1933 in science

none 1933 science 1933 The year 1933 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy April – American radio engineer Karl Jansky of Bell Labs announces his discovery of a source of radio waves at the centre of Sagittarius (constellation), opening the field of radio astronomy.Hirshfeld Alan Karl Jansky and the Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves https://aas.org/posts/news/2018/07/month-astronomical-history-1 American Astronomical Society 2021-09-21 2018 2021-09-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20210929185905/https://aas.org/posts/news/2018/07/month-astronomical-history-1 liveJansky Karl October 1933 Electrical disturbances apparently of extraterrestrial origin Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 21 10 1387 10.1109/JRPROC.1933.227458 1933PIRE...21.1387J October 13 – The British Interplanetary Society is founded. Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky invent the concept of the neutron star, a new type of celestial object, suggesting that supernovae might be created by the collapse of a normal star to form a neutron star. Sir Arthur Eddington publishes The Expanding Universe: Astronomy's 'Great Debate', 1900–1931 in Cambridge. Comedian Will Hay observes the periodic Great White Spot on Saturn from his private observatory in London.http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr//full/seri/MNRAS/0094//0000085.000.html The spot on Saturn Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society London 94 1933 85 Hay W. T. 2017-05-11 1933MNRAS..94...85H 10.1093/mnras/94.1.85 free Fritz Zwicky postulates the existence of dark matter.Zwicky F. 1933AcHPh...6..110Z Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln 1933 Helvetica Physica Acta 6 110–127 Chemistry Gilbert N. Lewis isolates the first sample of pure heavy water by electrolysis.Lewis G. N. The Isotopes of Hydrogen Journal of the American Chemical Society 1933 55 1297 10.1021/ja01330a511 3 Morris S. Kharasch and Frank R. Mayo propose that free radicals are responsible for anti-Markovnikov addition of hydrogen bromide to allyl bromide.The Peroxide Effect in the Addition of Reagents to Unsaturated Compounds. I. The Addition of Hydrogen Bromide to Allyl Bromide Kharasch, M. S. Mayo, Frank R. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1933 55 6 2468–2496 10.1021/ja01333a041Radicals: Reactive Intermediates with Translational Potential Yan, Ming Lo, Julian C. Edwards, Jacob T. Baran, Phil S. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2016 138 39 12692–12714 10.1021/jacs.6b08856 5054485 27631602 Earth sciences March 10 – Long Beach earthquake in Southern California: First recording of earthquake strong ground motions by an accelerograph network, installed in 1932 by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Mathematics Andrey Kolmogorov publishes Foundations of the Theory of Probability, laying the modern axiomatic foundations of probability theory.Tony Crilly 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know London Quercus 2007 978-1-84724-008-8 125 David Champernowne, while still a Cambridge undergraduate, publishes his work on the Champernowne constant in real numbers.D. G. Champernowne The construction of decimals normal in the scale of ten Journal of the London Mathematical Society 8 4 1933 254–260 10.1112/jlms/s1-8.4.254Professor David Champernowne https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/1353993/Professor-David-Champernowne.html The Daily Telegraph London 4 September 2000 2011-12-02. Alfréd Haar introduces Haar measure.Alfred Haar Der Massbegriff in der Theorie der kontinuierlichen Gruppen Annals of Mathematics 34 2 1 January 1933 147–169 1968346 10.2307/1968346 Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson publish the Neyman–Pearson lemma.Neyman Jerzy Pearson Egon S. 10.1098/rsta.1933.0009 On the Problem of the Most Efficient Tests of Statistical Hypotheses Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 231 694–706 289–337 1933 91247 1933RSPTA.231..289N free Stanley Skewes discovers Skewes' number.S. Skewes On the difference π(x) − Li(x) Journal of the London Mathematical Society 8 1933 277–283 http://www.ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mwolf/Skewes1933.pdf 2011-12-02 10.1112/jlms/s1-8.4.277 https://web.archive.org/web/20111001130128/http://www.ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mwolf/Skewes1933.pdf 2011-10-01 dead Pharmacology Late – Amphetamine is first presented as a pharmaceutical product when Smith, Kline and French in the United States begin selling it as an inhaler under the brand name Benzedrine as a decongestant.Rasmussen N. Making the first anti-depressant: amphetamine in American medicine, 1929–1950 Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 61 3 288–323 July 2006 16492800 10.1093/jhmas/jrj039 24974454 1959.4/43848 free Physics September 12 – Leó Szilárd, waiting for a red light on Southampton Row in Bloomsbury (London), conceives the idea of the nuclear chain reaction. November 28 – Robert J. Van de Graaff conducts the first public demonstration of the Round Hill generatorMan Hurls Bolt of 7,000,000 Volts The New York Times November 29, 1933 https://www.nytimes.com/1933/11/29/archives/man-hurls-bolt-of-7000000-volts-direct-current-lightning-is.html 14 18 May 2025 Physiology and medicine April 3 – First attempted human kidney transplant, by Dr Yuri Voronoy in the Soviet city of Kherson; the recipient dies 2 days later due to incompatibility of blood type with the (cadaveric) donor.History of nephrology: Ukrainian aspects 10.1038/ki.2011.363 81 2012 Kidney International 118 Khadzhynov Dmytro Peters Harm freeSurgeon Yurii Voronoy (1895–1961) – a pioneer in the history of clinical transplantation: in Memoriam at the 75th Anniversary of the First Human Kidney Transplantation Matevossian, Edouard etal Transplant International 0934-0874 European Society for Organ Transplantation 2009 