Whether it was 2 or 3 meters, the mention of Goliath's height certainly played a role for the Israelites to fear him, although in the whole chapter Goliath was never referred to as a "giant".Evans 2018 186Hays 2007 516 However, Saul, being a tall person himself (about 6 feet or 6 feet 6 inches), was more concerned about Goliath's extensive military training (verse 33: "he [Goliath] has been a fighting man since his youth"; Saul never mentioned about Goliath's height).Hays 2005 710–711 Therefore, the emphasis of mentioning Goliath's height in the narrative is that Saul, possessing unique height, weapons and armor among the Israelites, should be the logical choice to fight Goliath, but he was cowering in fear instead of delivering Israel.Hays 2005 712 Verse 5 And he had an helmet of brass upon his head, and he was armed with a coat of mail; and the weight of the coat was five thousand shekels of brass.1 Samuel 17:5 KJV KJV "Armed": that is, "clothed with scaled body armor".Note on 1 Samuel 17:5 in NKJV The Hebrew terms for "helmet" (ko'ba H 3553), "armed" ("clothed", "put on"; labash H 3847) and "coat" ("breastplate"; shiryon H 8302) are also found in Isaiah 59:17.1 Samuel 17:5 Hebrew Text Analysis. Biblehub "Coat of mail": or "breastplate of scales", a kind of shirt, protecting the back as well as the breast, made of bronze scales arranged like those of a fish, probably similar to the corselet of Ramesses III (now in the British Museum). "Five thousand shekels of brass": about 125 lbNote on 1 Samuel 17:5 in MEV or probably 157 pounds avoirdupois (cf. Exodus 38:29 9). It is very likely that Goliath's brass coat may have been 'preserved as a trophy' (like his sword), so the weight of it could be ascertained.Barnes, Albert. Notes on the Bible - 1 Samuel 17. James Murphy (ed). London: Blackie & Son, 1884. Reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1998. David's entrance into the battleground (17:12–30) The narrative changes from the battleground to the hometown of David with specific information that Jesse, David's father, did not participate in the war because he was very old, but his three oldest sons were in the battlefield with Saul.Evans 2018 188 While Saul was with his army, David was apparently excused to go home from his service to provide music for the king, so David was back tending his family's sheep.Evans 2018 188 Forty days had passed since the army was assembled and Goliath first came out to challenge the Israelites. Jesse became worried about his sons, so he decided to send David to the front lines to get the news of their wellbeing.Evans 2018 189 After arranging interim care for his flock, David went to the army campsite, bringing bread for his siblings and cheese for their commander. Right at the time David found his brothers, he heard Goliath's challenge and became angry at the insults to his God, a reaction that set him apart from all other Israelites in that place.Evans 2018 189 David regarded Goliath's defying "the armies of Israel" (17:10) as nothing less than defying "the armies of the living God" (17:26).Evans 2018 189 Then, David heard about the reward promised by Saul to the one who could defeat Goliath (verse 25), and he kept inquiring of some people to make sure this information was true (verses 26, 27, 30), even after Eliab, his eldest brother, wrongly accused David as just wanting to watch the battle.Evans 2018 189 It could be argued that David's multiple inquiries—each time resulting in the same answer—were actually intended to 'get it on record' with those people as his witnesses for the reward he would get when he succeeded in winning the combat.Evans 2018 190 Verse 25 And the men of Israel said, "Have you seen this man who has come up? Surely he has come up to defy Israel. And the king will enrich the man who kills him with great riches and will give him his daughter and make his father's house free in Israel."1 Samuel 17:25 ESV ESV "The king will enrich the man": This indicates that many years must have passed before Saul could establish a wealth from the contributions of his people, since the time when Jesse sent the king a few loaves of bread, a skin of wine and a young sheep (1 Samuel 16:20).Exell, Joseph S.; Spence-Jones, Henry Donald Maurice (Editors). On "1 Samuel 17". In: The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890. Accessed 24 April 2019. Poole sees this as the effect and sign of the departure of God's spirit from Saul, that Saul in distress did not seek the counsel of God, but expected relief from men only.Poole, Matthew, A Commentary on the Holy Bible. "1 Samuel 17". Accessed 22 Agustus 