1985 Zimbabwean parliamentary election

none May 2013 October 2022 Zimbabwe parliamentary 1980 Southern Rhodesian general election 1980 1990 Zimbabwean general election 1990 All 100 seats in the House of Assembly 1–2 July 1985 (common roll) 27 June 1985 (white roll) 130x130px President Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe bezoekt Nederland Robert Mugabe, kop, Bestanddeelnr 932-1922.jpg Robert Mugabe Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front 57 64 7 2,233,320 77.2% Joshua Nkomo (1978).jpg Joshua Nkomo 010100 Zimbabwe African People's Union 20 15 5 556,996 19.3% IanSmith1990crop.png Ian Smith Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe 20 15 5 18,704WR White roll 55.4%WR Prime Minister Prime Minister-designate Robert Mugabe Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front Robert Mugabe Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front 51 Parliamentary elections were held in Zimbabwe in June and July 1985. The result was a victory for the ruling ZANU–PF party led by Robert Mugabe, which increased its majority in parliament. Electoral system June 2025 The House of Assembly consisted of 100 seats, 20 of which were reserved for white voters, and the remaining 80 were elected on a 'common roll' consisting of all adult citizens except those on the white roll. Since Zimbabwean independence in 1980, an electoral roll for the common roll seats had been compiled. Single-member constituencies were drawn up for the common roll seats instead of election by lists in regions used in the 1980 elections. The common roll seats were elected on 1–2 July. The white roll seats had been drawn up in 1978 but the large exodus of white Zimbabweans (especially from rural areas) had led to a wide disparity in electorate sizes. The Delimitation Commission therefore redrew the map and renamed many of the seats to match changes in place names. Another change to the system was that preferential voting was reinstituted for the white roll seats, so that a candidate had to win more than half of the votes (after transfers) to be elected. The white roll seats were elected on 27 June. Campaign June 2025 Common roll The previous election had shown that ZANU (PF) had monopolised popular support among the Shona areas, and the chances of it losing the election were minimal. However, ZANU (PF) needed to affirm its support and demonstrate that it retained the confidence of the people that it was making genuine progress. Popular support for PF-ZAPU, outside the Ndebele areas, was minimal, and the United African National Council of Abel Muzorewa had lost support to ZANU (PF) following the effective transition into government of Robert Mugabe. White roll The white MPs in the previous Assembly, who had all started off as members of the Rhodesian Front (later renamed the Republican Front), had split over their reaction to the ZANU (PF) government with more than half resigning their membership in March 1982 to become Independents who partially supported ZANU (PF). Eventually, in April 1985, the Independent Zimbabwe Group was formed