't kofschip

Mnemonic for Dutch language the sailing vessel called "kofschip" in Dutch Koff (ship type) The nl t kofschip no (nl ət ˈkɔfsxɪp, the merchant-ship), t fokschaap (the breeding sheep), also often referred to as kofschiptaxi or soft ketchup (among foreign language learners), de Boer Berna van der Kamp Margaret Lijmbach Birgit Nederlands in Actie: Methode NT2 voor hoogopgeleide anderstaligen Uitgeverij Coutinho 3rd Bussum 2018 257 9789046902981 rule is a mnemonic that determines the endings of a regular Dutch verb in the past indicative/subjunctive and the ending of the past participle. Rule The rule goes as follows: If the verb-root of a weak verb ends in one of the consonants of nl t kofschip, being t, k, f, s, ch, and p, the past tense ends in -te(n) and the past participle (nl voltooid deelwoord) in -t. If the verb-root ends in any other consonant or in a vowel, the past tense ends in -de(n) and the past participle in -d. For example: Infinitive Verb root Past tense Past participle rusten "to rest" rust- rustte(n) gerust werken "to work" werk- werkte(n) gewerkt kloppen "to knock" klop- klopte(n) geklopt landen "to land" land- landde(n) geland legen "to empty" leeg- leegde(n) geleegd redden "to save" red- redde(n) gered spelen "to play" speel- speelde(n) gespeeld leren "to learn/teach" leer- leerde(n) geleerd proeven "to taste" proev- proefde(n) geproefd blozen "to blush" blooz- bloosde(n) gebloosd bingoën "to play bingo" bingoo- bingode(n) gebingood Because of the idiosyncrasies of Dutch spelling, some forms are spelled in unexpected ways. The past tense forms of proeven and blozen are written with f and s, as Dutch spelling rules permit the letters v and z only at the beginning of a syllable; however the pronunciation remains /v/ and /z/. Words may not end in a double consonant, so the past participles gerust, geland and gered do not get an additional -d. See Dutch orthography for more information. Because of regular final-obstruent devoicing, the past participle ending is pronounced with a voiceless /t/ even though d is spelled. When the participle is inflected (in accordance with a following noun), the devoicing is undone, like in other words. Thus geland /ɣəˈlɑnt/, geleegd /ɣəˈleːxt/, geproefd /ɣəˈpruft/ inflect to gelande /ɣəˈlɑndə/, geleegde /ɣəˈleːɣdə/, geproefde /ɣəˈpruvdə/ respectively. Further details On a phonological level, the rule is a form of voicing assimilation: the consonant of the past-tense ending takes on the voicing of whatever sound precedes it. Thus, the endings beginning with voiceless -t- are used after voiceless consonants, while the endings beginning with voiced -d- are used after voiced consonants and vowels (which are always voiced). Similar rules appear in several other Germanic languages, such as Swedish and English. In English, the rule is not usually reflected in spelling, but is still regular in pronunciation: compare raced /ɹeɪst/ and razed /ɹeɪzd/. Because the rule is intended only as an educational tool, it only covers the basic Dutch vocabulary which consists mostly of native Germanic verbs. It cannot be applied to verbs with "new" phonemes such as /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, nor to foreign words whose spelling was not completely adapted to Dutch spelling. It also cannot be used for initialisms. In these cases, only the underlying voicing of the pronounced final consonant can be used to determine the ending. For example: Infinitive Inf. pronunc. Verb root Past tense Past pronunc. Past participle Past ptc. pronunc. faxen "to fax" /ˈfɑksə(n)/ fax- faxte(n) /ˈfɑkstə(n)/ gefaxt /ɣəˈfɑkst/ timen "to time" /ˈtɑimə(n)/ time- timede(n) /ˈtɑimdə(n)/ getimed /ɣəˈtɑimt/ racen "to race" /ˈreːsə(n)/ race- racete(n) /ˈreːstə(n)/ geracet /ɣəˈreːst/ deleten "to delete" /diˈliːtə(n)/ delete- deletete(n) /diˈliːtə(n)/ gedeletet /ɣədiˈliːt/ roetsjen "to whizz" /ˈrutʃə(n)/ roetsj- roetsjte(n) /ˈrutʃtə(n)/ geroetsjt /ɣəˈrutʃt/ crashen "to crash" /ˈkrɛʃə(n)/ crash- crashte(n) /ˈkrɛʃtə(n)/ gecrasht /ɣəˈkrɛʃt/ managen "to manage" /ˈmɛnədʒə(n)/ manage- managede(n) /ˈmɛnədʒdə(n)/ gemanaged /ɣəˈmɛnətʃt/ petanquen "to play pétanque" /peːˈtɑŋkə(n)/ petanque- petanquete(n) /peːˈtɑŋktə(n)/ gepetanquet /ɣəpeːˈtɑŋkt/ sms'en "to send a text message" /ɛsɛmˈɛsə(n)/ sms'- sms'te(n) /ɛsɛmˈɛstə(n)/ ge-sms't /ɣə(ʔ)ɛsɛmˈɛst/ gsm'en "to phone using a mobile phone" /ɣeːɛsˈɛmə(n)/ gsm'- gsm'de(n) /ɣeːɛsˈɛmdə(n)/ ge-gsm'd /ɣəɣeːɛsˈɛmt/ cc'en "to CC (an email)" /seːˈseːə(n)/ cc'- cc'de(n) /seːˈseːdə(n)/ ge-cc'd /ɣəseːˈseːt/ References Further reading Noordegraaf Jan Voorlopig verleden. Taalkundige plaatsbepalingen, 1797–1960 1997 Nodus Publikationen Münster 3-89323-276-1 215–17 Dutch Also as: Noordegraaf Jan Reilen en zeilen van 't kofschip Onze Taal 1983 10 125 http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/9180/1/kofschip.pdf Dutch van der Zwan Kees Wie bedacht 't kofschip? Onze Taal 1998 67 6 157 Dutch Category:Dutch language Category:Dutch words and phrases Category:Mnemonics