1132–1139 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.00986.x 22 12 19874569 12087935 Klein, Andrew etal Organ Transplantation: A Clinical Guide Cambridge University Press 2011 2Humar, Abhinav etal Atlas of Organ Transplantation Springer 2009 1 July 8 – English researchers Wilson Smith, Christopher Andrewes and Patrick Laidlaw report isolating a human influenza A virus and its transferability to ferrets.Smith, Wilson; Andrewes, C. H.; Laidlaw, P. P. 1933 A virus obtained from influenza patients The Lancet 2 5732 66–68 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)78541-2 free July 14 – Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring enacted in Nazi GermanyComing into force January 1934. IBM and the Holocaust Edwin Black Edwin Black 2001 Crown / Random House 93 IBM and the Holocaust allowing compulsory sterilization of citizens suffering from a list of alleged genetic disorders. Manfred Sakel begins to practice insulin shock therapy on psychiatric patients in Vienna.Wortis J. In Memoriam Manfred Sakel American Journal of Psychiatry 115 1958 287–8 10.1176/ajp.115.3.287 Technology March 7 – The hydraulic torque converter is patented by Alf Lysholm.https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/020423918/publication/US1900118A?q=pn%3DUS1900118A US1900118A Hydraulic variable speed power transmission Espacenet 1933-03-07 2023-10-13 June – A research group at RCA headed by Vladimir K. Zworykin publicly launches the iconoscope, the first practical cathode-ray tube television camera.Lawrence Williams L. Human-like eye made by engineers to televise images. 'Iconoscope' converts scenes into electrical energy for radio transmission. Fast as a movie camera. Three million tiny photo cells 'memorize', then pass out pictures. Step to home television. Developed in ten years' work by Dr. V.K. Zworykin, who describes it at Chicago https://books.google.com/books?id=OlXsZdT8HUQC The New York Times 27 June 1933 9780824077822 The Iconoscope, America's latest television favourite Zworykin V. K. Wireless World 33 197 https://books.google.com/books?id=OlXsZdT8HUQC September 1933 9780824077822Television with cathode ray tubes Zworykin V. K. Journal of the IEE 73 437–451 https://books.google.com/books?id=OlXsZdT8HUQC Institution of Electrical Engineers October 1933 9780824077822The History of Television, 1942 to 2000 Abramson Albert McFarland 2003 978-0-7864-1220-4 18 https://books.google.com/books?id=JMTnTBmt7F0C June 26 – American Totalisator unveils its first tote board, the electronic pari-mutuel betting machine, at the Arlington Park race track near Chicago. Organizations Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) first opens to the public, as part of the Century of Progress Exposition. The Institute for Advanced Study opens at Princeton, New Jersey, attracting Albert Einstein, John von Neumann and Kurt Gödel. Sheffield Trades Historical Society (later South Yorkshire Industrial History Society) established in England. Awards Nobel Prizes Physics – Erwin Schrödinger and Paul Dirac Chemistry – not awarded Physiology or Medicine – Thomas Hunt Morgan Births January 6 – Oleg Makarov (died 2003), Soviet cosmonaut. January 18 – David Bellamy (died 2019), English botanist. March 9 – Sir David Weatherall (died 2018), English molecular geneticist. March 10 – Patricia Bergquist (died 2009), New Zealand scientist specializing in anatomy and taxonomy. March 23 – Philip Zimbardo, American social psychologist. April 1 – Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, French physicist and Nobel laureate April 14 – Yuri Oganessian, Russian nuclear physicist. April 26 – Arno Allan Penzias (died 2024), German-born American physicist and radio astronomer. May 22 – Chen Jingrun (died 1996), Chinese mathematician. July 9 – Oliver Sacks (died 2015), English-born neurologist. July 12 – Max Birnstiel (died 2014), Swiss molecular biologist. July 15 – John Hopfield, American neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics. August 10 – Ed Posner (died 1993), American mathematician. August 15 Stanley Milgram (died 1984), American social psychologist. Michael Rutter (died 2021) English child psychiatrist. September 6 – Juliet Clutton-Brock (died 2015), English zooarchaeologist. September 10 – Yevgeny Khrunov (died 2000), Soviet cosmonaut. September 26 – Charles C. Conley (died 1984), American mathematician specializing in dynamical systems. October 2 – Sir John Gurdon (died 2025), English developmental biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. October 9 – Sir Peter Mansfield (died 2017), English physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. November 1 – Dijen K. Ray-Chaudhuri, Bengali-born mathematician. November 4 – Sir Charles K. Kao (died 2018), Chinese electrical engineer and physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics. November 14 – Akira Endo (died 2024), Japanese biochemist.https://www.akita-abs.co.jp/nnn//news936r22ziz9q0fio89n.html 【訃報】由利本荘市出身 遠藤章さん５日に死去 2024-06-12 2024-06-22 https://web.archive.org/web/20240622142651/https://www.akita-abs.co.jp/nnn//news936r22ziz9q0fio89n.html dead December 22 – Thomas Stockham (died 2004), American electrical engineer and inventor December 23 – Akihito, ichthyologist and Emperor of Japan. Deaths January 14 – Sir Robert Jones, 1st Baronet (born 1857), Welsh orthopaedic surgeon. May 22 – Sándor Ferenczi (born 1873), Hungarian psychoanalyst. June 14 – Ernest William Moir (born 1862), British civil engineer. September 25 – Paul Ehrenfest (born 1880), Austrian physicist and mathematician. October 29 Albert Calmette (born 1863), French physician, bacteriologist and immunologist. Paul Painlevé (born 1863), mathematician and statesman, 62nd Prime Minister of France. November 3 – Pierre Paul Émile Roux (born 1853), French physician, bacteriologist and immunologist. December 8 – John Joly (born 1857), Irish physicist. References Category:20th century in science Category:1930s in science