1968 in science

none thumb | right 1968 science 1968 The year 1968 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy Thomas Gold explains the recently discovered radio pulsars as rapidly rotating neutron stars; subsequent observations confirm the suggestion.Nature 218 pp. 731–732. Computer science April – First book printed completely using electronic composition, the United States edition of Andrew Garve's thriller The Long Short Cut.Altbach Philip Gabriel Hoshino Edith S. International Book Publishing: An Encyclopedia https://books.google.com/books?id=xuWEc20g0-cC&pg=PA65 1995 Garland Publishing 978-0-8153-0786-0 65Kane Joseph Nathan 1997 Famous First Facts: A Record of First Happenings, Discoveries, and Inventions in American History 5th The H.W. Wilson Company 978-0-8242-0930-8 67 registration https://archive.org/details/famousfirstfacts00kane_0/page/67 July 18 – The semiconductor chip company Intel is founded by Gordon E. Moore and Robert Noyce in Mountain View, California. December 9 – In what becomes retrospectively known as "The Mother of All Demos", Douglas Engelbart of Stanford Research Institute's Augmentation Research Center demonstrates for the first time the computer mouse, the video conference, teleconferencing, hypertext, word processing, hypermedia, object addressing, the dynamic linker and a collaborative real-time editor using NLS.https://www.dougengelbart.org/pubs/augment-3954.html A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect W. K. English Bill English (computer engineer) D. C. Engelbart AFIPS Conference Proceedings of the 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference San Francisco 1968-12-09 33 395–410 Augment 3954https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/12/dayintech_1209 Dec. 9, 1968: The Mother of All Demos Tweney Dylan 2008-09-12 Wired News 2011-01-24https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/11/engelbart_celebration/ The Mother of All Demos — 150 years ahead of its time Metz Cade 2008-12-11 The Register 2011-01-24 Mathematics Beniamino Segre describes a version of the tennis ball theorem.Segre Beniamino Rendiconti di Matematica 0243466 237–297 Alcune proprietà differenziali in grande delle curve chiuse sghembe 1 1968 Medicine January 2 – Dr. Christiaan Barnard performs the second successful human heart transplant, in South Africa, on Philip Blaiberg, who survives for nineteen months. May 25 – A human heart transplant performed at the Medical College of Virginia leads to a 4-year legal case, Tucker v. Lower, over the definition of brain death."A Statutory Definition of the Standards for Determining Human Death", by Alexander M. Capron and Leon R. Kass, in Biomedical Ethics and the Law, ed. by James M. Humber (Springer, 2013) p. 567. November – Outbreak of acute gastroenteritis among schoolchildren in Norwalk, Ohio, caused by "Norwalk agent", the first identified norovirus. Publication of a Harvard committee report on irreversible coma establishes a paradigm for defining brain death.A definition of irreversible coma: report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to examine the definition of brain death Journal of the American Medical Association http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/205/6/337.short 205 1968 337–340 6 10.1001/jama.205.6.337 5694976 subscriptionCalixto Machado The first organ transplant from a brain-dead donor Neurology 2005 64 1938–42 11 10.1212/01.wnl.0000163515.09793.cb 15955947 11058683 France becomes the first European country to adopt brain death as a legal definition (or indicator) of death. Doctors perform the first successful bone marrow transplant, to treat severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). DiGeorge syndrome is first described by pediatric endocrinologist Angelo DiGeorge.DiGeorge A. M. Congenital absence of the thymus and its immunologic consequences: concurrence with congenital hypoparathyroidism IV 1 White Plains, NY March of Dimes-Birth Defects Foundation 1968 116–2110.2459/01.JCM.0000203848.90267.3e Angelo Sarkozy Restivo Anna Digilio Maria Cristina Dallapiccola 16645366 Bruno Marino Bruno 22q11 Deletion syndrome: a review of some developmental biology aspects of the cardiovascular system Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 7 2 77–85 2006 25905258 http://www.jcardiovascularmedicine.com/pt/re/jcm/abstract.01244665-200602000-00001.htm;jsessionid=K0GCjVnhWKskr2CxfrkZQlw2zDpw9lQTLJzcrSJFmNlGp7L8vQdK!713060492!181195629!8091!