1928 Summer Olympics

Multi-sport event in Amsterdam, Netherlands August 2022 1928 Summer Olympics 1928 Olympics poster.jpg 160 Poster for the 1928 Summer Olympics Amsterdam, Netherlands 46 2,883 (2,606 men, 277 women) 109 in 14 sports (20 disciplines) 28 July 1928 12 August 1928 Prince HendrikFactsheet – Opening Ceremony of the Games f the Olympiad https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf live International Olympic Committee 13 September 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20160814215458/https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf 14 August 2016 22 December 2018 Olympisch Stadion Paris 1924 Los Angeles 1932 St Moritz 1928 Lake Placid 1932 The 1928 Summer Olympics (nl Olympische Zomerspelen 1928), officially the Games of the IX Olympiad (nl Spelen van de IXe Olympiade), was an international multi-sport event that was celebrated from 28 July to 12 August 1928 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The city of Amsterdam had previously bid for the 1920 and 1924 Olympic Games. Still, it was obliged to give way to war-torn Antwerp in Belgium for the 1920 Games and Pierre de Coubertin's Paris for the 1924 Games. The only other candidate city for the 1928 Olympics was Los Angeles, which would eventually be selected to host the Olympics four years later. In preparation for the 1932 Summer Olympics, the United States Olympic Committee reviewed the costs and revenue of the 1928 Games. The committee reported a total cost of US$1.183 million with receipts of US$1.165 million, giving a negligible loss of US$18,000, which was a considerable improvement over the 1924 Games. Frank Zarnowski Zarnowski C. Frank Summer 1992 A Look at Olympic Costs Citius, Altius, Fortius 1 1 16–32 http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf 24 March 2007 28 May 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012143/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf dead The United States won the most gold and medals overall. Bidding process Dutch nobleman Frederik van Tuyll van Serooskerken first proposed Amsterdam as the host city for the Summer Olympic Games in 1912, even before the Netherlands Olympic Committee was established. The Olympic Games were canceled in 1916 due to World War I. In 1919, the Netherlands Olympic Committee abandoned the proposal of Amsterdam in favor of their support for the nomination of Antwerp as host city for the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1921, Paris was selected for the 1924 Summer Olympics on the condition that the 1928 Summer Olympics would be organized in Amsterdam. This decision, supported by the Netherlands Olympic Committee, was announced by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on 2 June 1921. Los Angeles' bid for the 1928 Summer Olympics was unsuccessful in 1922 and again in 1923.https://www.nytimes.com/1923/04/06/archives/america-bids-for-games-olympics-of-1928-may-be-held-in-this-country.html America Bids for Games: Olympics of 1928 May be Held in This Country subscription 6 April 1923 The New York Times 15 The city was eventually selected as host city for the 1932 Summer Olympics, being the only bidder for that year.1928 G. Van Rossem The Ninth Olympiad Amsterdam 1928 Official Report, Netherlands Olympic Committee http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928.pdf live https://web.archive.org/web/20080408184510/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928.pdf 8 April 2008 J. H. de Bussyp.915 Organization and innovations These were the first Olympics to be organized under the IOC presidency of Henri de Baillet-Latour. These Games were the first to bear the name "Summer Olympic Games", to distinguish them from the Winter Olympic Games (held since 1924). Although competitions began in May 17, 1928. These Games were the first to feature a schedule of sixteen days in between ceremonies. Competitions had been stretched out over four months, the last event being on August 12, 1928.https://digital.la84.org/digital/collection/p17103coll8/id/14512/rec/10 Official Report 1928 page 1 Digital.la84.org 17 June 2026 The events were entirely funded through private donations with the government of the host nation providing no financial support for the first time.Stanton Richard The forgotten Olympic art competitions: the story of the Olympic art competitions of the 20th century 2000 Trafford 978-1-55212-606-6 Victoria The American company Coca-Cola made its first appearance as