2019. "Will give him his daughter": like Caleb promised to give daughter in marriage to the man who could take Kirjathsepher (Joshua 15:16; Judges 1:12), but later Saul procrastinated to fulfill this promise to David and even imposed further conditions (1 Samuel 18:17ff).Gill, John. Exposition of the Entire Bible. "1 Samuel 17". Published in 1746-1763. "Make his father's house free": may refer to the contributions levied from all the households in Israel for the support of the king and his court, such as spoken in 1 Samuel 8:11–17 (NET Bible: "make his father's house exempt from tax obligations"). David and Saul (17:31–39) When the news of David inquiring about the reward reached Saul, the king summoned David, but showed his objection to David's appearance as a youth to fight Goliath, who was a "warrior" (Hebrew: 'ish milhamah) 'since his youth'.Evans 2018 190 Saul apparently ignored the words of his attendants in the previous chapter, that David was a "brave man" and a "warrior" (Hebrew: 'ish milhamah; 1 Samuel 16:18).Evans 2018 190 To counter Saul's objection, David spoke about his victories against lions and bears in close combat, without mentioning his sling, because a battle against Goliath was supposed to be a "single-armed infantry combat".Evans 2018 190–191 David's words convinced Saul, who declared "YHWH be with" David (the same words Saul's servants said about David in 16:18).Evans 2018 191 Saul wanted to lend his personal armor to dress David for battle, hoping that in a victory he could claim some responsibility, but after trying them on, David declined to use it because he was not used to dressing like that and, as later was shown, his battle plan would not require the armor.Evans 2018 191 Battle of David and Goliath (17:40–54) right|thumb|150px|David chose five smooth stones out of the brook. The art Bible, comprising the Old and new Testaments: with numerous illustrations. London: G. Newnes. 1896. David and Goliath Among the three basic divisions of army in ancient warfare, "infantry" (soldiers with swords and armor) in formation could take out "cavalry" (soldiers on horses or chariots) with pikes, cavalry could take out "artillery" (archers and slingers) by their speed to close in the distance, whereas artillery could take out slow-moving infantry from afar, not unlike the game of 'rock-paper-scissors', so here David chose to be a projectile slinger against Goliath who was an infantry unit.Halpern, Baruch (2001) "David's Secret Demons. Messiah, Murderer, Traitor, King". Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. p. 11; apud Evans 2018, p. 191. David approached Goliath in the battlefield with a staff in one hand, five smooth stones freshly picked out of a stream inside his 'shepherd bag', and his sling in his 'other hand' (17:40).Evans 2018 192 The staff could be a successful distraction from his sling, because Goliath only noticed the staff when he mocked David for approaching him with "sticks" (17:43).Evans 2018 192 Not only was David praised for being handsome and brave, but Saul's servants also recognized David's rhetorical skill (16:18), which he showed at this time with theological clarity and power to answer Goliath's cursing by his gods.Evans 2018 192 David was confident that Goliath's superior weapons (sword, spear, javelin: 17:45) would be no match to YHWH, which would prove to "all nations that there is a God in Israel" (17:46) and would give all Philistines into Israel's hands.Evans 2018 192 In contrast to Israel rejecting God by requesting to be led by a king "like all other nations" (1 Samuel 8:5), David declared that the battle was YHWH's, not the army's, not the kings', bringing back YHWH as the leader of His people.Evans 2018 192–193 At David's words, Goliath made a move toward David, but with his heavy metal armor which weights hundreds of pounds, he could not match David's quicker movement with much less armor, and when David was fast approaching with a sling on his hand, not planning to use his staff at all, it became clearer that the 'rock beats scissors' (artillery beats infantry) strategy would make David no longer an underdog.Evans 2018 193 David deftly shot at Goliath's forehead, which was not covered by his helmet, with the slinged stone using a tremendous force, so the stone 'sank' into Goliath's head and the giant 'fell face first to the ground' (17:49).Evans 2018 193 Not taking any chances that Goliath would wake up again soon, David took out Goliath's own sword and used it to cut off its owner's head.Evans 2018 193 Seeing this, all Philistines fled, pursued by the Israelites, whereas David took Goliath's