in preparation for the election. Generally, whites in Harare and Bulawayo had little complaint about the conduct of government, having seen minimal change in their lifestyles. There was therefore a genuine contest in the Zimbabwean white community between the Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe (the renamed Rhodesian Front), advocating strong defence of white interests, and the Independent Zimbabwe Group, advocating conciliation and partnership with ZANU (PF). Conduct There was violence and Ndebele–Shona ethnic animosities during the elections.Zanu PF and PF Zapu Violence: The 1985 General Elections 2023 https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/election-violence-in-zimbabwe/zanu-pf-and-pf-zapu-violence/0162E37670BF0F8EEE637016DC56AD42 Election Violence in Zimbabwe: Human Rights, Politics and Power 35–64 Kwashirai Vimbai Chaumba Cambridge University Press 10.1017/9781108120265.004 978-1-107-19081-8 subscription Results ZANU–PF 64 Zimbabwe African People's Union 15 Zimbabwe African National Union – Ndonga 1 Independents 1 Independent Zimbabwe Group 4 Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe 15 Common roll White roll ZANU–PF 2233320 64 64 ZAPU 558771 15 311 0 15 United African National Council 64764 0 0 ZANU–Ndonga 36054 1 1 Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe 18731 15 15 Independent Zimbabwe Group 13513 4 4 National Democratic Union 295 0 0 National Front of Zimbabwe 81 0 0 Independents 1486 1 1 78861 1712 African Elections Database By constituency Common roll ConstituencyCandidatePartyVotes%MANICALAND (11 seats)BUHERA NORTHVundukai Kenneth ManyondaZANU (PF)25,31398.6Stanford ChipfumbuPF-ZAPU2240.9Benedict TokoyoUANC1390.5BUHERA SOUTHKumbirai Manyika KangaiZANU (PF)34,39798.4Misheck Pfende MutongoreyaZANU3761.1John ChirindaPF-ZAPU1660.5CHIMANIMANISimon Musutani SitholeZANU (PF)34,73376.7Maziwanza Nason TinarwoZANU9,74221.5Oscar Tashora MandipazaPF-ZAPU8031.8CHIPINGEGoodson Guhu Mushakaanhu SitholeZANU16,46150.0William Hlebeni NdanganaZANU (PF)15,62547.5Benjamin SibiyaPF-ZAPU8382.5MAKONI EASTNaomi Pasiharigutwi NhiwatiwaZANU (PF)51,77296.7Peter Gumindega MaenzaniseUANC1,0842.0Benjamin ZindogaPF-ZAPU4930.9Amon ZwingowaniseyiZANU1870.3MAKONI WESTMoven Enock MahachiZANU (PF)20,20395.7Langton Farisayi CharidzaUANC5842.8Muzadzi Tinarwo TamwaramwaPF-ZAPU1960.9Davidson JahwiZANU1320.6MUTARE EASTLazarus Gumisai Chauyachauya NzarayebaniZANU (PF)33,86894.6Morgan MasiyamhuruUANC1,0943.1Michael Tarisayi RuswaPF-ZAPU4251.2Mwabvira Arnold SawanaZANU4071.1MUTARE URBANEdgar Ziwinayi TekereZANU (PF)30,07683.3Kagoro Felix KadzombeUANC3,69410.2Ford MagadaPF-ZAPU1,1783.3David MungunyanaZANU1,1503.2MUTARE WESTMoton Dizzy Paul MaliangaZANU (PF)28,55196.4Webster Chamuda Mufambi ZimunyaUANC7842.6Matthew MasiyakurimaPF-ZAPU1430.5David Musiyagamu NgarizeZANU1360.5MUTASAVictoria Fikile ChitepoZANU (PF)28,52994.0King Itai David MutasaUANC1,5555.1Misheck Tenia Samuel ChinamasaPF-ZAPU2730.9NYANGAChimbidzayi Ezekiel Caleb SanyangareZANU (PF)34,22396.9Paraitanga Samson ChatsamaPF-ZAPU5921.7Noel Gabriel