1917 Jaffa deportation

Expulsion of 10,000 Jewish and Arab residents from Jaffa and Tel Aviv in 1917 Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation 1917 04 06 Jaffa, Tel Aviv, Ottoman Palestine Deportation Ottoman suspicion of Jewish collaboration with the British Ottoman Empire 1,500 10,000 (including 8,000 Jews) Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation was the expulsion on April 6, 1917, of 10,000 people from Jaffa and Tel Aviv by the authorities of the Ottoman Empire in Palestine.When Tel Aviv was a wilderness https://web.archive.org/web/20190624104813/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5032267 2019-06-24 , HaaretzAlroey Gur 2016-09-06 The Expulsion of the Jews from Tel Aviv-Jaffa to the Lower Galilee, 1917-1918 https://orientxxi.info/the-expulsion-of-the-jews-from-tel-aviv-jaffa-to-the-lower-galilee-1917-1918,1456 2021-09-14 Orient XXI en 2021-09-14 https://web.archive.org/web/20210914003403/https://orientxxi.info/the-expulsion-of-the-jews-from-tel-aviv-jaffa-to-the-lower-galilee-1917-1918,1456 live The evicted civilians were not allowed to carry off their belongings, and the deportation was accompanied by severe violence, starvation, theft, persecution and abuse.May 4, 1917 THREATENS MASSACRE OF JEWS IN PALESTINE; Turkish Governor Said to Have Declared for Slaughter Like That in Armenia. 7 New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1917/05/04/archives/threatens-massacre-of-jews-in-palestine-turkish-governor-said-to.htmlMay 8, 1917 CRUEL TO PALESTINE JEWS.; Turks Loot and Slay Victims Deported as a "Military Measure." 4 New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1917/05/08/archives/cruel-to-palestine-jews-turks-loot-and-slay-victims-deported-as-a.htmlMay 19, 1917 TURKS KILLING JEWS WHO RESIST PILLAGE; Washington Gets Confirmation of Reports of Atrocities in Palestine. 7 New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1917/05/20/archives/turks-killing-jews-who-resist-pillage-washington-gets-confirmation.htmlJune 3, 1917 CRUELTIES TO JEWS DEPORTED IN JAFFA; Alexandria Consul Says They Were Robbed, Assaulted, and Some Were Slain. POPULATION WAS STARVED Tale That Same Fate Awaits All Jews In Palestine--Djemal Pasha Blamed. Section E, page 23 New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/1917/06/03/archives/cruelties-to-jews-deported-in-jaffa-alexandria-consul-says-they.html#:~:text=1-,CRUELTIES%20TO%20JEWS%20DEPORTED%20IN%20JAFFA%3B%20Alexandria%20Consul%20Says%20They,Palestine%2D%2DDjemal%20Pasha%20Blamed.The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide https://www.routledge.com/The-Banality-of-Indifference-Zionism-and-the-Armenian-Genocide/Auron/p/book/9780765808813 2023-11-09 Routledge & CRC Press 82–83 en It is thought that about 1,500 of the evicted people died as a result of the deportation.1917: Ottoman Authority Orders Jews to Evacuate Tel Aviv en Haaretz https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2014-04-06/ty-article/1917-jews-expelled-from-tel-aviv/0000017f-e1e1-df7c-a5ff-e3fbc46a0000?v=1699568644948 2023-11-09 Shortly after the deportation, the Muslims affected were able to return to their homes, but the Jewish population was not able to return until the summer of 1918. Prior events thumb|upright|Djemal Pasha ordered the expulsion In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers. Many people who were citizens of opposing Allied countries lived in Palestine, and its Turkish officials considered them a threat to military security.Abramson Glenda The 1914 deportation of the Jaffa Jews: 'a little footnote of war'? Israel Affairs Informa UK Limited 28 5 2022-08-19 1353-7121 10.1080/13537121.2022.2112388 706–723 251708940 free Shortly after entering the war, the Ottomans abolished the Capitulations which allowed foreigners to live within the empire without taking citizenship. The Ottoman governor made public statements against various foreign citizens throughout the empire considered to be