weapons as victor's spoils into 'his tent' and even already planned to bring Goliath's head to "Jerusalem" (17:54; the latter would be in the future, because at that time Jerusalem was still occupied by the Jebusites; cf. 2 Samuel 5:5–9).Evans 2018 193 Verse 49 Then David put his hand in his bag and took out a stone; and he slung it and struck the Philistine in his forehead, so that the stone sank into his forehead, and he fell on his face to the earth.1 Samuel 17:49 NKJV NKJV "Struck... in his forehead": The deadly accuracy of slingers is attested by ancient historians, such as the Greek writer Thucydides, in his work The Peloponnesian War, stating that the Athens' infantry was decimated in the mountains by slingers (in a failed attempt to take Sicily), and in Judges 20:16 that mentions seven hundred slingers of the tribe of Benjamin, "each of whom could sling a stone at a hair and not miss".Evans 2018 193 Verse 52 Now the men of Israel and Judah arose and shouted, and pursued the Philistines as far as the entrance of the valley and to the gates of Ekron. And the wounded of the Philistines fell along the road to Shaaraim, even as far as Gath and Ekron.1 Samuel 17:52 NKJV NKJV "To the valley": or "to a valley"; the Greek Septuagint renders "to Gath" probably from a Hebrew text that reads gath, instead of gai ("a valley"), while Gath is mentioned in the next sentence.Ellicott, C. J. (Ed.) (1905). Ellicott's Bible Commentary for English Readers. 1 Samuel 17. London : Cassell and Company, Limited, [1905-1906] Online version: (OCoLC) 929526708. Accessed 28 April 2019. The Latin Vulgate has "valley", whereas the Syriac version understands it as 'the mouth of the valley of Elah'. "The wounded of the Philistines": Josephus wrote that thirty thousand Philistines were killed with twice as many wounded.Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews book 6. chapter 9. sect. 5. "Shaaraim" was a town assigned to Judah (Joshua 15:36) in the Shephelah, but was then occupied by the Philistines, now identified with "Tell Kefr Zakariya",Keil, Carl Friedrich; Delitzsch, Franz. Commentary on the Old Testament (1857-1878). 1 Samuel 17. Accessed 24 Juni 2018. a 'conspicuous hill on the southern side of the main valley', between "Shuweikeh" (Sokoh) and "Tell-es-Sâfi" (Gath), exactly in the natural line of the Philistines' flight. "As far as Gath and Ekron"; Josephus wrote "to the borders of Gath, and to the gates of Ashkelon", which were two other major cities of the Philistines. According to Bunting, the chase of the Philistines was to the valley and river Sorek for four miles from the place where Goliath was killed, continuing to Ekron eight miles; to Ashkelon twenty miles, and to Gath twenty four miles.Bunting, Travels of the Patriarchs, etc . p. 128; apud Gill on 1 Samuel 17. "Gath" was located at the mouth of the terebinth valley (cf. Joshua 13:3). A concluding flashback (17:55–58) right|thumb|150px|David with the head of Goliath before Saul (1 Samuel 17:57-58), by Rembrandt van Rijn (1606–1669). The narrative looks back to the time David was about to fight Goliath, while Saul looked on and asked Abner, his general, who David's father was.Evans 2018 193 At a glance, this seems to contradict the account in the previous chapter, that Saul was informed about David, the son of Jesse (16:8) and twice sent messengers to Jesse (16:19, 22).Evans 2018 193 However, rather than a possibility of memory lapse due to mental illness, the question may be a hint for Abner to check deeper into David's family background, apparently in the context to Saul's promise of tax exemption for family of the one killing the giant (17:25), but also in relation to Saul's suspicion of anyone among his 'friends/neighbors', who would succeed him, as told in multiple occasions.Evans 2018 194 Fast forward to the time Abner brought David, still holding Goliath's head, to Saul, the king did not offer congratulations or thanks, but focused for the inquiry of David's family, an indication that Saul began to see David as a rival.Evans 2018 194 See also 22em Abinadab Anointing Bethlehem Eliab Ephah Ephesdammim Greave Jesse the Ephrathite Israelites Mail Shaaraim Shammah Shekel Tribe of Judah Bible Related Bible parts: Joshua 15, Judges 1, 1 Samuel 15, 1 Samuel 16 Notes References Sources Commentaries on Samuel Auld Graeme 1 & 2 Samuel https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA213 James D. G. Dunn and John William Rogerson Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible Eerdmans 2003 9780802837110 Bergen David T. 1, 2 Samuel https://books.google.com/books?id=eGT6fWsajqcC B&H