-1 subscription Physics Georges Charpak develops the multiwire proportional chamber for particle detection at CERN.1968: Georges Charpak revolutionizes detection http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/History68-en.html CERN 2008 2011-02-28 2013-02-10 https://web.archive.org/web/20130210142747/http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/History68-en.html dead Psychology John Darley and Bibb Latané demonstrate the bystander effect.Darley J. M. amp Latané B. 1968 Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 8 4, Pt.1 377–383 10.1037/h0025589 5645600 http://www.wadsworth.com/psychology_d/templates/student_resources/0155060678_rathus/ps/ps19.html 2011-02-27 https://web.archive.org/web/20130507023426/http://www.wadsworth.com/psychology_d/templates/student_resources/0155060678_rathus/ps/ps19.html 2013-05-07 dead subscription Walter Mischel publishes Personality and Assessment. Robotics January – Miomir Vukobratović proposes Zero Moment Point, a theoretical model to explain biped locomotion. Space exploration September 15–22 – Zond program: Soviet spacecraft Zond 5 becomes the first vehicle to circle the Moon (September 18) and return to splashdown on Earth. It also carries the first living organisms to circle the Moon, including two Russian tortoises, Piophila, mealworms, plants and bacteria. October 11 – Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 7, the first crewed Apollo mission, with astronauts Wally Schirra, Donn Fulton Eisele and R. Walter Cunningham aboard. Goals for the mission include the first live television broadcast from orbit and testing the lunar module docking maneuver. December 24 – Apollo 8 enters Moon orbit. Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and William A. Anders are the first humans to see the far side of the Moon and planet Earth as a whole. Anders photographs Earthrise. Technology May 23 – For the first time, an enemy aircraft is successfully shot down by a ship-launched surface-to-air missile, a RIM-8 Talos missile fired from U.S. Navy guided-missile cruiser Long Beach CGN-9 65 nautical miles (almost 75 miles or 120 kilometers) from its target (Vietnam War), the outcome of Operation Bumblebee begun during World War II.Friedman, Norman. "The Navy's Ramjet Missile". Naval History. June 2014 p. 11.Phillip R. Hays http://www.okieboat.com/Talos%20history.html History of the Talos Missile 2017 2025-08-11 2013-06-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20130622194123/http://www.okieboat.com/Talos%20history.html dead. June 6 – Roy Jacuzzi is granted a patent for the Jacuzzi whirlpool hot tub in the United States.US 3297025 1967-01-10 Hydrotherapy tub Jacuzzi Bros. Inc. Jacuzzi Candido. Events April 4 – United States theatrical release of Stanley Kubrick's film 2001: A Space Odyssey, based on a story by Arthur C. Clarke. Publications James D. Watson – The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA. Awards Nobel Prizes Physics – Luis Alvarez Chemistry – Lars Onsager Medicine – Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg Turing Award – Richard Hamming Births January 11 – Benjamin List, German organic chemist, recipient of 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry March 3 – Brian Cox, English physicist and science communicator, previously rock keyboardist March 9 – Maggie Aderin-Pocock, English space scientist and science educator March 16 – David MacMillan, Scottish-born organic chemist, recipient of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry June 30 – Samantha Tross, Guyanese-born British orthopedic surgeon September 30 – Bennet Omalu, Nigerian physician, forensic pathologist and neuropathologist December 11 – Emmanuelle Charpentier, French biochemist, recipient of 2020 Nobel Prize in ChemistryThe Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2020/charpentier/facts/ NobelPrize.org 2020-10-07 Deaths January 6 – Xu Shunshou (born 1917), Chinese aeronautical engineer. February 1 – Jacob van der Hoeden (born 1891), Dutch-Israeli veterinary scientist February 21 – Howard Florey (born 1898), Australian pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine February 22 – May Smith (born 1879), English experimental psychologist. March 27 – Yuri Gagarin (born 1934), Russian cosmonaut, the first man in space. April 1 – Lev Davidovich Landau (born 1908), Russian physicist. June 21 – Constance Georgina Tardrew (born 1883), South African botanist.Rall Maureen Petticoat Pioneers: The History of the Pioneer Women who Lived on the Diamond Fields in the Early Years Kimberley, South Africa Kimberley Africana Library 2002 117 978-0-62027-613-9 July 22 – Muthulakshmi Reddi (born 1886), Indian physician and social reformer. July 28 – Otto Hahn (born 1879), German chemist, recipient of 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. October 27 – Lise Meitner (born 1878), German physicist, discoverer in 1939, with Otto Hahn, of nuclear fission.Bailey Ogilvie Marilyn Harvey Joy The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z London Routledge 2000 978-0-41592-040-7 877 November 8 – Chika Kuroda (born 1884), Japanese chemist.Chika Kuroda--日本初の女性化学者 References Category:20th century in science Category:1960s in science