1932 Deep South tornado outbreak

1932 windstorm in the southern United States May 2025 February 2025 Deep South tornado outbreak weather map, March 21, 1932.jpg Weather map on March 21, showing the low pressure system over Oklahoma that was associated with the tornado outbreak March 21–22, 1932 ≥ 38 F4 1932 ≥ $4.34 million ($ in US USD)nb Losses All losses are in 1932 USD unless otherwise noted. > 330 (unofficial estimate of ~500) 2,141 Midwestern and Southern United States tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1932 On March 21–22, 1932, a deadly tornado outbreak struck the Midwestern and Southern United States. At least 38 tornadoes—including 27 deadly tornadoes and several long-lived tornado families—struck the Deep South, killing more than 330 people and injuring 2,141. Tornadoes from that Monday into Tuesday affected areas from Mississippi north to Illinois and east to South Carolina, but Alabama was hardest hit, with 268 fatalities;Top 10 Weather Events in the 20th Century For Alabama https://www.weather.gov/bmx/climo_top10 www.weather.gov National Weather Service Birmingham AL 25 April 2023 EN-US the outbreak is considered to be the deadliest ever in Alabama, and among the worst ever in the United States, trailing only the Tri-State tornado outbreak in 1925, with 751 fatalities, and the Tupelo–Gainesville outbreak in 1936, with 454 fatalities. The 1932 outbreak is believed to have produced 10 violent tornadoes, eight of which occurred in Alabama alone.nb Outbreak An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) the start of modern records in 1950, is defined as a period of no more than two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.http://www.spc.noaa.gov/publications/schneider/otbrkseq.pdf Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003) Schneider Russell S. Brooks Harold E. Schaefer Joseph T. Harold E. Brooks 2004 American Meteorological Society Hyannis, Massachusetts 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms https://ams.confex.com/ams/11aram22sls/techprogram/programexpanded_230.htm September 17, 2019 March 6, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130306120716/http://www.spc.noaa.gov/publications/schneider/otbrkseq.pdf live Background and impact At 7 a.m. CST (13:00 UTC), a low-pressure area of about 29.26 inHg mb on was over eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas, with warm air moving north from the Gulf of Mexico to the Mississippi Valley. Conditions in Alabama and Mississippi were mostly cloudy with early thunderstorm activity, yet temperatures were already in the low 70s and upper 60s °F in Mississippi and western Tennessee. By afternoon, temperatures rose to the middle to upper 70s °F across most of the area. As a cold front approached Alabama, forecasters predicted afternoon thunderstorms and an end to the warm temperatures but did not anticipate the magnitude of the severe weather that later hit most of the state from north of Montgomery to the Tennessee and Georgia borders.Wright M Tornado of 1932 in Alabama http://www.alagenealogy.com/Historical%20Information%20pages/Tornado%20of%201932.htm 8 June 2012U.S. Daily Weather Maps Project http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/dwm/data_rescue_daily_weather_maps.html NOAA 8 June 2012 As the outbreak progressed, ten F4 tornadoes struck Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia. In Alabama, within four hours of the first F4 tornado, 18 people were killed near the Cullman area in Cullman County; 14 in the Columbiana area in Shelby County; 41 in Coosa and Talladega counties near Sylacauga; and 38 people in other small communities in Northeastern Alabama, mostly in Jackson County. One of the tornadoes followed the deadly Jemison event by one hour and passed just 8 mi km on to the southeast, killing 31 people in and around the Clanton area in Chilton County.Grazulis 1993 842–4 Outside Alabama, six people were killed near Pulaski, Tennessee, in Giles County. 