MukonoUANC4981.4MASHONALAND CENTRAL (5 seats)BINDURA/SHAMVAJoice Teurai Ropa NhongoZANU (PF)42,82298.3Arthur MuchenaPF-ZAPU4151.0Ishmael Chemael Stephen HajabuUANC3440.8DARWINMusanhu George Peter Clever Wilfred RutanhiraZANU (PF)23,02298.5Frank RwangaPF-ZAPU2361.0Timothy Mukwengwe MufungaZANU1100.5GURUVERackson Shasha Dizha MuchekiZANU (PF)39,55698.2Msandaira Jairos MufurusaUANC4531.1Mudavanhu John GatsiPF-ZAPU2730.7MAZOWEChenhamo Chakezha ChimutengwendeZANU (PF)46,55698.0Henry MhanduUANC4490.9Jacob Machingauta MhanduPF-ZAPU3800.8Baldwin Murape MuchenjeZANU1010.2RUSHINGAPaddington ZvorwadzaZANU (PF)47,21398.7Naison KakomweUANC3680.8Potenky Chikaka TakundwaPF-ZAPU2510.5MASHONALAND EAST (18 seats)CHINAMORAHerbert Sylvester Masiyiwa UshewokunzeZANU (PF)43,88095.8Kenneth George Bopoto-NgwerumePF-ZAPU1,1052.4Pendeka Stanlake NyadudyaUANC7991.7CHITUNGWIZAWitness Pasichigare Magunda MangwendeZANU (PF)37,43490.6Claver Cliff Takawira ManhomboUANC2,6866.5Oziah MuchuchuPF-ZAPU8882.1Fakazani Nelson MabvuuZANU2470.6Mark MuchabaiwaNDU520.1DZIVARASEKWATapfumaneyi Maurice NyagumboZANU (PF)44,27789.2Simon Tagarira ChaurukaPF-ZAPU2,6705.4Raymond Chikarara Nyaude MadzimaUANC2,5945.2Finlay BandaNDU950.2GLEN VIEWIdah MashonganyikaZANU (PF)31,50688.5Abel Tendekayi MuzorewaUANC2,8768.1Felix Magalela Mafa SibandaPF-ZAPU8382.4Elton Zinduku PamberiZANU4001.1GOROMONZIKenneth ButeZANU (PF)28,87396.7Thomas TapaUANC5691.9Solomon Pfakacha Gundo MabikaPF-ZAPU4271.4HARAREBernard Thomas ChidzeroZANU (PF)39,18088.4Nevison Chakaipa Mukanganga NyashanuPF-ZAPU2,6255.9Ferris Simon Tandari MushongaUANC2,1724.9Mabaudi Wiseman ZengeniZANU2680.6James Clever Mavunga ShereniNFZ500.1Abednigo Munyamana GwavuNDU390.1HIGHFIELDRobert Gabriel MugabeZANU (PF)33,54884.2William Chadzukwa MadziwaUANC3,8859.7Ruth Lottie Nomondo ChinamanoPF-ZAPU2,3605.9Peter Munyaradzi MandazaNFZ310.1Xavier ChihotaNDU300.1Enock BonyongweZANUdisq.-ManyameRobert Mubayiwa MarereZANU (PF)32,97189.3Zarous TakaperaUANC2,3886.5Takaruza NyakudyaPF-ZAPU1,2423.4Alice MarangeZANU3010.8MARONDERASydney Tigere SekeremayiZANU (PF)30,82296.6Joseph Tawonerwi CharumbiraUANC6792.1Taderera Chimurenga MaingehamaPF-ZAPU4141.3MBAREEdward Munatsireyi PswarayiZANU (PF)31,11288.7Robert Manuel MarowaUANC2,7657.9Denga Haven HundaPF-ZAPU9022.6Idah Gaga MazaniZANU2540.7Rosten GoreNDU370.1MUDZIAbraham KabasaZANU (PF)30,29093.5Justin Chibundu GutuzaUANC1,7265.3Nicholas Mtero MhlambiPF-ZAPU2670.8Tennyson Tennis Shereni MaguraZANU1010.3MUFAKOSEJohn ZhakataZANU (PF)36,87585.1Edward Stewart MazaiwanaUANC4,1369.5Anthony MasawiPF-ZAPU2,3425.4MUKUVUSIAmos Bernard Muvengwa MidziZANU (PF)41,20087.3David Charles Zvinaiye MukomeUANC3,5877.6Sottayi Tapfumaneyi Davidson KatserePF-ZAPU2,1364.5James Noah ChitungoZANU2950.6MUREWA NORTHRudo Shalom Peace MungwashuZANU (PF)43,17599.0Adah MurapePF-ZAPU4221.0MUREWA SOUTHIshemunyoro Godi KarimanziraZANU (PF)28,99798.1Mujuru Josiah BanhamombeUANC3501.2Johannes Munuwepayi MangwendePF-ZAPU2130.7MUTOKORichard Baradza Sygnah KatsandeZANU (PF)23,99598.4Emmie NcubeUANC2711.1Reginald Nyamadzaro KarumazondoPF-ZAPU1260.5WEDZAJoseph