an official sponsor of the Olympic Games, remaining the oldest Olympic sponsor to this day.International Olympic Committee: The Coca-Cola Company is the longest-standing partner of the Olympic Movement, having supported every Olympic Games since 1928. Ceremonies and traditions A symbolic fire was lit for the first time during the Olympics, a tradition that continues today.Amsterdam 1928 https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/amsterdam-1928 12 February 2023 Olympics.com The first Olympic flame and torch relay, however, would not take place until the 1936 Summer Olympics. For the first time, the parade of nations started with Greece, which holds the origins of the Olympics, and ended with the host country, a tradition that has continued ever since. The Games were officially opened by Prince Hendrik, consort of Queen Wilhelmina, who had authorized her husband to deputize for her.p.294 The Queen was unable to attend the opening ceremony as she was on holiday in Norway and did not want to disrupt her trip.26 March 2012 The 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam were officially opened by the Netherlands' Prince Hendrik, consort of Queen Wilhelmina, who had authorized him to deputize for her https://www.insidethegames.biz/index.php/articles/16361/the-1928-olympics-in-amsterdam-were-officially-opened-by-the-netherlands-prince-hendrik-consort-of-queen-wilhelmina-who-had-authorised-him-to-deputise-for-her 6 December 2020 insidethegames.biz This was the second time a head of state had not personally officiated at an Olympic opening ceremony (the first occasion being the 1904 Games in St. Louis, Missouri, which were officially opened by David R. Francis, the Mayor of St. Louis). The Queen had initially refused to appear at either the opening or closing ceremony; it is thought that she objected to the Netherlands hosting the 1928 Games as she considered the Olympics a demonstration of paganism.15 June 2012 1928: Amsterdam, Netherlands https://www.cbc.ca/sports/2.720/1928-amsterdam-netherlands-1.1173804 11 October 2018 CBC Sports However, she returned from Norway before the conclusion of the Games, to be present at the closing ceremony,13 August 1928 Queen Withelmina Presents Medals to Athletes as Olympics Officially Close; 9TH OLYMPIC GAMES OFFICIALLY CLOSED Queen Wilhelmina, Princess Juliana and Prince Consort Henry at Final Ceremonies. VICTORS RECEIVE MEDALS Queen Assists in Presentation of Prizes--Americans Take 54, Largest Number. 40,000 CROWD THE STADIUM Court Baillet-Latour, the Olympic President, Proclaims End of the Games at Amsterdam. Holland and Poland Tied. Prize Winners on Field. America's Total Large. 34 Medals for Canada. (Published 1928) https://www.nytimes.com/1928/08/13/archives/queen-withelmina-presents-medals-to-athletes-as-olympics-officially.html 6 December 2020 The New York Times and she presented the first prizes at the prize distribution which was held immediately beforehand.p.913 Athlete highlights Paavo Nurmi of Finland won his ninth, and final, gold medal in the 10,000 m race. Canadian athlete Percy Williams exceeded expectations by winning both the 100 m and 200 m sprint events. Crown Prince Olav, who would later become King of Norway, won a gold medal in the 6 meter sailing event. Pat O'Callaghan won the first ever medal for a newly independent Ireland, taking gold in the hammer throw. Mikio Oda of Japan won the triple jump event with a result of 15.21 m ftin 2 on, becoming the first gold medalist from an Asian country. Betty Robinson of the USA won the women's 100 metres in a world record time of 12.2 seconds. She was still just 16 years of age at the time. Algerian-born marathon runner Boughera El Ouafi won a gold medal for France in the men's marathon. Johnny Weissmuller, who later appeared in several Tarzan movies, won two gold medals in swimming: an individual gold in the men's 100 m freestyle, and a team gold in the men's 4 × 200 m freestyle relay.Kirsch George B. Othello Harris Nolte Claire Elaine Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports in the United States Greenwood 2000 488 0-313-29911-0 https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofet0000unse_u6f6/page/488https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/we/johnny-weissmuller-1.html Johnny Weissmuller SR dead https://web.archive.org/web/20081229120721/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/we/johnny-weissmuller-1.html 29 December 2008 12 November 2015 