13 people in the state died from this and six other strong tornadoes. In Georgia and Tennessee, a large tornado near the state line left a mile-wide damage path, and killed 15 people from Beaverdale, Georgia, to Conasauga, Tennessee. Two other tornadoes in Georgia killed a combined 16 people and were on the ground almost simultaneously. On March 22, tornadoes continued after midnight CST (06:00 UTC) as four more strong tornadoes struck Georgia and South Carolina until 2:00 a.m. CST (08:00 UTC). One of them passed near the University of Georgia in Athens and killed 12 people.Grazulis 1993 842–4 Confirmed tornadoes ≥ 38 2 ? ? 16 10 10 0 Prior to 1990, there is a likely undercount of tornadoes, particularly E/F0–1, with reports of weaker tornadoes becoming more common as population increased. A sharp increase in the annual average E/F0–1 count by approximately 200 tornadoes was noted upon the implementation of NEXRAD Doppler weather radar in 1990–1991.Agee and Childs 2014 1496nb Count Historically, the number of tornadoes globally and in the United States was and is likely underrepresented: research by Grazulis on annual tornado activity suggests that, as of 2001, only 53% of yearly U.S. tornadoes were officially recorded. Documentation of tornadoes outside the United States was historically less exhaustive, owing to the lack of monitors in many nations and, in some cases, to internal political controls on public information.Grazulis 2001a 251–4 Most countries only recorded tornadoes that produced severe damage or loss of life.Edwards Roger The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC) http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/#Climatology Storm Prediction Center: Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes Storm Prediction Center February 25, 2016 March 5, 2015 March 2, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20120302230203/http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/#Climatology live Significant low biases in U.S. tornado counts likely occurred through the early 1990s, when advanced NEXRAD was first installed and the National Weather Service began comprehensively verifying tornado occurrences.Cook Schaefer 2008 3135 1974 marked the first year where significant tornado (E/F2+) counts became homogenous with contemporary values, attributed to the consistent implementation of Fujita scale assessments.Agee and Childs 2014 1497, 1503nb Fujita The Fujita scale was devised under the aegis of scientist T. Theodore Fujita in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of the scale in 1971, tornadoes in the United States were officially unrated.Grazulis 1993 141Grazulis 2001a 131 While the Fujita scale has been superseded by the Enhanced Fujita scale in the U.S. since February 1, 2007,Edwards Roger Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/ef-scale.html The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC) Storm Prediction Center February 25, 2016 March 5, 2015 July 9, 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110709082948/http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/ef-scale.html live Canada used the old scale until April 1, 2013;Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale) https://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=41E875DA-1 Environment and Climate Change Canada Environment and Climate Change Canada February 25, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220706/http://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=En&n=41E875DA-1 March 3, 2016 June 6, 2013 dead nations elsewhere, like the United Kingdom, apply other classifications such as the TORRO scale.The International Tornado Intensity Scale http://www.torro.org.uk/tscale.php Tornado and Storm Research Organisation Tornado and Storm Research Organisation February 25, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160305120332/http://www.torro.org.uk/tscale.php March 5, 2016 2016 dead Numerous discrepancies on the details of tornadoes in this outbreak exist between sources. The total count of tornadoes and ratings differs from various agencies accordingly. The list below documents information from the most contemporary official sources alongside assessments from tornado historian Thomas P. Grazulis. + List of confirmed tornadoes in the tornado outbreak of March 21–22, 1932F#LocationCounty / ParishStateDatenb Date/Time All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time