1771 Torghut migration

Exodus of Kalmyk people to Dzungaria Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/IncidentArchive1208#Large-scale copyright violations July 2026 Kalmyk exodus to Dzungaria Volga river, Emba river, Yaik river, Or, Sagyz rivers, Aktobe Region, Turgai River, Karaganda Region, Lake Balkhash, Russia and Kazakhstan January 5th–July 24th, 1771 * Kalmyk migration to DzungariaHistory of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 5: Development in Contrast: From the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century UNESCO Publishing 2003 152 978-92-3-103876-1 Adle Chahryar Habib Irfan Baipakov Karl M. Liquidation of the Kalmyk Khanate Heavy raids and casualties on Kazakh Khanate and Russian EmpireЭСБЕ/Калмыки"ho" Но встречается и резко другая точка зрения насчет числа дошедших калмыков, к примеру современные казахские источники оценивают число дошедших в 15-20 тысяч.http://kk.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%9B Шаңды жорық — Қазақстан Энциклопедиясы Dusty campaign — Encyclopedia of Kazakhstan 2017-06-04 2021-06-25 https://web.archive.org/web/20210625003038/https://kk.encyclopedia.kz/index.php/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%9B live Annexation of the Kalmyk Khanate Kalmyk Khanate Russian EmpireSupported by:Kazakh Khanate Russian Empire & Kazakh Khanate: HeavierЭСБЕ/Калмыки"ho" Kalmyk Khanate:100,000(civilian)ЭСБЕ/Калмыки"ho"Heavy(military)ЭСБЕ/Калмыки"ho" Kalmyk Khanate Ubashi KhanKalmyk Khanate TsëbegdorjiKalmyk Khanate ŠerengKalmyk Khanate BambarKalmyk Khanate MomontuKalmyk Khanate Various princes Russian Empire:Russian Empire Catherine the GreatRussian Empire General von TraubenbergRussian Empire PirogovRussian Empire GoglazinKazakh Khanate:Kazakh KhanateNuraly KhanKazakh Khanate Ablai KhanKazakh Khanate Yaman-KaryKazakh Khanate Aiguvak Kazakh Khanate JamankurKazakh Khanate Janatai BatyrKazakh KhanateArkandarKazakh Khanate Uysunbay Kalmyk Khanate10,000https://old.bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/2036665 КАЛМЫЦКОЕ ХАНСТВО • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия old.bigenc.ru 2023-07-27 2023-01-23 https://web.archive.org/web/20230123195045/https://old.bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/2036665 live Russian Empire & Kazakh Khanate: 7,000Книга о истории Казахстана: Эпоха обретения границ 2015 Алматы ru Book on the History of Kazakhstan: The Era of Gaining Borders 50,000 batyrs Kalmyk exodus (Geoffroy, 1845).JPG Kalmyk exodus to Dzungaria. Engraving by Charles Michel Geoffroy, 1845. Kalmyk–Russian Wars, Kazakh–Kalmyk Wars The Torghut migration or Kalmyk exodus to Dzungaria (also known as the 'Dusty trek' or the 'Torgutsky trek') was a mass migration in 1771 of the Kalmyk people, primarily Torghuts, from the Volga River region of the Russian Empire to the Dzungaria region in the Qing dynasty.2022-11-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20221127100740/https://books.google.com/books?id=IIYIg-TURHcC&pg=PA195&lpg=PA195 Чимитдоржиев Ш. Б. 2002 978-5-7925-0126-3 218 IMBT Национально-освободительное движение монгольского народа в XVII-XVIII вв. https://books.google.com/books?id=IIYIg-TURHcC&pg=PA195&lpg=PA1951967 Очерки истории Калмыцкой АССР. Дооктябрьский период http://kalmyki.narod.ru/projects/kalmykia2005/html/ocherki_1/1_V_5.htm live https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203929/http://kalmyki.narod.ru/projects/kalmykia2005/html/ocherki_1/1_V_5.htm 2021-06-24 2021-06-23 kalmyki.narod.ru Наука МоскваИакинф (Бичурин) Историческое обозрение ойратов или калмыков http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/China/Bicurin/Oirat/frametext2.htm live https://web.archive.org/web/20200221162917/http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/China/Bicurin/Oirat/frametext2.htm 2020-02-21 2016-01-19ru-RU https://apgazeta.kz/2013/09/20/pylnyj-poxod-2/ «Пыльный поход» Акмолинская правда 2013-09-20 2021-06-23 2021-06-21 https://web.archive.org/web/20210621182414/https://apgazeta.kz/2013/09/20/pylnyj-poxod-2/ live During the final conquest of Dzungaria, the Dzungar genocide resulted in the death of around 400,000 Dzungar Mongolians, or about 70% to 80% of the Dzungar population, perishing from warfare and