potential spies. In December they expelled up to 6,000 Russian citizens who resided in Jaffa (all were Jewish).Mary McCune The Whole Wide World, Without Limits: International relief, gender politics, and American Jewish women, 1893–1930 https://books.google.com/books?id=UpiESIwzpjwC&pg=PA46 November 26, 2010 July 2005 Wayne State University Press 978-0-8143-3229-0 46 May 13, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20200513202751/https://books.google.com/books?id=UpiESIwzpjwC&pg=PA46 live They were resettled in Alexandria, Egypt.Jonathan R. Adelman The Rise of Israel: A history of a revolutionary state https://books.google.com/books?id=NNF7GPdO8zQC&pg=PA58 November 26, 2010 2008 Routledge 978-0-415-77510-6 58–59 May 2, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20140502005051/http://books.google.com/books?id=NNF7GPdO8zQC&pg=PA58 live The Ottoman Empire issued forcible draft of its population into the army, demanding non-citizens (including Jews) to either take Ottoman citizenship before 15 May 1915 or be expelled from the region. Following the devastating effect of the Lebanese famine, situation worsened.https://www.jpost.com/features/in-thespotlight/israeli-history-photo-of-the-week-the-locusts-of-1915 Israeli history photo of the week: The locusts of 1915 The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 5 January 2012 2020-10-26 2020-10-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20201029135727/https://www.jpost.com/features/in-thespotlight/israeli-history-photo-of-the-week-the-locusts-of-1915 live Aaron Aaronsohn described the situation, "Meanwhile, people are literally starving. Horrified sights have seen our eyes: old women and children wandering, hunger and nightmare-madness in their dying eyes, no food falling under them and dying." An unnamed eyewitness stated, "Even wealthy people in Jerusalem are becoming recipients (of alms) and even courting the remaining."מרדכי בן הלל הכהן, "גיוס בני הארץ לצבא הטורקי", בתוך: במצור ובמצוק, עורך: מ. אליאב, ירושלים, 1991, עמ' 444 The evacuations thumb|Graves of unknown victims of the Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation By January 1917, British forces had crossed the Sinai Desert and were about to invade Palestine, which alarmed the Turkish authorities. The Ottoman Empire began to become skeptical of the residents in the region, mostly Jews, as the Ottomans disdained them for alleged collaboration with the British following the discovery of the Nili spy ring. At the start of March, all the inhabitants of Gaza were expelled, a town of 35,000–40,000 people, mostly Arabs. Doton Halevy The rear side of the front: Gaza and its people in World War I Journal of Levantine Studies 5 1 2015 35–57 They had 48 hours to leave "even if crawling on their knees". Many of the men were conscripted and the rest scattered around Palestine and Syria, first to nearby villages and then further afield as those villages were also evacuated. Death from exposure or starvation was widespread. Gaza did not recover its pre-war population until the 1940s. On 28 March 1917, Djemal Pasha ordered the evacuation of the inhabitants of Jaffa. Gur Alroey גולים באתם? פרשת מגורשי תל־אביב ויפו בגליל התחתון, 1918-1917 (Exiles in their country? The Case of the Deportees of Tel Aviv and Jaffa in the Lower Galilee, 1917–1918) Cathedra 2006 120 135–160 http://www.ybz.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/Article_120.6.pdf 2020-10-26 2020-10-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20201029113633/http://www.ybz.