and dates are split at midnight CST/CDT for consistency.Time (UTC)Path lengthWidthnb Width The listed width values are primarily the average/mean width of the tornadoes, with those having known maximum widths denoted by ♯. From 1952 to 1994, reports largely list mean width whereas contemporary years list maximum width.Agee and Childs 2014 1494 Values provided by Grazulis are the average width, with estimates being rounded down (i.e. 0.5 mi km on is rounded down from 880 yards to 800 yards.Brooks 2004 310Grazulis 1990 ixDamage F2Near StrongMonroeMississippiMarch 2120:00–?A strong tornado unroofed and wrecked three homes.Grazulis 1993 842 F2Carrier Mills to W of HarrisburgSalineIllinoisMarch 2121:00–?6 mi km on on15 yd m on on10,000 $A tornado damaged eight houses and destroyed a barn.Grazulis 1993 842 F3Southeastern DemopolisMarengo, Greene, HaleAlabamaMarch 2121:15–?7 mi km on on125 yd m on on3 deaths – This intense tornado destroyed or damaged approximately 15 homes. Nine people were injured.Grazulis 1993 842 F3Near SpurgeonPikeIndianaMarch 2121:30–?This intense tornado destroyed or damaged five farmhouses. One of them was completely swept away, along with its contents, and the others were unroofed. One person was injured. The tornado neared F4 intensity.Grazulis 1993 842 F2SW of Linden to FaunsdaleMarengo, PerryAlabamaMarch 2121:30–?20 mi km on on200 yd m on on3 deaths – 12 people were injured.Grazulis 1993 842 F4Near Ralph to northwestern Tuscaloosa to NorthportTuscaloosaAlabamaMarch 2122:00–?20 mi km on on400 yd m on on37 deaths – This violent tornado destroyed 98 houses, damaged at least 300 others, and left 2,000 people homeless. It leveled the Tuscaloosa Country Club and caused sporadic F2-to-F3-level damage in the city. At least 200 people were injured.Grazulis 1984 A-44Grazulis 1993 842Super Outbreak - March 21, 1932 https://www.weather.gov/bmx/event_03211932 NWS Birmingham, Alabama Weather Forecast Office National Weather Service 18 August 2021 Calera, Alabama F3Western Mitchell to E of BedfordLawrenceIndianaMarch 2122:15–?11 mi km on on200 yd m on on50,000 $This intense tornado destroyed 12 barns and seven or more homes. Three of the homes incurred borderline-F4 damage. Six people were injured.Grazulis 1993 843 F4S of Cullman to W of ArabCullman, Morgan, MarshallAlabamaMarch 2122:30–?25 mi km on on600 yd m on on18 deaths – This violent tornado impacted rural communities and farmlands, leveling numerous small homes and scores of outbuildings. The hardest-hit areas were in and near Phelan, Bolte, Berlin, and Fairview. 74 houses were wrecked in Cullman County, the site of all known fatalities. Six of the deaths occurred in a single home. At least 100 people were injured.Grazulis 1984 A-44Grazulis 1993 842 F4N of Marion to Cox to Union GrovePerry, Bibb, Chilton, Shelby, CoosaAlabamaMarch 2122:30–?60 mi km on on800 yd m on on49+ deaths – This violent, long-tracked tornado—the first in a series that paralleled each other—was the deadliest on record in Alabama until the Hackleburg–Phil Campbell EF5 on April 27, 2011. Rural communities were reportedly obliterated, small homes swept away, and entire families extirpated; one family lost seven members. 150 injuries were reported, and additional fatalities may have occurred.Grazulis 1984 A-44Grazulis 1993 842Top 10 Weather Events in the 20th Century For Alabama https://www.weather.gov/bmx/climo_top10 NWS Birmingham, Alabama Weather Forecast Office National Weather Service 18 August 2021 Calera, AlabamaGrazulis Thomas P. Grazulis Doris The United States' Worst Tornadoes http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/worstts.htm The Tornado Project Environmental Films 18 August 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20080514002740/http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/worstts.htm 14 May 2008 St. Johnsbury, Vermont 26 April 2000 F2LewisTennesseeMarch 2123:00–?This strong tornado destroyed a tenant house, injuring eight people.Grazulis 1993 843 F2Near Hunt City to near Kibbie to AnnapolisJasper, CrawfordIllinoisMarch 2123:00–?7 mi km on on100 yd m on onThis tornado generated only F1-level damage in Jasper County, wrecking a chicken coop and