Germany returned to the Olympic Games for the first time since 1912, after being banned from the 1920 and 1924 Games due to its role in World War I. The German team immediately finished second in the 1928 medal count. South American football made a definite breakthrough, as Uruguay retained its title by defeating Argentina. India took its first ever gold medal in field hockey, beginning a streak of six consecutive gold medals in the sport. Sports During the 1928 Summer Olympics, there were 14 sports, 20 disciplines and 109 events in the tournament. In parentheses is the number of events per discipline.pp.973–985 22em Aquatics Diving 4 d Swimming 11 d Water polo 1 d Athletics 27 d Boxing 8 d Cycling d Road (2) Track (4) Equestrian d Dressage (2) Eventing (2) Show jumping (2) Fencing 7 d Field hockey 1 d Football 1 d Gymnastics 8 d Modern pentathlon 1 d Rowing 7 d Sailing 3 d Weightlifting 5 d Wrestling d Freestyle (7) Greco-Roman (6) Women's athletics and team gymnastics debuted at these Olympics,http://faculty.elmira.edu/dmaluso/sports/timeline/gymnastics.html Timeline of Women in Sports: Gymnastics faculty.elmira.edu https://web.archive.org/web/20140203123650/http://faculty.elmira.edu/dmaluso/sports/timeline/gymnastics.html 3 February 2014 live 2014-02-12 in spite of criticism. Five women's athletics events were added: 100 meters, 800 meters, high jump, discus, and 400 meter hurdles. In protest of the limited number of events, British women athletes, boycotted the Games.Olympic Women Hargreaves Jennifer Northeastern University Press 2007 978-1-55553-671-8 O'Reilly Jean Boston 8 Cahn Susan Halina Konopacka of Poland became the first female Olympic track and field champion. Reports that the 800 meter run ended with several of the competitors being completely exhausted were widely (and erroneously) circulated. As a result, the IOC decided that women were too frail for long-distance running, and women's Olympic running events were limited to 200 meters until the 1960s.http://bitchmedia.org/article/forgotten-history-female-athletes-who-organized-their-own-olympics The forgotten history of female athletes who organized their own Olympics 26 July 2016 Jules Boykoff bitchmedia.org 28 July 2016 Tennis disappeared from the program until it reappeared in 1968 as a demonstration sport. Demonstration sports Kaatsen (not considered official by the IOC)Demonstration sports : history at the Olympic Summer Games / The Olympic Studies Centre Olympic World Library 2024-01-19 https://library.olympics.com/doc/SYRACUSE/619826 https://web.archive.org/web/20240119230639/https://library.olympics.com/doc/SYRACUSE/619826 2024-01-19 live 2024-01-27 Korfball Lacrosse These Games also included art competitions in five categories: architecture, painting, sculpture, literature, and music. However, the IOC no longer considers these to be official medal events, so the medals awarded are not included in today's Olympic medal counts.https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/when-the-olympics-gave-out-medals-for-art-6878965/ When the Olympics Gave Out Medals for Art Joseph Stromberg 24 July 2012 Smithsonian 11 October 2018 Venues thumb|The Olympisch Stadion in 1928 Fourteen sports venues were used for the 1928 Summer Olympics. The Swim Stadium was demolished in 1929.p.193 The Het Kasteel football stadium was renovated in 1998–99. The Monnikenhuize stadium was demolished in 1950. The Schermzaal sports hall has also been demolished. The Olympic Stadium was renovated between 1996 and 2000, and is still in use. The Old Stadion was demolished in 1929 and replaced with housing in the Amsterdam area. Many cars were expected for the Games, but Amsterdam had at most 2,000 single-car parking spaces. Consequently, several new parking sites were provided, and a special parking symbol was launched to show foreign visitors where they could park. The white P on a blue background was to become the international traffic sign for parking, and is still used today.4 May 2018 How Amsterdam 1928 changed the face of car parking forever https://www.olympic.org/news/how-amsterdam-1928-changed-the-face-of-car-parking-forever 12 October 2018 IOCvan de Vooren Jurryt 12 June 2012 Parkeerbord is speciaal bedacht voor de Olympische Spelen van 1928 The parking sign was specially designed for the 1928 Olympics http://www.sportgeschiedenis.nl/2012/12/06/parkeerbord-is-speciaal-bedacht-voor-de-olympische-spelen-van-1928.aspx dead