1991 Indian general election

none July 2016 January 2020 India parliamentary 1989 Indian general election 1989 1996 Indian general election 1996 20 May, 12 June and 15 June 19911991 India General (10th Lok Sabha) Elections Results https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1991-election-results.html 2020-09-07 www.elections.in 23 April 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210423033347/https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1991-election-results.html live19 February 1992 (Punjab) 537 of the 543 seats in the Lok Sabha 269 498,363,801 56.73% ( 5.22pp) PV Narasimha Rao.jpg 130 130 150 0 0 P. V. Narasimha Rao Indian National Congress (Indira) 39.53%, 197 seats 244 47 101,285,692 36.26% 3.27pp Lal Krishna Advani 2009.jpg 150 130 150 20 0 L. K. Advani Bharatiya Janata Party 11.36%, 85 seats 120 35 55,843,074 20.11% 8.75pp V. P. Singh (cropped).jpg 145 130 150 05 0 V. P. Singh Janata Dal 17.79%, 143 seats 59 84 32,628,400 11.84% 5.95pp E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg 140 130 150 0 0 E. M. S. Namboodiripad Communist Party of India (Marxist) 6.55%, 33 seats 35 2 16,954,797 6.16% 0.39 pp Wahlergebnisse Indien 1991.svg Results by constituency Prime Minister Prime Minister after election Chandra Shekhar Samajwadi Janata Party P. V. Narasimha Rao Indian National Congress (Indira) List of members of the 9th Lok Sabha List of members of the 10th Lok Sabha NF NF Alliance seats 248 124 128 General elections were held in India on 20 May, 12 June and 15 June 1991 to elect the members of the 10th Lok Sabha, although they were delayed until 19 February 1992 in Punjab. No party won a majority in the Lok Sabha, resulting in the Indian National Congress (Indira) forming a minority government under new Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao with the support of other parties. The government survived 28 July 1993 no confidence vote in controversial circumstances by bribing MPs from the Janata Dal and the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha.https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19930815-narashima-rao-becomes-butt-of-suitcase-and-crore-jokes-among-congressmen-opposition-811395-1993-08-14 Narashima Rao becomes butt of 'suitcase' and 'crore' jokes among Congressmen, Opposition India Today 15 August 1993 27 April 2023 16 October 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20221016023014/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19930815-narashima-rao-becomes-butt-of-suitcase-and-crore-jokes-among-congressmen-opposition-811395-1993-08-14 live http://www.rediff.com/news/mar/17jmm.htm JMM MP turns approver in bribery case against Rao www.rediff.com 16 March 2013 24 September 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160700/http://www.rediff.com/news/mar/17jmm.htm live Elections were not held for the six seats allocated to Jammu and Kashmir, nor for two seats in Bihar and one in Uttar Pradesh. Similarly, elections were also delayed in Punjab. Voter turnout was 57%, the lowest to date in an Indian general election.India: parliamentary elections Lok Sabha, 1991 http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2145_91.htm 2020-09-06 archive.ipu.org 13 June 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002021/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2145_91.htm live Background In the previous elections held 16 months before, the Janata Dal came into power with outside support of the Bharatiya Janata Party. However, the BJP withdrew its support from the government after its Ram Rathyatra was stopped at Samastipur in Bihar, a state ruled by the Janata Dal, whose Chief Minister Lalu Prasad Yadav had the BJP president Lal Krishna Advani arrested on spot. Following the resignation of V. P. Singh, the main opposition party, the Indian National Congress (Indira) provided outside support to a small breakaway faction of the Janata Dal, the Samajwadi Janata Party headed by Chandra Shekhar for a time, but soon withdrew its support. Over 500 million eligible voters were once again given the chance to elect their government.2019-04-08 INKredible India: The story of 1991 Lok Sabha election - All you need to know https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/inkredible-india-the-story-of-1991-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2193613.html 2022-01-13 Zee News en 15 January 2022 https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062610/https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/inkredible-india-the-story-of-1991-lok-sabha-election-all-you-need-to-know-2193613.html live The elections were held in a polarised environment and are also referred to as the 'Mandal-Mandir' elections after the two most important poll issues, the Mandal Commission fallout and the Ram Mandir-Babri Masjid issue. Mandal-Mandir issue While the Mandal Commission report released by the VP Singh government suggested giving 27 per cent reservation to the Other Backward Castes (OBCs) in government jobs, it led to widespread violence and protests across the country with many students from the Forward Caste groups in and around the capital city of Delhi even setting themselves on fire in opposition to increase in reservations. Violence also erupted between Scheduled Caste groups, who opposed increasing reservation for other communities & OBC groups, who supported reservation for their own community. 