partially unroofing a house. As it entered Crawford County the tornado unroofed another house and damaged four farmsteads. Only one person was injured along the path.Grazulis 1993 842–3 F4Southwestern ColumbianaShelby, TalladegaAlabamaMarch 2123:10–?20 mi km on on200 yd m on on100,000 $14 deaths – This narrow-but-violent tornado damaged or destroyed more than 240 houses, 20 of which were leveled. Farmsteads were damaged as well. 75 people were injured.Grazulis 1984 A-45Grazulis 1993 843 F4W of Plantersville to Marble ValleyPerry, Chilton, CoosaAlabamaMarch 2123:30–?50 mi km on on800 yd m on on31+ deaths – This violent, long-lived tornado killed 19 people in and near Stanton and Lomax, injured at least 200 others, and destroyed numerous homes, many of which were obliterated. Both the Cox–Union Grove F4 and this may have been tornado families; as in the first event, whole families were killed.Grazulis 1984 A-45Grazulis 1993 843 F4W of PulaskiGilesTennesseeMarch 2123:30–?13 mi km on on250 yd m on on120,000 $6 deaths – This violent tornado, as severe on hilltops as in valleys, leveled 10 houses. One of the homes was reportedly swept away. At least 18 people were injured.Grazulis 1984 A-45Grazulis 1993 843 F2SW of Leiper's Fork to W of Hunters PointWilliamson, Davidson, WilsonTennesseeMarch 2100:00–?50 mi km on on150 yd m on on3 deaths – This strong tornado damaged or destroyed homes and barns on five farmsteads. One of the farms abutted a neighboring property that featured a death in a separate tornado on April 29, 1909. Eight people were injured.Grazulis 1993 721, 843 F3S of Lewisburg to NE of BelfastMarshallTennesseeMarch 2100:00–?10 mi km on on600 yd m on on1 death – This intense tornado destroyed 13 or more houses and injured 20 people. A rug was carried 2 mi km on away and left in a treetop.Grazulis 1993 843 F2Northeastern EvansvilleVanderburghIndianaMarch 2100:15–?1 mi km on on150 yd m on on200,000 $This brief-but-strong tornado destroyed a garage; unroofed a house and a furniture store; and shifted four houses off their foundations.Grazulis 1993 843 F2UniontownUnionKentuckyMarch 2100:15–?0.5 mi km on on70 yd m on on50,000 $2 deaths – This tornado destroyed 15 small houses, a hotel, and four businesses. Seven people were injured.Grazulis 1993 843 F4Near Beaverdale (GA) to near Conasauga (TN)Whitfield (GA), Murray (GA), Polk (TN)Georgia, TennesseeMarch 2100:15–?20 mi km on on600 yd m on on15 deaths – This large, exceptionally violent tornado, up to 1 mi km on in width, leveled houses beside the Conasauga River, killed a family of five, and injured 50 people. Small homes were reportedly obliterated in both Tennessee and Georgia.Grazulis 1984 A-45Grazulis 1993 843 F3N of Seney to western Rydal to ENE of FunkhouserPolk, Floyd, BartowGeorgiaMarch 2100:30–?30 mi km on on500 yd m on on50,000 $12 deaths – This intense tornado destroyed or damaged 60 houses, injuring 80 people. Most of the fatalities occurred in the Macedonia community. Parts of a church were carried 2 mi km on away.Grazulis 1993 843 F3Near Taylorsville to SalacoaBartow, CherokeeGeorgiaMarch 2100:30–?25 mi km on on200 yd m on on50,000 $4 deaths – This intense tornado paralleled the preceding event and destroyed or damaged 20 homes, including a nine-room residence. At least 30 people were injured.Grazulis 1993 843 F2ENE of WoodburyCannonTennesseeMarch 2101:00–?2 deaths – This strong tornado destroyed 10 houses in and near Sugar Tree and Mount Ararat. 10 people were injured.Grazulis 1993 843 F2GreensboroHale, PerryAlabamaMarch 2101:00–?10 mi km on on400 yd m on on25,000 $1 death – This tornado unroofed part of a high school and several houses. One person was injured.Grazulis 1993 843 F3W of Faunsdale to near Laneville to Scotts PrairieMarengo, Hale, PerryAlabamaMarch 2101:00–?20 mi km on on100 yd m on on10+ deaths – This intense tornado, which may have reached F4 intensity, leveled temporary housing on a plantation and swept away a well-built farmhouse. Numerous barns were wrecked as well. The number of dead unofficially ranged from 12 to 20, and 30 other people were injured. Losses from three tornadoes in Marengo County totaled $400,000.Grazulis 1993 843 F4Gantts Quarry to northwestern