12 Victoria

Large main-belt asteroid October 2019 yes #D6D6D6 12 Victoria 24px|class=skin-invert|𜻅 (historical)24px|class=skin-invert|alt=Simplified 12 Victoria symbol (variant) 12 Victoria VLT 2018-11-08.png VLT adaptive optics image on 8 November 2018 John Russell Hind George Bishop's Observatory 13 September 1850 (12) Victoria v ɪ k ˈ t ɔər i əNoah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language Victorian Victoria (la Uictōria) Main belt 21 November 2025(JD 2461000.5) 175.17 yr 0 2.33384 AU 1.82055 AU 2.84712 AU 15 February 2025 0.21993 3.56545 yr (1302.28 d) 8.37403° 235.353° 69.5463° 76.9360° 19.50 km/s 0.82426 AU 2.4223 AU 3.522 140 x 116 x 96 km (± 4 x 3 x 3 km) 116 2 km115.087 ± 1.199 km 0.31Flattening derived from the maximum aspect ratio (c/a): , where (c/a) = 0.69 0.03. 1.83 0.12 18 kgCalculated from its standard gravitational parameter GM = 0.122 0.008 km3 s2. 2.23 0.19 g/cm3Assuming a diameter of 116 ± 2 km. 0.0315 m/s² 0.0596 km/s 8.6599 h d on on8.660345 0.000005 h 110° S (Tholen)L (SMASS)A 8.68 to 12.82 7.307.24 -27 3 deg 177 2 deg 0.167 (calculated)0.163 ± 0.027 0.188" to 0.04" ~178 K 0.276365 ms / day 12 Victoria is a large asteroid located in the main belt. It was the twelfth known asteroid, discovered on 13 September 1850 by English astronomer John R. Hind from George Bishop's Observatory in London, England. It was named after Victoria, the ancient Roman goddess of victory. The name's coincidence with that of then-reigning Queen Victoria led to an extended controversy, with American astronomers objecting to its use. In place of Victoria, the alternative name Clio was used in American publications until the late 19th century. Victoria is around 116 km mi in diameter and irregular in shape. It orbits the Sun at an average distance of 2.33 astronomical units on a 3.57 year long orbit. It is thought to be a stony S-type asteroid, and it rotates once every 8.66 hours. History thumb|left|upright=0.7|alt=An elderly bald European man with heavy facial hair, dressed in a suit|John R. Hind discovered Victoria on 13 September 1850. Victoria was discovered by English astronomer John R. Hind on the evening of 13 September 1850. At that time, Hind was observing in the constellation Pegasus from George Bishop's Observatory in London, England. He was comparing a recently created star map against his observations to inspect its accuracy and check for any changes in stellar apparent magnitudes. Near a magnitude 10 star, he noticed a slightly brighter object. Since it would have been picked up in previous sweeps of that area of the sky, Hind immediately concluded that it was a new planet.2–3At the time of Victoria's discovery, asteroids were frequently called planets. They would later be reclassified as "minor planets". He announced his discovery in the journal Astronomische Nachrichten on 27 September, and letters detailing the discovery circumstances were published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society on 8 November 1850. Victoria was the third asteroid discovered by Hind and the twelfth discovered in history. Hind would later go on to discover seven more asteroids; all of his asteroid discoveries took place between 1847 and 1854. Naming and controversy Hind chose to name the newly discovered asteroid after the deity Victoria from ancient Roman religion. Victoria, daughter of the Titan Pallas, was the Roman personification of victory. The chosen name also honoured then-reigning Queen Victoria,14 though indirectly. Prior asteroids' names, while mythological in nature, were chosen to link the asteroid to the nationality of its discoverer (such as Parthenope and Egeria for Annibale de Gasparis's discoveries). Hind nevertheless sought his fellow astronomers' approval for the name on mythological grounds, stating that it was not exclusively chosen for its relation to the queen. Despite Hind's rationale, American astronomers objected to the name due to its coincidence with a reigning sovereign,203 starting a long controversy over the asteroid nomenclature practices that would later involve many other minor planets.4, 14 Benjamin A. Gould, editor of The Astronomical Journal, wrote of Hind's choice of naming: Such nomenclature is at variance with established usage, and