1991 Pacific hurricane season

none May 2012 EPac 1991 1991 Pacific hurricane season summary.png May 16, 1991 November 12, 1991 Kevin 125 935 1 16 14 10 5 24 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 Timeline of the 1991 Pacific hurricane season 1991 Atlantic hurricane season 1991 Pacific typhoon season 1991 North Indian Ocean cyclone season The 1991 Pacific hurricane season was a near-average Pacific hurricane season. The worst storm this year was Tropical Storm Ignacio, which killed 23 people in Mexico and injured 40 others. Elsewhere, Hurricane Fefa caused flooding in Hawaii. Hurricane Kevin was the strongest system of the season and became the then longest-lasting hurricane in the eastern north Pacific basin at the time, and Hurricane Nora was the strongest November storm to that point. The season officially started on May 15, 1991, in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1991, in the central Pacific. It lasted until November 30, 1991, in both basins. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Seasonal summary During the season, a total of sixteen tropical cyclones developed, featuring ten hurricanes, four tropical storms and two tropical depressions. These totals are close to the climatological averages established since 1966, when satellite surveillance began. However, the season was less active than 1990, which had a record 16 hurricanes (more than 1991). Yet, it ended late with the first November hurricane on record in the satellite era. On the other hand, the months of July and August, often the most active ones in this basin, only produced two tropical cyclones each. The activity in July was four systems below the average of six at that time due to unusual circulation patterns aloft over the tropical Pacific. A shorter gap in activity from late August to early September was attributed to anomalous flow patterns near the Baja California Peninsula.Mayfield, Britt Max Rappaport, Edward N. 10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<2697:ENPHSO>2.0.CO;2 Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1991 Monthly Weather Review American Meteorological Society 1520-0493 1992 120 2697 – 2708 11 1992MWRv..120.2697R free Several tropical cyclones grew into specially long-lived and intense systems. For example, Hurricane Kevin endured as a hurricane for 12.5 days to the east of 140°W, establishing a new record for longevity in the eastern Pacific.Blake, Eric S. Gibney, Ethan J. Brown, Daniel P. Mainelli, Michelle Franklin, James L. Kimberlain, Todd B. Hammer, Gregory R. National Hurricane Center http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TC_Book_Epac_1949-2006_hires.pdf 2012-05-27 2009 Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Basin, 1949-2006 United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration March 2, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130302054358/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TC_Book_Epac_1949-2006_hires.pdf live None of the tropical storms or hurricanes made landfall. One of the two tropical depressions of the season, Five-E, came ashore near Salina Cruz, Mexico, on the last day of June. Delores, Ignacio and Marty threatened the coast of Mexico, coming close enough to require tropical cyclone watches and warnings. Of these, Ignacio was also responsible for 40 injuries and 23 fatalities as the system passed just offshore of Lázaro Cárdenas. Public advisories were issued for four other systems due to the threat of heavy rain along the coast. Tropical cyclone data was gathered at six hour intervals throughout the season. Even though most intensity assessments were estimates via the Dvorak Technique, there was a large research mission for tropical cyclogenesis in the Pacific. A NOAA research mission investigated Hurricane Jimena and gathered a few surface observations. Track forecasts were slightly more accurate than the past three years; intensity forecasts were comparable to the previous three seasons. Systems Tropical Storm Andres EPac Andres 1991-05-17 1601Z.jpg Andres 1991 track.png May 16 May 20 55 994 On May 16, the first tropical depression of the season formed to the southwest of Baja California, out of a tropical disturbance that had developed during May 5 within the vicinity of Panama.Mayfield, Britt Max Tropical Storm Andres 1991 National Hurricane Center April 21, 2011 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/andres/prenhc GIF Preliminary report United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service March 7, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160307155427/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/andres/prenhc/ live During May 16 the depression gradually developed, before early the next day the National Hurricane Centre declared it a tropical storm and named it Andres. The newly named tropical cyclone reached its peak intensity of 60 mph (95 km/h), later