Sylacauga to Chandler SpringsTalladegaAlabamaMarch 2101:10–?25 mi km on on400 yd m on on1,500,000 $41+ deaths – This violent tornado likely formed from the same storm as the Stanton–Marble Valley F4. It destroyed or damaged 635 houses and left 1,300 people homeless, primarily in Sylacauga but also in a number of remote communities. At least 325 people were injured.Grazulis 1984 A-45Grazulis 1993 843 F2Piney GroveLawrence, MorganAlabamaMarch 2101:30–?5 mi km on on4 deaths – This tornado destroyed small houses and injured 10 people.Grazulis 1993 843 F3Near Corinth to near BattlegroundWinston, Cullman, MorganAlabamaMarch 2101:30–?10 mi km on on200 yd m on on8 deaths – This intense tornado injured 25 people and destroyed approximately 30 houses. One of the dead was reportedly carried 1/2 mi km on away.Grazulis 1993 843 F2W of HuntsvilleScottTennesseeMarch 2101:50–?A strong tornado destroyed small houses and injured 13 people. Items of clothing were found in trees more than 1 mi km on distant.Grazulis 1993 844 F3Southeastern Charleston to eastern CalhounBradley, McMinnTennesseeMarch 2101:50–?10 mi km on on300 yd m on on60,000 $1 death – This intense tornado destroyed 20 houses. Debris was found 4 – 20 mi km on away. At least 21 people sustained injuries.Grazulis 1993 844 F4ENE of Sylacauga to NewellTalladega, Clay, RandolphAlabamaMarch 2102:00–?45 mi km on on400 yd m on on300,000 $13 deaths – This long-tracked, violent tornado destroyed 75 houses, as well as structures on 110 farms, in the communities of Bulls Gap, Quenelda, Hassell Gap, and Bellview. Many small homes were leveled along the path. Nearly 400 people were left homeless by the tornado, and at least 150 others were reportedly injured.Grazulis 1984 A-45Grazulis 1993 843–4 F4SW of Lacey's Spring (AL) to Ladds (TN)Morgan (AL), Madison (AL), Jackson (AL), Marion (TN)Alabama, TennesseeMarch 2102:00–?75 mi km on on400 yd m on on750,000 $38+ deaths – This long-tracked tornado family likely consisted of up to three tornadoes. It injured 500 others and destroyed 125 houses, but mainly impacted very remote areas. Personal items were found 105 mi km on away.Grazulis 1993 133, 844 F2Near Green HillLauderdaleAlabamaMarch 21A cotton mill and a home were wrecked.Grazulis 1993 842 FURosebloomTallahatchieMississippiMarch 21Details are unknown.USWB 1932 FUGoodmanHolmesMississippiMarch 21Details are unknown.USWB 1932 F2FairmontSpartanburgSouth CarolinaMarch 2206:00–?9 mi km on on200 yd m on on2 deaths – This tornado destroyed 20 tenant houses and injured 30 people.Grazulis 1993 844 F2E of Cowpens to NW of GaffneyCherokeeSouth CarolinaMarch 2206:30–?8 mi km on on1 death – Five people were injured.Grazulis 1993 844 F3Southern Athens to PaoliClarke, MadisonGeorgiaMarch 2206:45–?18 mi km on on200 yd m on on150,000 $12 deaths – This intense tornado passed near the University of Georgia and destroyed or damaged approximately 100 houses. At least 35 people were injured.Grazulis 1993 844 F2Jones, BaldwinGeorgiaMarch 2208:00–?7 mi km on on70 yd m on on25,000 $1 death – A strong tornado destroyed seven houses, including a historic structure. Most of the homes were small. Five people were injured.Grazulis 1993 844 Aftermath and recovery The outbreak was the most damaging on record in the Southeastern United States since February 19–20, 1884.Hunter 1932 At least 25 cities and communities in Alabama reported one fatality or more during the day, including Demopolis, Union Grove, Linden, Plantersville, Sycamore, Northport, Huntsville, Marion, Stanton, Scottsboro, Paint Rock, Columbiana, Faunsdale, Bethel Church, Jemison, Falkville, Sylacauga, Bridgeport, Lineville, Gantts Quarry, Cullman, and Corinth. 