'Mandir' represented the hallmark of this election, where there was a debate over construction of Ram Mandir at the disputed site of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya which the Hindu right wing Bharatiya Janata Party was using as its major election manifesto. To counter the intense religious polarisation unleashed due to the Ram mandir movement, the ruling Janata Dal heavily campaigned on implementing the Mandal Commission report, which the BJP alleged was a ploy to undermine Hindu unity. The Mandir-Mandal issue led to numerous riots in many parts of the country and the electorate was polarised on caste and religious lines. With the Janata Dal beginning to fall apart into different splinter groups each supporting a particular caste in a specific state, the Congress (I) managed to make the most of the polarisation, by getting the most seats and forming a minority government.2019-04-06 History Revisited: How political parties fared in 1991 Lok Sabha election https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/history-revisited-how-political-parties-fared-in-1991-lok-sabha-election-2193229.html 2020-09-06 Zee News en 27 October 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201027162506/https://zeenews.india.com/lok-sabha-general-elections-2019/history-revisited-how-political-parties-fared-in-1991-lok-sabha-election-2193229.html live Rajiv Gandhi assassination Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi A day after the first round of polling took place on 20 May, former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated while campaigning for Margatham Chandrasekar in Sriperembudur. The remaining election days were postponed until mid-June and voting finally took place on 12 and 15 June. Since the assassination took place after first phase of polling in 211 of 534 constituencies and the balance constituencies went to polls after the assassination, the 1991 results varied greatly between phases. After the assassination, voter sentiment shifted dramatically, many undecided and regional voters moved toward INC for stability. Congress (I) retained strong regional dominance in parts of India that voted in the first polling phase, and although Rajiv Gandhi's assassination affected public sentiment, it did not result in a national seat sweep in later phases,which included major states where BJP and Janata Dal won a large share of seats.The congress party had a strike rate of 38% in the first phase which got bumped up to 45% in phases 2&3. States such as Maharashtra and Karnataka went to polls in Phase 1 and were swept by the INC. Notably Uttar Pradesh and Bihar which mainly polled in the later phases were swept by BJP and JD respectively which shows that there wasn't simply a sympathy wave which caused INC to win. The result was a Congress (I)-led minority government supported by the Janata Dal and led by P. V. Narasimha Rao, who had previously announced his retirement from politics. While Rao had not contested in the election, he contested in a by-election in Nandyal which he won by a record five lakh votes. Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab 76 to 126 people were shot dead during the campaign on 17 June 1991 in two attacks by Khalistani gunmen in Punjab, an area racked by separatist violence since the 1980s. Police reports said the killings, on separate trains, were carried out by Sikh militants.Crossette Barbara 1991-06-17 Party of Gandhi Narrowly Ahead in India Election en-US The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/17/world/party-of-gandhi-narrowly-ahead-in-india-election.html 2020-09-07 0362-4331 22 September 2021 https://web.archive.org/web/20210922213617/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/17/world/party-of-gandhi-narrowly-ahead-in-india-election.html live Similarly, insurgency in Kashmir also saw the mass exodus of Kashmiri Hindus from the Kashmir Valley under threats from Pakistan-sponsored Muslim militants. Due to these insurgencies, no elections were held in Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab, a total of 19 Lok Sabha seats.http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/once-upon-a-poll-tenth-lok-sabha-elections-1991/ Once Upon a Poll: Tenth Lok Sabha Elections (1991) 21 March 2014 The Indian Express 2018-04-07 en-US 7 April 