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/Article_120.6.pdf live They could go wherever they liked except Jerusalem or Haifa. Farmers with crops in their fields, the workers of the winery in Rishon LeZion, and the teachers and students of the Mikveh Israel school and the Latrun estate were excluded. Djemal Pasha, who was in charge of the Greater Syrian Theatre of the war, was forced to provide explanations.Hasson, Nir Haaretz https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2016-12-25/ty-article/.premium/the-1917-expulsion-of-tel-avivs-jews-seen-through-turkish-eyes/0000017f-f96e-d7c0-afff-fd6e6efc0000 The 1917 Expulsion of Tel Aviv's Jews, Seen Through Turkish Eyes December 25, 2016 December 24, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20161224173739/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.760932 live Isaiah Friedman holds that the treatment of Jews was worse than for non-Jews, because Djemal Pasha was against the Zionist project in Palestine.Friedman Isaiah German Intervention on Behalf of the Yishuv, 1917 Jewish Social Studies Indiana University Press 33 1 1971 0021-6704 1527-2028 4466625 23–43 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4466625 2023-02-19 Sheffy regards that it is more reflective of cultural and behavioral differences: the Arabs had no central organization, and with their experience of how government decrees were enforced, just remained nearby until the storm had passed, whereas the Jews obeyed the evacuation decree as a group. Yigal Sheffy ?גירוש יהודי תל אביב 1917: התעמרות פוליטית או כורח צבאי (Deportation of the Jews of Tel Aviv 1917: Political abuse or military necessity?) Fighting at the entrances of Jaffa and the Yarkon victory : 8th Annual conference of the WW1 Heritage Association in Israel 2009 22–30 In any case, when New Zealand troops entered Jaffa in November 1917, only an estimated 8,000 of the previous population of 40,000 was present. Jewish population Response thumb|The procession to return the exiled Torah scrolls back to Tel Aviv and Jaffa in 1918. The Jews of Jaffa and Tel Aviv organized a migration committee, headed by Meir Dizengoff and Rabbi Menachem Itzhak Kelioner. The committee arranged the transportation of the Jewish deportees to safety, with the assistance of Jews from the Galilee, who arrived in Tel Aviv with carts. The exiles were driven to Jerusalem, to cities in central Palestine (such as Petah Tikva and Kfar Saba) and to the north of Palestine, where they were scattered among the different Jewish settlements in the Lower Galilee, in Zichron Yaacov, Tiberias, and Safed. Up to 16,000 deportees were evacuated from Tel Aviv, which was left with almost no residents.https://www.ihgjlm.com/a-beginning-expulsion-of-jews-from-tel-aviv-by-the-turks-in-1917/ A Beginning Expulsion of Jews from Tel Aviv by the Turks in 1917 | Institute on the Holocaust & Genocide in Jerusalem 2021-07-10 2021-07-10 https://web.archive.org/web/20210710235901/https://www.ihgjlm.com/a-beginning-expulsion-of-jews-from-tel-aviv-by-the-turks-in-1917/ live The homes and property of the Jews of Jaffa and Tel Aviv were kept in the possession of the Ottoman authorities, and they were guarded by a handful of Jewish guards. Djemal Pasha also released two Jewish doctors to join the deportees. Nonetheless, many deportees had perished during the harsh winter of 1917–1918 from hunger and contagious diseases due to negligence by the Ottoman authorities: 224 deportees are buried in Kfar Saba, 15 in Haifa, 321 in Tiberias, 104 in Safed, and 75 in Damascus.Nadav Shragai September 12, 2007 he:מדוע לא מנציחה עיריית תל אביב את נספי גירוש 1917? he Why doesn't the municipality commemorate the deportation victims of 1917? Haaretz https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1.1441554 August 14, 2014 October 28, 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20201028204745/http://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1.1441554 live Destination Many Jewish deportees ended up in Zichron Yaacov, Hadera, Petah Tikva and Kfar Saba, with few choosing to go to Jerusalem despite being forbidden by the Ottoman authorities. Sympathizing with the situation, some members of the population decided to provide needed medical and financial support. But when winter 1917–1918 arrived, the situation worsened for many deportees and many died by hunger, famine, starvation and maltreatment, as