11 counties were particularly hard hit, with 7,000 homes and businesses destroyed statewide. Seven tornadoes each caused at least 100 injuries in Alabama and Tennessee, with a total of 1,750 injuries in Alabama alone. In all, the 38 recorded tornadoes caused at least $4.34 million (1932 USD) in damages for the entire outbreak.Grazulis 1993 842–4 Oddities/records The March 21 outbreak is also nicknamed a Super Outbreak by the National Weather Service office in Birmingham, the only other episodes thusly designated being those of April 3, 1974, and April 27, 2011. While Alabama was the hardest-hit state with 86 fatalities, 75 of which were tornado-related, during the 1974 event, there were nearly three times as many fatalities in the state on March 21, 1932. Also, many tornadoes in rural areas this day likely caused more injuries and probably higher fatalities than reported, as newspapers paid little attention to the deaths of Black sharecroppers, whose families and identities were often unknown. Such a racial aspect was common during natural disasters in the South before desegregation in the late 20th century. The 1932 outbreak was also known for its violence: it set a 24-hour record for violent touchdowns in a single state until the 1974 Super Outbreak produced 11 F4 or F5 tornadoes in Kentucky. Just six days later, on March 27, several other tornadoes struck Alabama again, with an F3 tornado traveling 30 mi km on, passing south of Jemison, and killing five people near Thorsby and Collins Chapel. Sightseers who visited the area to view damage from March 21 were forced to take shelter as the funnel cloud neared. This tornado was photographed and incorrectly labeled as the F4 tornado that hit the area, also near Jemison in Shelby County, on March 21.Multiple sources: Grazulis 1993 36–8, 184, 796, 842–4, 865–6, 1394 Grazulis 2001a 232, 243 Super Outbreak - March 21, 1932 https://www.weather.gov/bmx/event_03211932 NWS Birmingham, Alabama Weather Forecast Office National Weather Service 18 August 2021 Calera, Alabama The April 3rd and 4th 1974 Tornado Outbreak in Alabama https://www.weather.gov/bmx/event_04031974 National Weather Service NWS Birmingham, Alabama Weather Forecast Office Calera, Alabama 26 August 2021 See also Tornado outbreak of March 21–22, 1952 – Produced at least 8 violent tornadoes exactly 20 years later List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks Notes nb References 2 Sources Ernest M. Agee Samuel Childs Adjustments in Tornado Counts, F-Scale Intensity, and Path Width for Assessing Significant Tornado Destruction Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology June 1, 2014 53 6 1494–1505 10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0235.1 American Meteorological Society free 2014JApMC..53.1494A Agee and Childs 2014 Brooks Harold E. Harold E. Brooks On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity Weather and Forecasting April 2004 19 2 310–19 10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2 free 2004WtFor..19..310B Cook A. R. Schaefer J. T. The Relation of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to Winter Tornado Outbreaks Monthly Weather Review August 2008 136 8 3121–3137 10.1175/2007MWR2171.1 free 2008MWRv..136.3121C Grazulis Thomas P. Thomas P. Grazulis May 1984 Violent Tornado Climatography, 1880–1982 NUREG CR-3670 OSTI Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D.C. 7099491 free Grazulis Thomas P. Significant Tornadoes 1880–1989 November 1990 The Tornado Project of Environmental Films St. Johnsbury, Vermont 1-879362-02-3 2 1 Grazulis Thomas P. Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events July 1993 The Tornado Project of Environmental Films St. Johnsbury, Vermont 1-879362-03-1 1 Grazulis Thomas P. The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm https://archive.org/details/tornadonaturesul0000graz registration 2001a University of Oklahoma Press Norman 978-0-8061-3538-0 1 Grazulis Thomas P. F5-F6 Tornadoes The Tornado Project of Environmental Films 2001b St. Johnsbury, Vermont 1 Hunter H. C. The tornadoes of the latter part of March, 1932 Monthly Weather Review March 1932 60 3 89 10.1175/1520-0493(1932)60<89:TTOTLP>2.0.CO;2 American Meteorological Society 1932MWRv...60...89H free Severe local storms, March, 1932 Monthly Weather Review March 1932 60 3 88–9 10.1175/1520-0493(1932)60<88:SLSM>2.0.CO;2 1932MWRv...60...88. free USWB 1932 Category:F4, EF4 and IF4 tornadoes Category:20th-century tornadoes Category:Meteorological events in 1932 Category:1932 natural disasters in the United States Category:Tornadoes in Alabama Category:Tornadoes in Tennessee Category:Tornadoes in Georgia (U.S. state) Category:Tornado outbreaks in the United States Deep South tornado outbreak