Muchineripi JekanyikaZANU (PF)32,15398.2Beki Dickson MandizvidzaUANC4121.3Muchabaiwa DzvokoraPF-ZAPU1890.6ZENGEZAJohn MadzingaZANU (PF)37,24092.5Tonderayi Peter ChitenguUANC1,8944.7Elkanah Ben TjumaPF-ZAPU9692.4Elias NyandoroZANU1360.3Shepherd GurupiraNDU420.1MASHONALAND WEST (8 seats)CHEGUTU EASTMudzingwa Noah KadenheZANU (PF)41,45995.7Titus Garikayi MukaratiUANC1,1592.7Loveless MadiyePF-ZAPU7181.7CHEGUTU WESTEnos Chamunorwa ChikoworeZANU (PF)28,15391.1Chinyauro AbrahamPF-ZAPU1,9666.4Abraham ChirwaUANC7962.6KADOMACharles NdhlovuZANU (PF)20,74695.1Elijah Mketwa MoyoPF-ZAPU6753.1Kashamadzo Maxwell MachingambiUANC3051.4Tichataura James MudzimbaZANU820.4KARIBAStone ChakabvapasiUANCElection postponeddue to the death ofRobson Dayford ManyikaJohnson GumpoPF-ZAPURobson Dayford ManyikaZANU (PF)KAROIEdgar Mapiye KwendaZANU (PF)26,85392.8Joram Rwapedza MakarangaUANC1,3254.6Erison DenderaPF-ZAPU7512.6MAKONDE EASTSabina Gabriel MugabeZANU (PF)54,59996.4Kenneth Madzvanya ManoPF-ZAPU1,3952.5Josiah Zinhanga MudzengiUANC6601.2MAKONDE NORTHSwithun Tachiona MombeshoraZANU (PF)22,47392.3Kimpton MasangoPF-ZAPU1,2225.0Isaac Gwanzura ShumbaUANC6402.6MAKONDE WESTNathan Marwirakuwa ShamuyariraZANU (PF)43,92093.7Kiliyoni Songe BabuyilePF-ZAPU1,7183.7Dube Willie MarumahokoUANC9882.1Peter MombeshoraZANU2520.5MASVINGO (11 seats)BIKITAGabriel Mharadze MachingaZANU (PF)38,80699.1David Kufakunesu ChikukutuZANU2030.5John MushavaPF-ZAPU1440.4CHIREDZI NORTHHenry Hebert PoteZANU (PF)42,28797.5Stephen MasekoPF-ZAPU6341.5West ZimutoZANU4361.0CHIREDZI SOUTHTitus Hatlani MalulekaZANU (PF)33,77891.1Titos Risenga ChaukePF-ZAPU2,7117.3Helani Aaron Jack Mapulange HobwanaZANU5971.6CHIVIJosaya Dunira HungweZANU (PF)22,20899.5Chinatsira Jonas ZvovurerePF-ZAPU830.4Edward Goko WatungwaZANU190.1GUTU NORTHOliver Musa MunyaradziZANU (PF)30,95799.8Julia VimbaniPF-ZAPU530.2GUTU SOUTHShuvai MahofaZANU (PF)35,68599.5Jainos Kufakunesu MutazuPF-ZAPU1750.5MASVINGO NORTHDzingai MutumbukaZANU (PF)53,43897.4Aaron Betserai HonyePF-ZAPU1,1502.1Leonard Mhangarai Ringisai NyembaZANU2830.5MASVINGO SOUTHEddison Jonas Mudadirwa ZvobgoZANU (PF)42,67299.3Jemitias Hungwe MatendePF-ZAPU2910.7MWENEZIJustin Murebwa MachavaZANU (PF)26,89795.9Simon Zinyoka MoyoPF-ZAPU1,1404.1NDANGA EASTSimbi Veke MubakoZANU (PF)27,79599.5Hundson Negro DopePF-ZAPU1300.5NDANGA/ZIMUTOMayor UrimboZANU (PF)32,31999.7Peter MatumbikePF-ZAPU1050.3MATABELELAND NORTH (9 seats)BINGAFrancis MunkombwePF-ZAPU38,87990.5Jacob Francis MudendaZANU (PF)3,4147.9Josephat MdzingwaUANC6601.5BULAWAYOLot Sitshebo SendaPF-ZAPU26,71063.8Amina HugesZANU (PF)13,53732.3Gladys TiriboyiUANC1,3873.3Phineas Toreveti MurefuZANU2530.6HWANGE/TSHOLOTSHODavid Joseph Mfanyana KwidiniPF-ZAPU29,53883.3Obert Moses MpofuZANU (PF)5,92616.7LUPANEMicah Mahamba BhebePF-ZAPU30,52397.4Selina Maria WestZANU (PF)8252.6MAGWEGWEJoshua Mqabuko NkomoPF-ZAPU32,14181.8Reuben Mutambarinwa ZemuraZANU (PF)6,48316.5Morgan Kugaraunzwana MachiyaUANC6821.7MPOPOMASydney Donald MalungaPF-ZAPU37,08973.3Josias Chirongo ChidyamakonoZANU (PF)11,16322.1Walter Nqabeni MthimkhuluUANC2,0684.1Nason