liable to the objections which have very properly led astronomers to reject the names "Medicean Stars," "Georgium Sidus," "Ceres Ferdinanden," &c., and even those of the astronomers Herschel and Le Verrier, for the adoption of whose names some arguments might be adduced. Benjamin A. Gould in The Astronomical Journal vol. 1, iss. 17 (published October 1850)"Medicean Stars," "Georgium Sidus," and "Ceres Ferdinanden" refer to proposed names for the Galilean moons, Uranus, and 1 Ceres, respectively. Likewise, "Herschel" and "Le Verrier" were proposed names for Uranus and Neptune, respectively. In response to Gould's objections, Hind proposed Clio as an alternative. American astronomers adopted Clio, using it in place of Victoria in journal publications—to the frustration of British astronomer George B. Airy.203 William C. Bond nevertheless affirmed that the name Victoria fulfilled the conditions for mythological nomenclature, an opinion that was supported by a majority of astronomers.14 Some reference works continued using Clio in place of Victoria for some time;8 The Astronomical Journal labelled the asteroid as Clio until at least 1853, as did the textbook High-School Astronomy in 1872.34 The name Clio would eventually be reused for the 84th asteroid, 84 Klio, in 1865.204 Symbol In his announcement of Victoria's discovery, Hind described his chosen symbol as "a star and a laurel branch, emblematic of the Goddess of Victory". Several variants of the symbol developed, such as one with a two-branch laurel wreath symbolizing victory (12px|class=skin-invert|alt=12 Victoria symbol) and one with a laurel wreath and a figure resembling a flag.7, 26 In the 1864 edition of Webster's Dictionary, the wreath was drawn as a simple arc around a central star (12px|class=skin-invert|alt=Simplified 12 Victoria symbol).7 The two-branched variant was encoded in Unicode 17.0 as U+1CEC5 (𜻅).2 Orbit Victoria orbits the Sun at an average distance—its semi-major axis—of 2.33 astronomical units (AU), taking 3.57 years to complete one revolution. Along its orbit, its distance from the Sun varies between 1.82 AU at perihelion to 2.85 AU at aphelion due to its orbital eccentricity of 0.22. Its orbit is inclined by 8.37° with respect to the ecliptic plane. Victoria's orbital elements place it near the Klio family,6 an extensive asteroid family associated with Klio and dominated by primitive C-type asteroids.5 However, since Victoria is a non-primitive asteroid with a more reflective surface, it is an interloper that is not related to Klio family members.6 It will have a favorable perihelic opposition in June 2028 when it will be apparent magnitude 8.8 and 0.88 AU e6km e6mi unit from Earth. Physical characteristics thumb|alt=Animation of an elongated, irregularly-shaped asteroid rotating|Simulated view of 12 Victoria's rotation and high axial tilt Estimates of Victoria's size differ by method; infrared observations from 1983 by IRAS gave a diameter of 113 km mi,121 while more recent measurements by the Very Large Telescope gave a diameter of about 116 km mi. Victoria is classified as an S-type asteroid under the Tholen classification scheme and an L-type asteroid under the Small Main-belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey, Phase II (SMASSII) classification scheme.168 Observations of Victoria's lightcurve, or fluctuations in its observed brightness, give a rotation period of about 8.66 hours. thumb|alt=Orthographic views of 12 Victoria's shape model|Shape model of Victoria, derived from adaptive optics observations See also Former classification of planets Notes References 2024-09-10 last obs JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 12 Victoria http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=12 2024-12-20 Schumacher H. C. Circular September 1850 Astronomische Nachrichten 31 191 Gould Benjamin A. New Planet (12) Victoria October 1850 The Astronomical Journal 1 17 134 10.1086/100087 1850AJ......1..134G Hind John R. The New Planet Victoria November 1850 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11 1 2–9 10.1093/mnras/11.1.2 free Hind John R. From a Letter of Mr. Hind to the Editor November 1850 Astronomical Journal 1 19 151 10.1086/100117 1850AJ......1R.151H Bond William C. Letter of