that day. After maintaining its peak intensity for 24 hours, Andres started to gradually weaken as upper level windshear over the system increased before it dissipated during May 20. Throughout its life as a tropical cyclone, Andres moved very little and slowly executed a cyclonic loop, while remaining well away from any land. Tropical Storm Blanca EPac Blanca 1991-06-20 0001Z.jpg Blanca 1991 track.png June 14 June 22 55 994 A well organized tropical wave over West Africa entered the Atlantic Ocean on May 31. The wave never showed signs of organization while crossing the Atlantic. It emerged into the eastern north Pacific on June 10. It was not until June 13 when the convection associated with the wave became better organized. On June 14, Tropical Depression Two-E formed at a location about 515 mi (830 km) from Acapulco, Mexico.Hal Gerrish 1991 Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Blanca National Hurricane Center April 21, 2011 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/blanca/prenhc/prelim01.gif GIF 1 October 18, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221130/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/blanca/prenhc/prelim01.gif liveHal Gerrish 1991 Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Blanca National Hurricane Center April 21, 2011 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/blanca/prenhc/prelim03.gif GIF 3 October 18, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221135/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/blanca/prenhc/prelim03.gif live For the next 48 hours, the depression moved toward the west and then northwest in response to a weakening ridge to the northwest. On June 17, the strong shear relaxed somewhat and the exposed center moved under the deep convection again. Thus, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm about 725 mi (1,165 km) south of the southern tip of Baja California. Tropical Storm Blanca experienced limited development, reaching its peak windspeed of 60 mph (95 km/h) early on June 20. Then, the center of Blanca became exposed again and weakened into a tropical depression on June 21. Finally, it dissipated on June 22 over colder waters about 1285 mi (2,380 km) southwest of the southern tip of Baja California. There were no casualties or damages attributed to this tropical cyclone.Hal Gerrish 1991 Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Blanca National Hurricane Center April 21, 2011 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/blanca/prenhc/prelim02.gif GIF 2 October 18, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221142/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/blanca/prenhc/prelim02.gif live Hurricane Carlos EPac Carlos 1991-06-23 2331Z.jpg Carlos 1991 track.png June 16 June 27 105 955 A tropical wave moved off the coast of West Africa on June 4 showing some cyclonic curvature in the low clouds. It passed Barbados six days later, where a low-to-mid wind shift was detected. The wave was followed by a low level wind surge which was observed in Curaçao on June 12. Most of the shower activity associated with the wave moved westward over South America, and then over Panama on June 14. The convection became organized and developed into Tropical Depression Three-E on June 16 while it was located 350 mi (560 km) south of Salina Cruz. It became a tropical storm one day later. Carlos reached minimal hurricane strength on June 18. Two days later, Carlos was briefly downgraded to tropical storm status. A strong high pressure system forced Carlos to move over warmer waters and Carlos began to reintensify. Carlos regained hurricane status and developed a well-defined eye and excellent upper level outflow. On June 24, Carlos peaked at 955 mbar inHg on central pressure and 115 mph (185 km/h) maximum sustained winds. The hurricane then weakened when it moved west over colder waters and encountered upper-level shear. Carlos dissipated on June 27. The National Hurricane Center received no reports of impact due to this tropical cyclone.Lixion Avila 1991 Preliminary Report Hurricane Carlos National Hurricane Center April 21, 2011 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/carlos/prenhc/prelim01.gif GIF 1 Lixion Avila October 18, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221147/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/carlos/prenhc/prelim01.gif live Hurricane Delores EPac Delores 1991-06-25 1901Z.jpg Delores 1991 track.png June 22 June 28 75 979 Delores developed from a tropical wave which moved from Africa to the Atlantic on June 7. And it was not until June 22 when it gained organization and was identified as an area of disturbed weather south of Mexico.Miles Lawrence 1991 Preliminart Report Hurricane Delores National Hurricane Center December 22, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/delores/prenhc/prelim01.gif GIF 1 October 18, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221155/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/delores/prenhc/prelim01.gif live The system immediately showed signs of rotation and it was designated Tropical Depression Four-E the same day. It was centered about 515 mi km 5 on south-southeast of Manzanillo, Mexico. Then, the depression reached storm strength, and was named Delores on June 24 while 145 mi (230 km) from the coast of Mexico. It rapidly intensified to a hurricane on June 25 as it approached to the coast. However it rapidly weakened and on June 27 it was downgraded to tropical storm status as it was moving over colder waters. Its deep convection gradually diminished and its west-northwestward motion abruptly halted as the system was being sheared. It weakened to a depression on June 28 near Socorro Island and it dissipated on June 29. In response to Delores' approach, the Mexican government issued a tropical storm warning and a hurricane watch from Ixtapa to Manzanillo on June 24. The watch and the warning were dropped the next day. The cyclone remained far away enough that no reports of high winds were received. Satellite observations indicated that heavy rains fell in affected areas from June 23 to 26. However, no damages or casualties were reported.Miles Lawrence 1991 Preliminary Report Hurricane Delores National Hurricane Center December 22, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/delores/prenhc/prelim02.gif GIF 2 October 18, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221204/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/delores/prenhc/prelim02.gif live Tropical Depression Five-E EPac 05E 1991-06-29 1531Z.jpg 05E 1991 track.png June 28 June 30 30 1006 A tropical disturbance south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec became better organized on June 29 and became a tropical depression.Mayfield Tropical Discussion Five-E Discussion Number 1 National Hurricane Center December 23, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td5e/tropdisc/nep0591.001 June 29, 1991 March 12, 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20080312034658/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td5e/tropdisc/nep0591.001 live Strengthening was very limited as the depression was approaching land.Avila June 29, 1991 Tropical Depression Five-E Discussion Number 2 National Hurricane Center December 23, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td5e/tropdisc/nep0591.002 March 12, 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20080312035838/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td5e/tropdisc/nep0591.002 live It made landfall later that day very near Salina Cruz, Oaxaca.Avila June 29, 1991 Tropical Depression Five-E Discussion Number 3 National Hurricane Center December 23, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td5e/tropdisc/nep0591.003 March 12, 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20080312044413/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td5e/tropdisc/nep0591.003 live As it continued its west-northwest track, it dissipated inland after bringing torrential rains.June 29, 1991 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td5e/tropdisc/nep0591.004 Pasch National Hurricane Center March 3, 2009 Tropical Depression Five-E Discussion Number 4 October 23, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121023003511/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td5e/tropdisc/nep0591.004 live Five-E caused one fatality and some significant damage. Five-E destroyed up to 118 homes, injured 500, and also caused two people to go missing. Rainfall totals as high as 9.2 in mm in 24 hours accompanied the depression over Southern Mexico. Hurricane Enrique EPac Enrique 1991-07-16 2231Z.jpg Enrique 1991 track.png July 15 July 31 (Exited basin) 65 987 Enrique formed from a westward-moving tropical wave that crossed the Atlantic from June 30 to July 8. A short-lived cyclonic circulation center within the wave was detected on satellite imagery when the system was over the eastern Atlantic. However, persistent deep convection did not occur until the wave neared the Gulf of Tehuantepec in the eastern Pacific Ocean on July 11. On July 12, the convection became more concentrated about 500 nmi mi km on 5 south of Acapulco, near a mid-level vortex within the wave; however, it had diminished the next day. On July 14, it became better organized. Based on reports from satellite imagery the low had developed into the season's sixth tropical depression on July 15.Edward Rappaport 1991 Preliminary Report Hurricane Enrique National Hurricane Center December 22, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/enrique/prenhc/prelim01.gif GIF 1 Edward Rappaport October 23, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121023213122/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/enrique/prenhc/prelim01.gif live The depression intensified