Publishing Group 1996 9780805401073 Chapman Stephen B. 1 Samuel as Christian Scripture: A Theological Commentary Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 2016 978-1467445160 https://books.google.com/books?id=kS4XDAAAQBAJ Evans Paul 1-2 Samuel The Story of God Bible Commentary Tremper Longman Zondervan Academic 2018 978-0310490944 https://books.google.com/books?id=Uy8-DwAAQBAJ Gordon Robert I & II Samuel, A Commentary https://books.google.com/books?id=JMJ1ZAnswuUC&dq=I+%26+II+Samuel:+a+commentary+Gordon&pg=PA338 Paternoster Press 1986 9780310230229 Hertzberg Hans Wilhelm I & II Samuel, A Commentary https://books.google.com/books?id=friNN7IdjOIC&q=Saul+appointed+anointed+instituted&pg=PA19 Westminster John Knox Press 1964 trans. from German 2nd edition 1960 978-0664223182 19 Tsumura David Toshio The First Book of Samuel https://books.google.com/books?id=iLKAlhLDkMwC Eerdmans 2007 9780802823595 Specific subjects Billington Clyde E 2007 https://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/50/50-3/JETS_50-3_489-508_Billington.pdf Goliath and the Exodus Giants: How Tall Were They? 50/3 489–508 2021-12-27 2021-12-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20211227084122/https://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/50/50-3/JETS_50-3_489-508_Billington.pdf dead Hays J. Daniel 2005 https://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/48/48-4/JETS_48-4_701-714.pdf Reconsidering the Height of Goliath Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 48/4 701–714 2023-07-10 2021-12-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20230710210445/https://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/48/48-4/JETS_48-4_701-714.pdf dead Hays J. Daniel 2007 https://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/50/50-3/JETS_50-3_509-516_Hays.pdf The Height of Goliath: a response to Clyde Billington Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 50/3 509–516 2021-12-26 2021-12-26 https://web.archive.org/web/20211226192320/https://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/50/50-3/JETS_50-3_509-516_Hays.pdf dead General Breytenbach Andries Past, Present, Future: the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets Brill 2000 Who Is Behind The Samuel Narrative? https://books.google.com/books?id=uP22QHpnKq8C&dq=Breytenbach+Who+is+behind+the+Samuel+narrative&pg=PA50 Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy 9789004118713 Coogan Michael David Michael D. Coogan The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 Coogan Michael David Marc Zvi Brettler Carol Ann Newsom Pheme Perkins Augmented 3rd Oxford University Press 2007 978-0195288810 https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ Fitzmyer Joseph A. Joseph Fitzmyer A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC 2008 9780802862419 Grand Rapids, MI Halley Henry H. Henry Hampton Halley Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary 24th (revised) Zondervan Publishing House 1965 https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr registration 0-310-25720-4 Hayes Christine Introduction to the Bible Yale University Press 2015 https://books.google.com/books?id=SKbkXYHxvlAC 978-0300188271 Jones Gwilym H. 12. 1 and 2 Samuel The Oxford Bible Commentary John Barton John Barton (theologian) John Muddiman John Muddiman Oxford University Press first (paperback) 2007 196–232 978-0199277186 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ February 6, 2019 Klein R.W. Samuel, books of https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C Bromiley, Geoffrey W The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Eerdmans 2003 9780802837844 Knight Douglas A https://books.google.com/books?id=SNLN1nEEys0C&q=630+BCE&pg=PA62 James Luther Mays, David L. Petersen and Kent Harold Richards Chapter 4 Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists Old Testament Interpretation T&T Clark 1995 9780567292896 Ulrich Eugene The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants 2010 Brill https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls Würthwein Ernst Ernst Würthwein The Text of the Old Testament Wm. B. Eerdmans Grand Rapids, MI 1995 Erroll F. Rhodes 0-8028-0788-7 https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC January 26, 2019 External links Jewish translations: Shmuel I - I Samuel - Chapter 17 (Judaica Press). Hebrew text and English translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org Christian translations: Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) 1 Samuel chapter 17. Bible Gateway 17 Category:Goliath Category:Saul Category:David