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180407183800/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/once-upon-a-poll-tenth-lok-sabha-elections-1991/ live Elections were held in Punjab on 19 February 1992,Ramesh Vinayak With militant scare and Akali boycott, Punjab elections may be a damp squib https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19920229-with-militant-scare-and-akali-boycott-punjab-elections-may-be-a-damp-squib-765888-2013-06-24 February 29, 1992 September 3, 2013 2020-09-06 India Today en 16 November 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201116144601/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19920229-with-militant-scare-and-akali-boycott-punjab-elections-may-be-a-damp-squib-765888-2013-06-24 live where INC won 12 out of 13 seats,1992 India General Elections Results https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1992-election-results.html 2020-09-06 www.elections.in 21 September 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200921124538/https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1992-election-results.html live thereby taking their tally in the Lok Sabha up from 232 to 244. Results 350px Indian National Congress (Indira) 99799403 232 Bharatiya Janata Party 55345075 120 Janata Dal 32589180 59 Communist Party of India (Marxist) 16954797 35 Janata Party 9267096 5 Telugu Desam Party 8223271 13 Communist Party of India 6851114 14 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 5741910 0 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 4470542 11 Bahujan Samaj Party 4420719 2 Shiv Sena 2208712 4 Revolutionary Socialist Party 1749730 4 Asom Gana Parishad 1489898 1 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha 1481900 6 Janata Dal (Gujarat) 1399702 1 Pattali Makkal Katchi 1283065 0 All India Forward Bloc 1145015 3 Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha 982954 1 Indian Union Muslim League 845418 2 Indian Peoples Front 644891 0 Natun Asom Gana Parishad 494628 0 Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha 490275 0 Doordarshi Party 466869 0 All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen 456900 1 Kerala Congress (M) 384255 1 Jharkhand Party 350699 0 Haryana Vikas Party 331794 1 Nagaland People's Council 328015 1 Bharatiya Republican Paksha 327941 0 Kerala Congress 319933 0 Peasants and Workers Party of India 295402 0 United Minorities Front, Assam 206737 0 Lokdal 173884 0 Marxist Co-ordination Committee 171767 0 United Reservation Movement Council of Assam 170376 0 Manipur Peoples Party 169692 1 Autonomous State Demand Committee 139785 1 Sanjukta Loka Parishad 125738 0 Sikkim Sangram Parishad 106247 1 Republican Party of India (Khobragade) 91557 0 Shiromani Akali Dal (Simaranjit Singh Mann) 88084 0 Plain Tribals Council of Assam 87387 0 Mizo National Front 82019 0 Sarv Jati Janata Parishad 70368 0 Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha 67495 0 Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party 64752 0 Tharasu Makkal Mandram 55165 0 Uttarakhand Kranti Dal 47369 0 Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava) 43085 0 Bharatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh 42504 0 Jan Parishad 37725 0 Republican Party of India 36541 0 Amra Bangali 35186 0 Indian Union Muslim League (IML) 31387 0 Sampooran Kranti Das 29647 0 Akhil Bharatiya Manav Seva Das 28528 0 Uttar Pradesh Republican Party 28379 0 Yuva Vikas Party 28159 0 Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) 27730 0 Jawan Kisan Mazdoor Party 23929 0 Proutist Bloc of India 22734 0 Soshit Samaj Dal 19925 0 Akhil Bharatiya Jansangh 19243 0 Orissa Vikas Parishad 15893 0 Hul Jharkhand Party 15406 0 Socialist Party of India (Lohia) 12928 0 Akhil Bharatiya Hindustani Krantikari Samajwadi Party 12820 0 Dalit Panthers Party 11967 0 Bharatiya Loktantrik Mazdoor Dal 10837 0 Akhil Bharatiya Revolutionary Samaj Dal 8825 0 Akhil Bhartiya Shivsena-Rashtrawadi 8810 0 Asom Jatiyatabadi Dal 8519 0 Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam 8252 0 Asom Jatiya Parishad 8047 0 Socialist Party (Ramakant Pandey) 7104 0 Akhil Bharatiya Pichhadavarg Party 6897 0 All India Dalit Muslim Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh 5888 0 Vidarbha Praja Party 5597 0 Akhil Bharatiya Gram Parishad 5521 0 Akhil Bhartiya Dharmnirpeksh Dal 5436 0 Hindu Swaraj Sangathan 5325 0 Republican Presidium Party of India 4967 0 Surajya Party 4705 0 Sarvodaya Party 4642 0 Janata Dal (Samajwadi) 4548 0 Deseeya Karshaka Party 4508 0 Gondwana Party 3605 0 Azad Hind Fauz (Rajkiya) 3543 0 Samdarshi Party 2921 0 Lok Party 2873 0 Socialist League of India 2852 0 All India Urdu Morcha 2655 0 Akhil Bhartiya Ramrajya Parishad (Vasudev Shastri Atul) 2519 0 All India Kisan Mazdoor Sabha 2311 0 Pondicherry Mannila Makkal Munnani 2259 0 Pandav Dal 2213 0 Internationalist Democratic Party 2078 0 Gomant Lok Party 1983 0 Akhil Bharatiya Desh Bhakt Morcha 1792 0 Workers Party of India 1781 0 Nationalist