further and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Enrique the next day as it became better organized.http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/enrique/tropdisc/nep0691.002 Tropical Storm Enrique Discussion 2 Rappaport, Edward N. National Hurricane Centre July 15, 1991 United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service April 28, 2010 October 25, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121025180943/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/enrique/tropdisc/nep0691.002 live Enrique steadily intensified and by early on July 16, the National Hurricane Center was anticipating for the system to reach hurricane intensity.http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/enrique/tropdisc/nep0691.003 Tropical Storm Enrique Discussion 3 Forecaster Lawrence July 16, 1991 NOAA National Hurricane Center April 28, 2010 October 25, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121025180949/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/enrique/tropdisc/nep0691.003 live Continuing to strengthen, it reached hurricane status On July 17. However, this was for a short period of time as it developed an eye. Due to uncertainty in the storm's intensity that day, it is possible that it could have been a hurricane earlier than originally estimated. Wind shear associated with a trough and passage over cooler waters caused Enrique to begin weakening and the cyclone's center soon became exposed. Enrique was downgraded to a depression on July 19 and the weakening cyclone crossed into the central Pacific on July 20.Edward Rappaport 1991 Preliminary Report Hurricane Enrique National Hurricane Center December 22, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/enrique/prenhc/prelim02.gif GIF 2 Edward Rappaport October 18, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221227/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/enrique/prenhc/prelim02.gif live The system persisted drifting northwestward for several days, while maintaining a well-defined, albeit weak, center of circulation.Central Pacific Hurricane Center August 15, 2016 CPHC Rebest 1966-2003 ftp://eclipse.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/ibtracs/original-bt-data-files/cphc/CPHC_Rebest_1966-2003-1.xls FTP server dead XLSCentral Pacific Hurricane Center The 1991 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season December 22, 2006 http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1991.php https://web.archive.org/web/20061211063009/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1991.php December 11, 2006 live On July 27, after it passed well to the north of the Hawaiian Islands, Enrique managed to briefly re-intensify to tropical storm status, attaining a secondary peak intensity of 50 mph (85 km/h), while completing a clockwise loop.http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1991atcr/pdf/cep/06e.pdf Tropical Storm Enrique (06E) 70–1 Joint Typhoon Warning Center 1991 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report March 3, 2009 dead https://web.archive.org/web/20110607011522/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1991atcr/pdf/cep/06e.pdf June 7, 2011 mdy As Enrique headed toward the Midway Island, increased wind shear weakened the system, causing another downgrade to depression status. As the storm approached the International Dateline, the system started to restrengthen. Shortly after crossing the dateline, Enrique became a tropical storm again on August 1. It lasted for less than 24 hours before it lost its convection and thus the cyclone began to dissipate. No damages or casualties were caused by Enrique. Hurricane Fefa EPac Fefa 1991-08-03 2230Z.png Fefa 1991 track.png July 29 August 8 105 959 A westward-moving tropical wave exited the coast of Africa on July 17. It tracked the Atlantic and Caribbean without development, and crossed Central America into the eastern Pacific on July 25. The cloud pattern and convection began to become better organized on July 28, and a day later it developed into Tropical Depression Seven-E while located about 975 mi km south-southeast of Cabo San Lucas.Max Mayfield 1991 Hurricane Fefa Tropical Cyclone Report Page 1 National Hurricane Center 2006-12-09 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/fefa/prenhc/prelim01.gif Located over warm waters with fair upper-level outflow,Max Mayfield 1991 Tropical Depression Seven-E Discussion One National Hurricane Center 2006-12-09 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/fefa/tropdisc/nep0791.001 the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Fefa twelve hours after forming. Fefa developed a curved cloud band over the southern and eastern portion of the center. Steered by a ridge to its north, Fefa moved to the west-northwest and slowly strengthened, becoming a hurricane on July 31.Pasch 1991 Tropical Storm Fefa Discussion Three