disease. This led to the emergence of refugees in the Kalmyk Khanate, who advocated for the restoration of the Dzungar Khanate.Perdue 2009 285Clarke 2004 37 Background left|thumb|Tsebek-Dorji, a Kalmyk tayiji In the Kalmyk khanate, the Russian government began to pursue a policy of limiting Ubashi and Dondook Khan's authority. In the 1760s, crises intensified in the Kalmyk Khanate, associated with the colonization of lands by Russian landowners and peasants, the reduction of pasture lands, the infringement of the rights of the ruling elite, and the interference of the tsarist administration in Kalmyk affairs. The resettlement was prepared during 1767–1770 by the Torghut and Khoshut noyans, as well as the highest Buddhist clergy, who made an astrological forecast, determining a favorable year and month for the resettlement. In the autumn of 1770, Ubashi, returning from the Caucasian front of the Russo-Turkish War, held a meeting with various princes. The conclusion of the meeting had agreed to "leave Russia and return to the east to the homeland," deciding to begin action in the following year, 1771.Charayar Adle History of civilizations of Central Asia, v. 5 Adle Charayar 2003 978-92-3-103876-1 5th 2003 152 Migration and conflicts left|thumb|Satellite view of the Volga River. On January 5, 1771, various noyons led by Ubashi Khan,Ubashi Khan: To Judge Is Impossible to ForgiveMay 2026 roused the uluses roaming along the left bank of the Volga and began their migration to their historical homeland, Dzungaria. The Kalmyks of primarily Dörbets were unable or unwilling to join the migration. The Russian government's reaction was relatively mild. Remembering the Kalmyks' past services to the Russian empire, the military officials sent merely begged them to remain. Thus, the Erketenevsky ulus was stopped. left|thumb|Portrait of Ubashi Khan, the last Khan of the Kalmyk Khanate. During their migration, the Kalmyks had reached the Yaik river, the Yaik Cossacks of the Vetlyaninskaya stanitsa, Goglazin, were killed in a floodplain along with several Cossacks. The Kalmyks killed, plundered, and burned everything along their path.В.И. Колесник Последнее великое кочевье. В.И. Колесник 200 ru The last great nomadism. During their plunder, they had captured: goods, money, and livestock worth 607,945 rubles 25 kopecks were taken; 13 were killed, 102 were taken prisoner, 32 were wounded, and 8 people were missing. The Erketenevsky ulus, nomadic near Tsaritsyn, plundered the market and captured its people. When the ulus was repulsed from the general masses and returned from the Yaik, all those captured at the market were killed to prevent their involvement in the plundering. Krasnoyarsk Commandant Pirogov reported on January 8 and 9 that Kalmyks were plundering gangs and threatening the city. The Kalmyks later attacked 44 Yaik Cossacks, who fished near Uzen.В.И. Колесник Последнее великое кочевье. В.И. Колесник 201 ru The last great nomadism. thumb|View of the Ural River (Also as the Yaik River) basin. On January 27, to counter the migration of the Kalmyks, the government of the Queen Catherine II sent a circular to the Yaik Cossacks, the governor of Orenburg, and the khans of the subject Kazakh Jüzes, Nurali Khan demanded Russian cannons and a dragoon regiment to stop the Kalmyk advance and General von Traubenberg, in his report to the government, indicated that leaving Russian artillery and a dragoon regiment to assist Khan Nurali would mean their certain death, and was skeptical about the ability of the irregular militia of the Kazakh khans to independently, without the support of Russian troops, stop the Kalmyk army, which, according to him, with its own artillery and the combat experience of a regular army, would freely advance into the territory of its former nomadic camps in Dzungaria.Letters of the Kazakh Khan Nurali to the Orenburg Governor I.A. Reinsdorp during the Kalmyk migration to Dzungaria. 1770–1771 Восточная литература (Eastern Literature) Kundakbaeva Zh. B. 2009 Pis’ma kazakhskogo khana Nurali orenburgskomu gubernatoru I.A. Reynsdorpu vo vremya otkochevki kalmykov v Dzhungariyu. 