https://web.archive.org/web/20161220201056/http://www.sportgeschiedenis.nl/2012/12/06/parkeerbord-is-speciaal-bedacht-voor-de-olympische-spelen-van-1928.aspx 20 December 2016 Sportgeschiedenis.nl nl Athletics events were held on a 400-meter track, later becoming the standard for athletics tracks. VenueSportsCapacity Ref. Amersfoort Modern pentathlon (riding) Not listedp.277 Amsterdam Cycling (road) Not listedp.264 Buiten-IJ Sailing 2,263pp.271–4 Hilversum Equestrian (dressage and cross-country), Modern pentathlon (running) 4,763pp.167, 236, 694 Krachtsportgebouw Boxing, Weightlifting, Wrestling 4,634pp.200–1, 205 Monnikenhuize (Arnhem) Football 7,500https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197029/matches/match=32330/report.html Olympic Football Tournament Amsterdam 1928, Match Report, Chile–Mexico 05 June 1928 FIFA dead https://web.archive.org/web/20100615204235/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197029/matches/match=32330/report.html 15 June 2010 Old Stadion Field hockey, Football 29,787pp.173–80 Olympic Sports Park Swim Stadium Diving, Modern pentathlon (swimming), Swimming, Water polo 6,000pp.205–9 Olympic Stadium Athletics, Cycling (track), Equestrian (jumping), Football, Gymnastics, Korfball 33,025pp.173–205 Schermzaal Fencing, Modern pentathlon (fencing) 559pp.170, 202, 205 Sloterringvaart, Sloten Rowing 2,230pp.172, 267–72 Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel (Rotterdam) Football 11,026https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197029/matches/match=32329/report.html Olympic Football Tournament Amsterdam 1928, Match Report, Netherlands–Belgium 05 June 1928 FIFA dead https://web.archive.org/web/20100615204233/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197029/matches/match=32329/report.html 15 June 2010https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197029/matches/match=32333/report.html Olympic Football Tournament Amsterdam 1928, Match Report, Netherlands–Chile 08 June 1928 FIFA dead https://web.archive.org/web/20100615204238/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197029/matches/match=32333/report.html 15 June 2010 Zeeburg Shooting Grounds Modern pentathlon (shooting) 10,455p.277 Zuiderzee Sailing 2,263pp.271–4 Netherlands Amsterdam Greater 1 Map of the Amsterdam region with Olympic venues marked Map of the Amsterdam region with Olympic venues marked. The Krachtsportgebouw, Oude Stadion and Schermzaal were located next to the Olympic Stadium. right 400 Netherlands Amsterdam Greater Buiten-IJ white right 52.371245 4.990447 Netherlands Amsterdam Greater 12 Olympic Stadium white left 52.343417 4.854192 Netherlands Amsterdam Greater Olympic Sports Park Swim Stadium white top 52.347611 4.856061 Netherlands Amsterdam Greater Sloten white left 52.341944 4.796944 Netherlands Amsterdam Greater Zeeburg white top 52.366667 4.966667 Netherlands Amsterdam Greater Zuiderzee white top 52.833333 5.333333 Netherlands 1 Map of the Netherlands with Olympic venues marked Map of the Netherlands with Olympic venues marked.Although Flevoland is depicted in this map, it did not exist at this time. Flevoland left 400 Netherlands Amersfoort white bottom 52.15 5.383333 Netherlands Hilversum white right 52.233333 5.166667 Netherlands Monnikenhuize white top 51.994167 5.931111 Netherlands Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel white right 51.919485 4.433619 Netherlands Amsterdam white top 12 52.366667 4.9 Netherlands Zuiderzee white top 52.833333 5.333333 Netherlands Ringvaart white top 52.2316 4.555 Participating nations thumb|Participants thumb|Number of athletes A total of 46 nations were represented at the Amsterdam Games. Malta, Panama, and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) competed at the Olympic Games for the first time. Germany returned after having been banned in 1920 and 1924.Guttmann Allen The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games https://archive.org/details/olympicshistoryo00gutt/page/38 April 1992 University of Illinois Press Urbana and Chicago 0-252-01701-3 38 registration The nations that participated in the previous games in Paris 1924 but were absent in Amsterdam 1928 were Brazil and Ecuador. At the time, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa and Ireland were all dominions of the British Empire. India and Rhodesia were also a part of the British Empire, but were not dominions. For other sovereign states (i.e. United States, France, Argentina, Japan, etc.) and the international community as a whole (i.e. League of Nations) the term dominion, used internally in the British Empire, was very ambiguous, meaning "something between a colony and state". It was only years later with the Statute of Westminster 1931 that this ambiguity would be dispelled. Philippines was an unincorporated territory and commonwealth of the United States. Participating National Olympic Committees22em ARG 1928 Summer 81 athletes AUS 1928 Summer 18 AUT 1928 Summer 73 BEL 1928 Summer 186 BUL 1928 Summer 5 CAN 1928 Summer 69 CHI 1928 Summer 38 CUB 1928 Summer 1 TCH 1928 Summer 70 DEN 1928 Summer 91 EGY 1928 Summer 32 EST 1928 Summer 20 FIN 1928 Summer 69 FRA 1928 Summer 255 GER 1928 Summer 296 GBR 1928 Summer 232 GRE 1928 Summer 23 HAI 1928 Summer 2 HUN 1928 Summer 109 IND 1928 Summer 21 IRL 1928 Summer 27 ITA 1928 Summer 174 JPN 1928 Summer 43 LAT 1928 Summer 14 LTU 1928 Summer 12 LUX 1928 Summer 46 MLT 1928 Summer 9 MEX 1928 Summer 30 MON 1928 Summer 7 NED 1928 Summer 264 (host) NZL 1928 Summer 10 NOR 1928 Summer 52 PAN 1928 Summer 1 PHI 1928 Summer 4 POL 1928 Summer 93 POR 1928 Summer 31 RHO 1928 Summer 2 ROM 1928 Summer 29 RSA 1928 Summer 24 ESP 1928 Summer 80 SWE 1928 Summer 100 SUI 1928 Summer 133 TUR 1928 Summer 31 USA 1928 Summer 280 URU 1928 Summer 22 YUG 1928 Summer 34 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees Country Athletes GER 1928 Summer 295 USA 1928 Summer 280 NED 1928 Summer 266 FRA 1928 Summer 255 GBR 1928 Summer 232 BEL 1928 Summer 187 ITA 1928 Summer 174 SUI 1928 Summer 133 HUN 1928 Summer 109 SWE 1928 Summer 100 POL 1928 Summer 93 DEN 1928 Summer 91 ARG 1928 Summer 81 ESP 1928 Summer 80 AUT 1928 Summer 73 TCH 1928 Summer 70 CAN 1928 Summer 69 FIN 1928 Summer 69 NOR 1928 Summer 52 LUX 1928 Summer 48 JPN 1928 Summer 43 CHI 1928 Summer 38 IRL 1928 Summer 38 YUG 1928 Summer 34 EGY 1928 Summer 32 POR 1928 Summer 31 TUR 1928 Summer 31 MEX 1928 Summer 30 RSA 1928 Summer 24 GRE 1928 Summer 23 URU 1928 Summer 22 IND 1928 Summer 21 ROM 1928 Summer 21 EST 1928 Summer 20 AUS 1928 Summer 18 LAT 1928 Summer 15 LTU 1928 Summer 12 NZL 1928 Summer 10 MLT 1928 Summer 9 MON 1928 Summer 7 BUL 1928 Summer 5 PHI 1928 Summer 4 HAI 1928 Summer 2 RHO 1928 Summer 2 CUB 1928 Summer 1 PAN 1928 Summer 1 Total 2,883 Medal count 1928 Summer Olympics medal table List of 1928 Summer Olympics medal winners These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1928 Games. flagIOC 1928 Summer 22 18 16 10 7 14 8 8 9 7 6 12 7 5 7 7 4 4 6 10 5 6 9 4 yes 4 5 0 4 4 7 Poster thumb|140px|Official poster The official poster for the Games displaying a running man in a white shirt was designed by Jos Rovers however the IOC never succeeded in obtaining the copyright of the image. The IOC used a different poster, with the German text Olympische Spiele, and an athlete partly covered in the Dutch national flag, holding a peace leaf in his hand. The poster was made for a German book about the Amsterdam Olympics.http://archief.nrc.nl/index.php/1996/Juli/30/Overig/18/De+Spiele+in+Amsterdam De Spiele in Amsterdam The Amsterdam Games Henk van Gelder 30 July 1996 NRC Handelsblad nl dead subscription https://web.archive.org/web/20130729150301/http://archief.nrc.nl/index.php/1996/Juli/30/Overig/18/De+Spiele+in+Amsterdam 29 July 2013 Last surviving competitor The last living competitor of the 1928 Summer Olympics was Carla Marangoni, a member of the silver medal-winning Italian gymnastic team who had been twelve years old during the Olympics. Marangoni died 18 January 2018, at the age of 102 as the oldest living Olympic medalist at the time of her death.Turner Amanda Carla Marangoni, Oldest Olympic Medalist, Dies at 102 http://www.intlgymnast.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4993:carla-marangoni-oldest-olympic-medalist-dies-at-102&catid=81:headlines&Itemid=191 15 February 2018 International Gymnast Magazine 23 January 2018 en-gb See also 1928 Summer Olympics Notes References External links 1928 Summer Olympics The Ninth Olympiad. Amsterdam 1928. Official Report "Louis S. Nixdorff Diary, 10 July – 15 August 1928" https://web.archive.org/web/20130102235412/http://amhistory.si.edu/archives/d9443f.htm 2 January 2013 Memorabilia of the Ninth Olympiad 1928 Amsterdam soly Paris IX OlympiadAmsterdam 1928 Los Angeles Olympics Netherlands Sports 1920s Summer Olympics, 1928 Category:Amsterdam-Zuid Summer Olympics Category:1920s in Amsterdam Category:Olympic Games in the Netherlands Summer Olympics Category:Summer Olympics by year Summer Olympics Summer Olympics