Party 1768 0 Marx Engles Leninist Commune Health Association 1692 0 Nagaland Peoples Party 1572 0 Adarsh Lok Dal 1544 0 Desh Bhakt Party 1521 0 Akhil Bharatiya Bharat Desham Party 1466 0 Republican Party of India (Kamble) 1300 0 Akhil Bharatiya Janhit Jagrati Party 1245 0 Mukt Bharat 1191 0 Rashtriya Krantikari Dal 1125 0 Sampooran Rashtriya Sena 1040 0 Gramma Munnetra Kazhagam 1030 0 Navbharat Party 787 0 Labour Party of India (V.V. Prasad) 684 0 Thayaga Marumalrchi Kazhagam 665 0 Poorvanchal Rashtriya Congress 605 0 Jammu-Kashmir Panthers Party 587 0 Kannada Paksha 576 0 Akhil Bharatiya Mahila Dal 573 0 Socialist Revolutionary Party 571 0 Lokhit Morcha 532 0 Republican Party of India (Athawale) 521 0 Labour Party (Ashok Bhattacharjee) 434 0 Akhil Bharatiya Loktantra Party 408 0 Cheluva Kannad Nadu 383 0 Azad Party 372 0 Democratic Party of India 359 0 Bharatiya Backward Party 329 0 Hindu Shiv Sena (A.K. Brahmbatt) 325 0 Rashtriya Unnatsheel Das 316 0 Akhil Bharatiya Gram Parishad 314 0 Akhil Bharatiya Loktantric Alpsankhyak Janmorcha 257 0 Sr. Citizens National Party of India 250 0 Socialist Labour League 246 0 M.G.R. Munnetra Kazhagam 228 0 Mahabharat People's Party 225 0 Janata Congress Party of Bharatvarsha 194 0 Akhil Bhartiya Hindu Shakti Dal 193 0 Akhil Bharatiya Socialist Party 166 0 Kannada Desh Party 164 0 Bharatiya Dhruba Labour Party 142 0 Jai Mahakali Nigrani Samiti 138 0 Bhartiya Sangthit Nagrik Party 120 0 Vishal Bharat Party 56 0 Jan Ekata Morcha 34 0 Independents 11441688 1 Nominated Anglo-Indians 2 7493952 498363801 ECI Delayed elections in Punjab Indian National Congress (Indira) 1486289 12 Bahujan Samaj Party 594628 1 Bharatiya Janata Party 497999 0 Communist Party of India (Marxist) 119902 0 Shiromani Akali Dal (Simaranjit Singh Mann) 77970 0 Communist Party of India 47226 0 Janata Dal 39220 0 Janata Party 27966 0 Lokdal 2839 0 Bharatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh 1349 0 Independents 121009 0 139126 13169797 ECI Results by state/union territory State/union territorySeatsINCBJPJDLFOTHAndaman and Nicobar Islands110000Andhra Pradesh422510214Arunachal Pradesh220000Assam1482013Bihar52153196Chandigarh110000Dadra and Nagar Haveli110000Daman and Diu101000Goa220000Gujarat26520001Haryana1090001Himachal Pradesh422000Karnataka28234001Kerala20130034Lakshadweep110000Madhya Pradesh402712001Maharashtra48385014Manipur210001Meghalaya220000Mizoram110000Nagaland100001NCT Delhi725000Odisha21130620Puducherry110000Punjab13120001Rajasthan251312000Sikkim100001Tamil Nadu392800011Tripura220000Uttar Pradesh845512215West Bengal42500370Total534244120595655 Aftermath Congress (I) was in a position to form government. The persons, mentioned in media, as probable prime minister, were:18 June 1991 Rao, Pawar in race for CPP-I leadership https://news.google.ca/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910618&printsec=frontpage&hl=en The Indian Express Madras 2016-03-12 10 May 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170510082015/https://news.google.ca/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910618&printsec=frontpage&hl=en live Former Home, and Foreign minister P. V. Narasimha Rao Chief Minister of Maharashtra Sharad Pawar Former Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh Arjun Singh Former Finance, and Foreign minister N. D. Tiwari15 June 1991 A meeting of hearts https://news.google.ca/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910615&printsec=frontpage&hl=en The Indian Express Madras 2016-03-12 10 May 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20170510080503/https://news.google.ca/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910615&printsec=frontpage&hl=en live At the suggestion of Rajiv's wife Sonia, P. V. Narasimha Rao was chosen as the prime-ministerial candidate of Congress (Indira). Rao, who was by-elected from Nandyal, secured the outside support of the Janata Dal & Jharkhand Mukti Morcha under controversial circumstances. After Lal Bahadur Shastri, Rao was the second Congress Prime Minister from outside the Nehru-Gandhi family and the second Congress Prime Minister to head a minority government that completed full 5-year term (Indira Gandhi also headed a minority government from 1969 to 1971 following the 1969 split of the Congress party into Congress(O) & Congress(R)).How Shukla saved Rao govt in 1992 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/How-Shukla-saved-Rao-govt-in-1992/articleshow/16509278.cms 19 April 2018 The Times of India 20 April 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180420151053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/How-Shukla-saved-Rao-govt-in-1992/articleshow/16509278.cms live See also List of members of the 10th Lok Sabha 1991 Indian general election by state or union territory 1992 Indian general election in Punjab References General General India Category:General elections in India