1952 in science

none 1952 science 1952 The year 1952 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Biology August 1 – Around 9 o'clock AM Pacific Time Zone, the San Benedicto rock wren goes extinct as its island home is smothered in a massive volcanic eruption. August 14 – Alan Turing's paper "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis" is published, putting forward a reaction–diffusion hypothesis of pattern formation,Turing A. M. The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 237 641 14 August 1952 37–72 92463 10.1098/rstb.1952.0012 1952RSPTB.237...37T free Submitted November 1951. considered a seminal piece of work in morphogenesis.Control Mechanism For Biological Pattern Formation Decoded ScienceDaily 30 November 2006http://www.swintons.net/deodands/archives/000087.html Turing's Last, Lost Work Swintons 28 November 2011 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20030823032620/http://www.swintons.net/deodands/archives/000087.html 23 August 2003 () August 28 – Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley publish the Hodgkin–Huxley model of action potentials in neurons of the squid giant axon.Hodgkin A. L. Huxley A. F. 1952 A Quantitative Description of Membrane Current and its Application to Conduction and Excitation in Nerve The Journal of Physiology 117 500–544 12991237 1392413 4 10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004764 September 20 – Publication of the paper on the Hershey–Chase experiment showing conclusively that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material of bacteriophages.Hershey A. D. Martha Chase Independent Functions of Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid in Growth of Bacteriophage The Journal of General Physiology 36 1 39–56 1952 10.1085/jgp.36.1.39 12981234 2147348 October – Danish virologist Preben von Magnus publishes his observation of the von Magnus phenomenon producing defective interfering particles.Gard S. von Magnus P. Svedmyr A. Birch-Andersen A. Studies on the sedimentation of influenza virus Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung 1952 4 5 591–611 10.1007/BF01242026 14953289 21838623 Biochemists Jack Gross and Rosalind Pitt-Rivers discover the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine.Gross J. Pitt-Rivers R. 1952 The Identification of 3:5:3'-L-Triiodothyronine in Human Plasma The Lancet 259 6705 439–441 10.1016/S0140-6736(52)91952-1 14898765 The Braeburn apple cultivar is discovered as a chance seedling in New Zealand. Last confirmed sighting of the Caribbean monk seal, at Serranilla Bank, between Jamaica and Nicaragua.Rice D Caribbean monk seal (Monachus tropicalis). In Seals. Proceedings of working meeting of seal specialists on threatened and depleted seals of the world, held under the auspices of the Survival Service Commission of the IUCN, 18–19 August 1973 Univ. Guelph, IUCN Publ, Suppl. paper Ontario, Canada. Morges, Switzerland Chemistry Soviet scientists L. V. Radushkevich and V. M. Lukyanovich publish images of carbon nanotubes.Радушкевич Л. В. 1952 ru:О Структуре Углерода, Образующегося При Термическом Разложении Окиси Углерода На Железном Контакте Журнал Физической Химии 26 88–95 ru Computer science The first autocode and its compiler are developed by Alick Glennie for the Manchester Mark 1 computer, considered as the first working high-level compiled programming language.Knuth Donald E. Donald Knuth Pardo Luis Trabb Early development of programming languages Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology 7 419–493 History of science Discovery by Derek J. de Solla Price of a lost medieval scientific work entitled Equatorie of the Planetis, initially attributed to Geoffrey Chaucer. Mathematics John Forbes Nash Jr. produces groundbreaking work in the area of real algebraic geometry.J. F. Nash Real algebraic manifolds Annals of Mathematics 1952 405–21 56 3 0050928 10.2307/1969649 1969649.Proceedings International Congress of Mathematicians Providence American Mathematical Society 1952 2 516–17 The Bradley–Terry model in probability theory is presented. 10.2307/2334029 2334029 Rank Analysis of Incomplete Block Designs: I. The Method of Paired Comparisons Biometrika 39 3/4 324 1952 Bradley Ralph Allan Terry Milton E. Medicine February 6 – A mechanical heart is used for the first time in a human patient, in the United States.https://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/1952,_The_First_Mechanical_Heart_Pump The First Mechanical Heart Pump GeneralMotors.com 2009-12-29 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110711102803/http://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/1952%2C_The_First_Mechanical_Heart_Pump 2011-07-11 March 1 – The British Psychological Society is founded. April 26 – The link between coeliac disease and the gluten element of wheat is published by a team at the University of Birmingham (England).Anderson, Charlotte M.; French, J. M.; Sammons, H. G.; Frazer, A. C.; Gerrard, J. W.; Smellie, J. M. Cœliac disease: gastro-intestinal studies and the effect of dietary wheat flour The Lancet 259 6713 836–42 1952-04-26 14918439 10.1016/S0140-6736(52)90795-2 September 2 – The first successful operation to correct a cardiac shunt ("hole in the heart") is performed by Drs F. John Lewis and C. Walton Lillehei on a 5-year-old girl in the