1770–1771 On February 18, the Kalmyks reached the banks of the Emba River, resting on the location until March 15, when the Kalmyks were attacked by the Kazakh detachment of Yaman-Kary. However, the Kazakhs were defeated, and skirmishes continued to occur on the Or and Sagyz rivers. Aiguvak later attacked the Myk lands, and men, women, and children were killed, and a total of 130 people were taken as prisoners of war. From March 18 to 23, the Kazakhs continued their skirmishes and raids against the Kalmyks, but their attacks were repelled by the Kalmyks with heavy losses on both sides. This directly led to the Junior Jüz ceasing open military clashes against the Kalmyks.Митиров А. Г. Калмыцко-казахские отношения в период откочевки калмыков из России в Китай в 1771 г. Kalmyk-Kazakh Relations During the Kalmyk Migration from Russia to China in 1771 Ойраты-калмыки: века и поколения 1998 Элиста Калмыцкое книжное издательство ru thumb|Modern day view of the Aktobe Region. On April 12, a 7,000-strong corps under the command of Traubenberg set out from the Orsk Fortress (now part of Orenburg Oblast). Detachments from some other cities also set out, but were unsuccessful due to late response and lack of supplies. From April 15 to 18, the Kalmyks passed the Mugodzhar Mountains (now Aktobe Region) and later crossed the Turgai River. Amidst that, General von Traubenberg decided to cease the pursuit of Ubashi and return to the Ust-Uysk Fortress a few days later, on May 13. January 2026left|thumb|View of the Lake Balkhash. on Mynaral village. In the Karaganda Region, the Kazakhs again attacked the Kalmyks. In the battle, the Kazakh militia of Ablai Khan numbered about 50,000 horsemen. Whether who won is unknown., as the Kalmyks began to bypass the Lake Balkhash from the north. In August, the Kalmyks reached the Chinese border on the Ili River. Ubashi's uluses were so weakened and exhausted that they could only await the mercy of the Chinese Emperor Qianlong. With that the Kalmyks were accepted as Chinese subjects on July 24.https://rep.polessu.by/bitstream/123456789/25934/1/Sud%27ba.pdf Судьба калмыцкого ханства после «пыльного похода» в XVIII веке https://web.archive.org/web/20230719172819/https://rep.polessu.by/bitstream/123456789/25934/1/Sud%27ba.pdf 2023-07-19 2023-07-19 livehttps://author.today/reader/176493 Торгутский побег: цена возвращения 2023-07-19 2023-07-19 https://web.archive.org/web/20230719172219/https://author.today/reader/176493 live Aftermath on resettlement thumb|Monument to the return of the Torghuts in Korla, Xinjiang, PRC. Statue of Khan Ubashi in front. The Qianlong Emperor was pleased with the Torghuts' migration, and claimed in a poem that all the Mongols had now become his vassals. Those Torghuts who had lived on the banks of the Volga since 1630 referred to the newcomers who had fled to them after the destruction of the Dzungar khanate as the New Torghuts. The Qing authorities had split them into New and Old Torghut banners, appointing jasaghs from among them after the precedent of the Mongol commanders.欽定外藩蒙古回部王公表傳 (Qinding waifan Menggu Huibu wanggong biaozhuan) 1795 zh Imperially Commissioned Genealogical Tables and Biographies of Mongol and Muslim Princes and Dukes of the Outer Domains Chapter 100 Ubashi obtained the honoured title of khan and was appointed the head of the League of the Ten Old Torghut Banners, while his subordinate chiefs received such honorary titles as "Qinnwang", "Junwang", "beile", "beise", "gong", first-class "tayiji".Miyawaki Junko 1995 The Qalqa Mongols and the Oyirad in the Seventeenth Century Journal of Asian History 28 2 234–245 However, Qianlong Emperor harbored great suspicion towards these Torgut people. He instructed Šuhede to ensure that the tribes of the seven Torghut leaders were settled in different regions and to prohibit them from exchanging messages with each other, so that Xinjiang could enjoy long-term stability. Qianlong Emperor especially emphasized that the tribes led by Ubashi, Tsëbegdorji, Šereng must be settled in places far apart from each other.