Mr. Bond to the Editor November 1850 Astronomical Journal 1 19 139 10.1086/100112 1850AJ......1Q.139B Hind John R. Everett Edward On the name of the planet Victoria December 1850 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 11 27 10.1093/mnras/11.2.27 free 1850MNRAS..11...27H B. A. Gould On the symbolic notation of the asteroids https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1852AJ......2...80G The Astronomical Journal January 1852 2 80 10.1086/100212 1852AJ......2...80G Ferguson James Observations of (26) Proserpine, Clio [(12) Victoria], the third comet of 1853, and (17) Thetis October 1853 The Astronomical Journal 3 64 124–126 10.1086/100367 1853AJ......3..124F Royal Astronomical Society Staff Obituary Notices: Fellows :- Hind, John Russell February 1896 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 56 200–205 10.1093/mnras/56.5.200 free 1896MNRAS..56..200. Mitchell David L. et al. Radar observations of asteroids 7 Iris, 9 Metis, 12 Victoria, 216 Kleopatra, and 654 Zelinda November 1995 Icarus 118 1 105–131 10.1006/icar.1995.1180 1995Icar..118..105M free Bus Schelte J. Binzel Richard P. Phase II of the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey July 2002 Icarus 158 1 106–145 10.1006/icar.2002.6857 2002Icar..158..106B Three Asteroids with Changing Lightcurves: 12 Victoria, 177 Irma, and 215 Oenone Pilcher Frederick Bulletin of the Minor Planets Section of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers 40 3 161–163 July 2013 2013MPBu...40..161P Schmadel Lutz D. Dictionary of minor planet names 1 5th 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 3-540-00238-3 16 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_13 Arredondo Anicia et al. Near-infrared spectroscopy of the Klio primitive inner-belt asteroid family January 2020 Icarus 335 113427 10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113427 2020Icar..33513427A Vernazza P. et al. VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis October 2021 Astronomy & Astrophysics 654 A56 10.1051/0004-6361/202141781 2021A&A...654A..56V 10261/263281 free AstDys (12) Victoria Ephemerides Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=12&oc=500&y0=1971&m0=7&d0=7&h0=00&mi0=00&y1=1971&m1=7&d1=12&h1=00&mi1=00&ti=1.0&tiu=days 2010-06-26 Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement 2025 unicode.org The Unicode Consortium https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1CEC0.pdf September 9, 2025 The naming of Uranus and Neptune Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets Owen Gingerich 8 352 9–15 October 1958 1958ASPL....8....9G William B. Ashworth Jr. Scientist of the Day - John Russell Hind https://www.lindahall.org/about/news/scientist-of-the-day/john-russell-hind/ Linda Hall Library 12 May 2021 10 December 2025 live https://web.archive.org/web/20250327192326/https://www.lindahall.org/about/news/scientist-of-the-day/annibale-de-gasparis/ 27 March 2025 Gavin Jared Bala Kirk Miller Unicode request for historical asteroid symbols https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23207-historical-asteroids.pdf 18 September 2023 unicode.org Unicode 26 September 2023 Perihelic opposition in June 2028 JPL Horizons https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%2712%27&START_TIME=%272028-Jun-16%27&STOP_TIME=%272028-Jun-27%27&STEP_SIZE=%271%20day%27&QUANTITIES=%279,19,20,23,29%27 2023-09-18 Fuentes-Muñoz Oscar Farnocchia Davide Giorgini Jon D. Park Ryan S. 2025-12-01 Asteroid Mass Estimation by Mutual Perturbations During Close Encounters After Gaia Focused Product Release The Astronomical Journal 170 6 353 10.3847/1538-3881/ae0cc9 0004-6256 free 2025AJ....170..353F 283347135 External links Elements and Ephemeris for (12) Victoria Minor Planet Center http://scully.cfa.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/returnprepeph.cgi?d=b2011&o=00012 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101026/http://scully.cfa.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/returnprepeph.cgi?d=b2011&o=00012 2016-03-04 (displays Elong from Sun and V mag for 2011) 12 11 Parthenope 12 13 Egeria Category:S-type asteroids (Tholen) Category:L-type asteroids (SMASS) Category:Klio asteroids Victoria Victoria 18500913 Category:Nike (mythology)