several Yishuvs didn't receive them and thought they could be Ottoman spies.Dan Bar-El Zalman Greenberg חולי וכולרה בטבריה במלחמת העולם הראשונה Deterioration of condition had prompted many Jews to flee and several of them had migrated to Egypt, or Europe and the United States. זה את הפרק "היישוב הישן וההתיישבות החדשה" בתוך יהושע קניאל, המשך ותמורה: היישוב הישן והיישוב החדש בתקופת העלייה הראשונה והשנייה, עמודים 102 – 128 Aftermath and memorials right Tel Aviv Refugees Kinneret.JPG 200 Gravestones of the deportees in Kinneret cemetery. Cemetery gerush yaffo sign big.jpg 200 The sign placed in the victims' compound of the Tel Aviv deportation in Kfar Saba. The deportation and subsequent deaths of so many Jewish deportees were not properly documented. After Shragai's address, the Kfar Saba City Council voted to change the name "Pilots Street" in the city to "Tel Aviv-Jaffa" Street in October 2009 to commemorate the victims of the deportation. The Tel Aviv Founders' Families Association has been working for years with a burial society to establish a gilad in the Trumpeldor Cemetery in Tel Aviv in memory of those who perished among the deportees from Tel Aviv.http://ifp-08.ifp.uiuc.edu/public/wikipedia/he/20150325.txt Archived copy 2020-10-26 2020-10-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20201029112339/http://ifp-08.ifp.uiuc.edu/public/wikipedia/he/20150325.txt live In literature Deborah Barun's book, "The Exiles", published in 1970 after her death, centered around the deportation.http://www.itamar-books.co.il/?mode=nl&n=79 חנות הספרים של איתמר 2020-10-26 2021-05-16 https://web.archive.org/web/20210516165639/http://www.itamar-books.co.il/?mode=nl&n=79 live Two of Nahum Guttman's books mentioned the deportation, both when it began and after the deportation.https://www.kinbooks.co.il/eir-qtnh-vanwim-bh-met.html עיר קטנה ואנשים בה מעט - נחום גוטמן 2020-10-26 2020-10-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20201029214218/https://www.kinbooks.co.il/eir-qtnh-vanwim-bh-met.html dead https://www.gutmanmuseum.co.il/shop/books/%d7%a9%d7%91%d7%99%d7%9c-%d7%a7%d7%9c%d7%99%d7%a4%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%aa%d7%a4%d7%95%d7%96%d7%99%d7%9d/ שביל קליפות התפוזים 2021-07-10 2021-07-10 https://web.archive.org/web/20210710235903/https://www.gutmanmuseum.co.il/shop/books/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C-%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D/ live Israeli writer Yosef Chaim Brenner, who was deported and survived, wrote "The Origin" about the deportation which he experienced.http://benyehuda.org/brenner/motza.html The origin 2020-10-26 2018-01-28 https://web.archive.org/web/20180128164701/http://benyehuda.org/brenner/motza.html live See also Nili Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934) Aliyah and Yishuv during World War I References External links A tale of two cities and one telegram: The Ottoman military regime and the population of Greater Syria during WWI (BJMES 2018) Yuval Ben-Bassat and Dotan Halevy https://tlv100.haaretz.com/news.asp?p=497 When Tel Aviv was a wilderness Tom Segev Tom Segev October 5, 2009 Haaretz August 14, 2014 May 23, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090523225936/http://tlv100.haaretz.com/news.asp?p=497 dead Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation on the Tel Aviv municipality website https://web.archive.org/web/20110721144157/http://tel-aviv.millenium.org.il/NR/exeres/8880BD2A-A3BA-442A-82E4-54A1008DD492,frameless.htm 2011-07-21 he Category:Anti-Zionism in Ottoman Palestine Category:Antisemitism in the Middle East Category:Military history of Tel Aviv Category:Yishuv during World War I Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia Category:Persecution in the Ottoman Empire Category:Ottoman war crimes in World War I Category:Expulsions of Jews Category:Death marches Category:Jewish refugees in the Middle East Category:Military history of Jaffa Category:Gaza City in World War I