郭文忠 2018 土尔扈特东归中哈萨克形象再研究———以阿布赉汗为中心 http://xjxbyyxh.com/storage/app/public/pdf/20230531/FE2A8DB654A00C1C48274.pdf 清史研究 2 49-58 zh Ultimately, Qianlong Emperor decided to divide the Torghuts into five groups. The Torghuts led by Ubashi were called the "Old Torghuts" (Хуучин Торгууд). They were divided into four groups (four leagues) and settled in Hoboksari, Bayanbulak Grassland (in present-day Hejing County), Jing (in present-day Jinghe County), and Kara Usu (in present-day Wusu County), which known as Ili Northern Route, Southern Route, Western Route and Eastern Route respectively. Old Torghuts were managed and supervised by four officials under the Ili General. The Torghuts led by Šereng were known as the "New Torguts" (Шинэ Торгууд). They were settled near the Bulgan River, and managed and monitored by officials under the Uliastai General. The Torghuts were coerced by the Qing into giving up their nomadic lifestyle and to take up sedentary agriculture instead as part of a deliberate policy by the Qing to enfeeble them. They proved to be incompetent farmers and they became destitute, selling their children into slavery, engaging in prostitution, and stealing, according to the Manchu traveler Qi-yi-shi.Dunnell 2004, p. 103.Millward 1998, p. 139. Child slaves were in demand on the Central Asian slave market, and Torghut children were sold into this slave trade.Millward 1998, p. 305. +Banners of Old Torghut and New Torghut 光緒朝 《欽定大清會典事例三》 卷九百六十六 https://fhac.com.cn/fulltext_detail/1/1.html First Historical Archives of China zh Banner Established First ruler Title granted by Qing court Notes Ili Southern Route Old Torghut Banner(Jorigtü Khan Banner) 1771 Ubaši Jasagh, "Jorigtü" khan Old Torghut Ili Southern Route Old Torghut Middle Banner 1771 Emegen Ubaši Jasagh, "Bayar" beis Old Torghut Ili Southern Route Old Torghut Right Banner 1771 Bayijiqu Jasagh, Tusalagchi Gong Old Torghut Ili Southern Route Old Torghut Left Banner 1771 Ber Qašiq-a Jasagh, First Rank Taiji Old Torghut Ili Northern Route Old Torghut Banner 1771 Tsëbegdorji Jasagh, "Buyantu" Chin Wang Old Torghut Ili Northern Route Old Torghut Right Banner 1771 Kirib Jasagh, First Rank Taiji Old Torghut. Merged into Ili Northern Route Old Torghut Right Banner in 1779. Re-established in 1785. Ili Northern Route Old Torghut Left Banner 1785 Aγsaqal Jasagh, Tusalagchi Gong Old Torghut. Ili Eastern Route Old Torghut Right Banner 1771 Bambar Jasagh, "Bisireltu" Giyün Wang Old Torghut Ili Eastern Route Old Torghut Left Banner 1771 Čebten Jasagh, "Itegel" Beis Old Torghut Ili Western Route Old Torghut Banner 1771 Momontu Jasagh, "Jargalang" Beile Old Torghut Jargalang Torghut Right Banner 1771 Šereng Jasagh, "Biligtü" Giyün Wang New Torghut Jargalang Torghut Left Banner 1771 Šar-a Köken Jasagh, "Učaraltu" Beis New Torghut In political propaganda In contemporary Chinese political propaganda, the Torghut migration is portrayed as a heroic act of returning to their homeland of China after suffering national oppression from Russia Empire, a feat of "hearts turned towards the motherland, returning eastward thousands of miles away". https://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2021/0719/c437562-32162238.html 土尔扈特万里东归：中华民族强大凝聚力和向心力的彰显 中国共产党新闻网 2021-07-19 zh https://www.neac.gov.cn/seac/c103391/202304/1162852.shtml 【道中华】土尔扈特部万里东归何以成为传世佳话？ 中华人民共和国国家民族事务委员会 2023-04-20 zh In 1993, China aired the historical television series Heroes Returning to the East (东归英雄传), which told this story. Notes References Sources Clarke Michael Edmund 2004 PhD http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adt-QGU20061121.163131/public/02Whole.pdf In the Eye of Power: China and Xinjiang from the Qing Conquest to the 'New Great Game' for Central Asia, 1759–2004 Dept. of International Business & Asian Studies, Griffith University Brisbane, Queensland dead https://web.archive.org/web/20080410040826/http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/uploads/approved/adt-QGU20061121.163131/public/02Whole.pdf 10 April 2008 Perdue Peter C. 30 June 2009 China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/China_Marches_West/J4L-_cjmSqoC?hl=en&gbpv=0 Harvard University Press 9780674042025 Category:Historical migrations Category:Kalmyk people Category:Kalmyk Khanate Category:Mongol peoples Category:1770s in the Russian Empire Category:1770s in China Category:Wars involving the Dzungar Khanate Category:Wars involving the Kazakh Khanate Category:Wars involving the Russian Empire Category:Wars involving the Kalmyk Khanate