United States utilising the induced hypothermia technique developed by Wilfred Gordon "Bill" Bigelow. November – Royal College of General Practitioners established in the United Kingdom. November 20 – The first successful sex reassignment surgery is performed in Copenhagen, making George Jorgensen Jr. become Christine Jorgensen. December 14 – The first successful surgical separation of conjoined twins is conducted in Mount Sinai Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio. December – Robert Gwyn Macfarlane and colleagues publish the first identification of Haemophilia B.Biggs, R. Douglas, A. S. MacFarlane, R. G. Dacie, J. V. Pitney, W. R. Merskey, C. O'Brien, J. R. Christmas disease: a condition previously mistaken for haemophilia British Medical Journal 2 4799 1378–82 1952 12997790 10.1136/bmj.2.4799.1378 2022306 American obstetrical anesthesiologist Dr. Virginia Apgar devises the Apgar score as a simple replicable method of quickly and summarily assessing the health of babies immediately after childbirth.Apgar Virginia http://apgar.net/virginia/Apgar_Paper.html A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant Current Researches in Anesthesia & Analgesia 1953 32 4 260–267 13083014 2013-12-16 https://web.archive.org/web/20121130123020/http://apgar.net/virginia/Apgar_Paper.html 2012-11-30 dead 10.1213/00000539-195301000-00041 subscriptionFinster M. Wood M. 19697516 The Apgar score has survived the test of time Anesthesiology May 2005 102 4 855–857 15791116 10.1097/00000542-200504000-00022 free American orthopedic surgeon Armin Klein publishes Klein's line as a diagnostic tool. Jean Delay, head of psychiatry at Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, with Jean-François Buisson, reports the antidepressant effect of isoniazid.Healy David The Psychopharmacologists: Interviews 1996 Chapman and Hall London 978-1-86036-008-4 8 Physics November 1 – Nuclear testing: Operation Ivy – The United States successfully detonates the first hydrogen device, codenamed "Ivy Mike" ["m" for megaton], at Eniwetok island in the Bikini Atoll located in the Pacific Ocean.http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/history/A0824719.html Hydrogen Bomb The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 2009-12-29 https://web.archive.org/web/20100115033200/http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/history/A0824719.html 15 January 2010 live The elements einsteinium and fermium are discovered in the fallout.Albert Ghiorso Albert Ghiorso 2003 Einsteinium and Fermium Chemical & Engineering News http://pubs.acs.org/cen/80th/einsteiniumfermium.html 81 36 174–175 2012-02-08 10.1021/cen-v081n036.p174 subscription Geoffrey Dummer proposes the integrated circuit.The Hutchinson Factfinder Helicon 1999 978-1-85986-000-7 Technology September 30 – The Cinerama widescreen film system, developed by Fred Waller, debuts with the movie This Is Cinerama at the Broadway Theatre in New York City. October 7 – The barcode is patented in the United States by Norman J. Woodland and Bernard Silver,Woodland Norman J. Bernard Silver https://patents.google.com/patent/US2612994 Classifying Apparatus And Method U.S. Patent 2,612,994 though it does not make its first appearance in an American shop until 1974.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19849141 Barcode birthday: 60 years since patent Zoe Kleinman BBC News 2012-10-07 2013-06-17 Awards Nobel Prizes Physics – Felix Bloch, Edward Mills Purcell Chemistry – Archer John Porter Martin, Richard Laurence Millington Synge Medicine – Selman Abraham Waksman Births February 2 – Ralph Merkle, American computer scientist, co-inventor of public-key cryptography. February 15 – Frances Ashcroft, English geneticist. February 19 – Marcia McNutt, American geophysicist, science editor, and president of the National Academy of Sciences. February 28 – Simon P. Norton (died 2019), English mathematician, co-discoverer of 'monstrous moonshine'. March 24 – Reinhard Genzel, German astrophysicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, co-discovererer of black holes. March 26 – Gary Ruvkun, American molecular biologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. July 15 – Ann Dowling, English mechanical engineer. August 14 – Peter Fonagy, Hungarian-born British psychoanalyst and clinical psychologist. August 25 – Charles M. Rice, American virologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, co-discovererer of the hepatitis C virus. Venki Ramakrishnan, Indian-born American-British structural biologist. Deaths March 5 – Sir Charles Sherrington (born 1857), English neurophysiologist and bacteriologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932. April 2 – Bernard Lyot (born 1897), French astronomer. April 8 – Tadeusz Estreicher (born 1871), Polish chemist. June 17 – Jack Parsons (born 1914), American rocket engineer and occultist. September 5 – Hermann Stieve (born 1886), German anatomist and histologist. November 2 – Chaim Weizmann (born 1874), Belarusian-born chemist, first President of Israel. November 24 – André Rochon-Duvigneaud (born 1863), French ophthalmologist. December 4 – Karen Horney (born 1885), German American psychoanalyst. December 19 – Colonel Sir Charles Arden-Close (born 1865), British cartographer. Notes Category:20th century in science Category:1950s in science