TeneneZANU2560.5NKAYIWelshman MabhenaPF-ZAPU25,87495.8Samsom Msindo NdebeleZANU (PF)7602.8Solomon TonganiUANC3661.4NYAMANDHLOVUJohn Landa NkomoPF-ZAPU36,09885.8Shadreck Fortrixon NdlovuZANU (PF)4,67911.1Christopher Fumirai MarigaUANC1,0442.5Enock MusiyandakaZANU2340.6PELANDABAJoseph Wilfred MsikaPF-ZAPU28,20181.2Amanda NtuliZANU (PF)5,36115.4Kefas Isaac MuchenjeUANC9912.9Zachariah Tongai ChigumiraZANU1780.5MATABELELAND SOUTH (6 members)BEITBRIDGEKembo MohadiPF-ZAPU13,68056.6John Masole MbedgiZANU (PF)10,47643.4BULALIMA/MANGWEIsaac Lentswi NyathiPF-ZAPU31,33496.4Callistus Dingiswayo NdlovuZANU (PF)9232.8Egpher MuhlauriUANC2590.8GWANDAEdward NdlovuPF-ZAPU21,79892.8Aleck NdlovuZANU (PF)1,6847.2INSIZANaison Khutshwekhaya KwidiniPF-ZAPU27,80489.1Enos Muzombi NkalaZANU (PF)3,39210.9MATOBOStephen Jeqe Nyongolo NkomoPF-ZAPU32,04589.6Jitile Gibbious Hindoga DubeZANU (PF)3,0008.4Abraham Mazwi KhumaloUANC7242.0MZINGWANEThenjiwe Virginia LesabePF-ZAPU33,50986.7Joshua Maqwala MasilelaZANU (PF)5,12813.3MIDLANDS (12 seats)CHARTER EASTErnest Rusununguko KadungureZANU (PF)34,27698.8Edson Muzanenhamo MutsinzeUANC2710.8Abednego Dan NjawayaPF-ZAPU1590.5CHIRUMANZUFrederick Musiiwa Makamure ShavaZANU (PF)29,19798.3Dzingirayi MunodawafaUANC2680.9Samson Hlanga MpandukiPF-ZAPU2520.8GOKWE EASTByron Reuben Mtonhodzi HoveZANU (PF)32,35479.6Mabasa Edward ChilimanziPF-ZAPU6,79616.7Edson MziteUANC1,4853.7GOKWE WESTJesiniahs Dick MakanganiseZANU (PF)32,35479.6Kesia MadzoreraPF-ZAPU6,79616.7Jackson John ManyokaUANC1,4853.7GWERU DISTRICTErnest Simbarashe TongogaraZANU (PF)21,29358.2William Henry KonaPF-ZAPU14,19438.8Raphel GondoUANC9022.5Charles RumhembeZANU1810.5GWERU URBANSimon Vengayi MuzendaZANU (PF)25,53280.8Sophia AgamemnonosPF-ZAPU5,70818.1Sylvester Bernard Kutesera MutasaUANC1,1063.5Mark Mfenei MavhureZANU2620.8KWEKWE EASTEmmerson Dambudzo MnangagwaZANU (PF)37,01786.0Elias HanandaPF-ZAPU4,73311.0Kenneth Kumbirayi KaparepareUANC1,3133.0KWEKWE WESTJosiah Tavagwisa ChinyatiZANU (PF)18,60050.6Stephen Kenneth Sesulelo VumaPF-ZAPU17,25746.9Luckson Chando MugaraUANC7662.1Samuel MaaraZANU1500.4MBERENGWA NORTHRichard Chemist HoveZANU (PF)33,89797.2Solomon MtinsiPF-ZAPU8682.5Laimon MukosiUANC1200.3MBERENGWA SOUTHBen Ndiringe MatagaZANU (PF)27,55488.4Norman MabenaPF-ZAPU3,63111.6SHURUGWISimbarashe Simbanenduku MumbegegwiZANU (PF)26,24297.5Misheck MachonisaPF-ZAPU4901.8Stanley MupetiUANC1830.7ZVISHAVANEJulia Tukai ZvobgoZANU (PF)26,15291.8Lydia DhlaminiUANC2,1117.4Mzondiwa DubePF-ZAPU2330.8 White roll ConstituencyCandidatePartyVotes%AVONDALEJohn Alfred LandauIZG88350.4Terence Michael OattCAZ87049.6BORROWDALEAnthony ReadIZG1,00462.5John Ronald ProbertCAZ60337.5BULAWAYO CENTRALIan Douglas SmithCAZ1,44172.4Patrick Francis ShieldsIZG54827.6BULAWAYO NORTHGuybon CummingCAZ1,33072.1Esmay Dorothy ScottIZG51527.9BULAWAYO SOUTHGraham Austen BiffenCAZ1,35474.9Dr Robert Graeme NixonIZG45425.1CENTRALAntonius Frans BerkhoutCAZ1,11176.6Frank George CaponIZG33923.4EASTERNDesmond ButlerCAZ1,10761.9David Gerald MeikleIZG68038.1HATFIELDDennis Evan JohnsonCAZ71646.6Richard CartwrightIZG40026.0Herbert Joseph Thompson FoyaInd33721.9John Warner JarmanInd845.5Second countDennis Evan JohnsonCAZ72149.2Richard CartwrightIZG40627.7Herbert Joseph Thompson FoyaInd33923.1John Warner JarmanInd – –Third countDennis Evan JohnsonCAZ72963.8Richard CartwrightIZG41436.2Herbert Joseph Thompson FoyaInd – –John Warner JarmanInd – –HIGHLANDSCharles William DukeCAZ91349.5Peter Arnold NaudéIZG70238.1Danial Ronald MeyerInd22812.4Second countCharles William DukeCAZ92456.0Peter Arnold NaudéIZG72744.0Danial Ronald MeyerInd – –KADOMA-CHEGUTUGerald Christopher SmithCAZ84950.1George Alfred PioIZG84749.9KOPJEShaw DysonCAZ75356.7Dennis DivarisIZG57443.3MAKONIJohn Maurice KayIZG70751.8Shelagh Gertrude Van ReenenCAZ65848.2MARLBOROUGHWilliam Michie IrvineIZG1,07056.8James Keith BorrowsCAZ81343.2MAZOWE-MUTOKOMark Henry Heathcote PartridgeCAZ79346.4William Douglas Christopher ReedIZG76845.0André Sothern HollandInd1478.6Second countMark Henry Heathcote PartridgeCAZ79650.2William Douglas Christopher ReedIZG78949.8André Sothern HollandInd – –MIDLANDSCyril Vernon Crofts TapsonCAZ81454.5Henry Swan ElsworthIZG67945.5MOUNT PLEASANTJonas Christian AndersenInd1,01750.2Pieter Kenyon Fleming-Voltelyn van der BylCAZ54426.8Raymond Alexander Lindsay GrantIZG46623.0NORTHERNBertram AnkersCAZ91256.9Esmond Meryl MicklemIZG69243.1RUNDEJohan Christiaan Adriaan WelmanCAZ99464.8Peter John FieldIZG54035.2SOUTHERNDavid Clive MitchellCAZ1,13066.4Max RosenfelsIZG57333.6WESTERNStephen Andrew LockeCAZ99956.3Robert Arnold FarleyIZG37120.9Lonley Lolley SeckelPF-ZAPU31117.5Aaron Michael MilnerInd613.4Lawrence Alastair BronsonInd331.9 Changes during the Assembly In the delayed poll in Kariba constituency, two candidates were nominated: Kenneth Madzvanya Mano (PF-ZAPU) and Enos Mzombi Nkala (ZANU (PF)). Nkala subsequently withdrew, although a poll was required (it took place on 5–7 July) and Mano was declared elected. Charles Duke (CAZ, Highlands) joined ZANU (PF) in June 1986. Ian Smith (CAZ, Bulawayo Central) was suspended from the Assembly for one year on 2 April 1987 over statements he had made in South Africa which were critical of the Mugabe government. Three members elected from the white roll constituencies joined ZANU (PF) on 28 July 1987. They were John Landau (IZG, Avondale), Jock Kay (IZG, Makoni), and Tony Read (Ind, Borrowdale). In September 1987, having achieved the support of 75% of the House of Assembly as required under the Lancaster House Agreement, the constitution was amended to abolish the white roll constituencies. Twenty further members (including many of the former white MPs who were supportive of ZANU (PF)) were co-opted onto the House of Assembly to replace them. Notes References Zimbabwe Government Gazette, 17 June 1985 (candidates) Zimbabwe Government Gazette, 12 July 1985 (elected members) Zimbabwe Herald (election results) Sunday Mail (election results) Category:Parliamentary elections in Zimbabwe Category:1985 in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Category:Election and referendum articles with incomplete results Category:Electoral violence