NHC 2006-12-09 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/fefa/tropdisc/nep0791.003 A large, ragged eye developed the next day, and Fefa reached peak winds of 120 mph km/h on on August 2.Avila 1991 Hurricane Fefa Discussion Thirteen NHC 2006-12-09 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/fefa/tropdisc/nep0791.013 After peaking, Fefa encountered cooler waters and drier air, causing it to weaken as it turned more to the west.Avila 1991 Hurricane Fefa Discussion Seventeen NHC 2006-12-09 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/fefa/tropdisc/nep0791.017Max Mayfield 1991 Hurricane Fefa Tropical Cyclone Report Page 2 National Hurricane Center 2006-12-09 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/fefa/prenhc/prelim01.gifAvila 1991 Hurricane Avila Discussion 21 NHC 2006-12-09 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/fefa/tropdisc/nep0791.021 On August 4, Fefa restrengthened after crossing over warmer waters,Pasch 1991 Hurricane Fefa Discussion Twenty-Three NHC 2006-12-09 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/fefa/tropdisc/nep0791.023 reaching a secondary peak intensity of 105 mph km/h on. Increasing wind shear caused the hurricane to weaken again. Fefa crossed into the central Pacific on August 5, and weakened into a tropical storm the next day while moving toward Hawaii. Late on August 7, Fefa weakened to a tropical depression a short distance of the island of Hawaii. Early on August 8, the depression degenerated into a tropical wave after moving onshore. The remnants tracked west-northwestward and passed south of the Hawaiian Islands until dissipating on August 9 to the northwest of Kauai. The prolonged westward track of Hurricane Fefa produced swells of up to 15 ft m in height. The swells hit eastward facing beaches along the island of Hawaii. The swells washed debris and sea water onto coastal roads near Punaluu Black Sand Beach, resulting in the roads being closed following the storm. Southwestern Maui experienced rough surf, as well.Charles H. Fletcher III Eric E. Grossman Bruce M. Richmond Ann E. Gibbs 2002 Atlas of Natural Hazards in the Hawaiian Coastal Zone United States Geological Survey 2006-12-10 https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2761/sections/1_Intro.pdf The remnants of Fefa produced locally strong wind gusts of up to 50 mph km/h on in the islands of Hawaii and Maui. Strong thunderstorms developed over Mauna Kea and Kohala on the island of Hawaii. The thunderstorms produced flash flooding in Kohala and Hamakua. Lightning from the storm caused two injuries. A man in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park was hurt when lightning struck where he was walking. A man in Hilo was burnt when lightning moved through telephone wires. Hurricane Guillermo EPac Guillermo 1991-08-06 1601Z.jpg Guillermo 1991 track.png August 4 August 10 70 983 A significant tropical wave with very little deep convection left Africa on July 22. It crossed the Atlantic, with convection associated with its southern part passing over the Windward Islands on July 28 and crossing Central America on July 31.Max Mayfield 1991 Preliminary Report Hurricane Guillermo National Hurricane Center December 22, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/guillerm/prenhc/prelim01.gif GIF 1 Max Mayfield October 18, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221237/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/guillerm/prenhc/prelim01.gif live Signs of organization were evident late on August 2 when the wave was south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. Then, on August 4, Tropical Depression Eight-E was formed while centered 350 mi (560 km) south-southeast of Acapulco. Despite the presence of easterly shear, the depression gradually intensified as the center moved toward the west-northwest, paralleling the coast of Mexico. Then, it reached tropical storm strength the same day. At that time, it was centered south-southwest of Acapulco. It peaked on August 5 with a central pressure of 993 mbar inHg on and maximum sustained winds of 75 mi/h km/h on while 255 mi km on 5 of Manzanillo, Colima. After its peak, Guillermo weakened to tropical storm status as it began losing convection. It subsequently weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated after that on August 10. There were no damages or casualties associated with this tropical cyclone.Max Mayfield 1991 Preliminary Report Hurricane Guillermo National Hurricane Center December 22, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/guillerm/prenhc/prelim02.gif GIF 2 Max Mayfield October 18, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221243/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/guillerm/prenhc/prelim02.gif live Tropical Storm Hilda EPac File:Hilda 1991-08-11 0000Z.png Hilda 1991 track.png August 8 August 14 55 992 Satellite imagery showed a convective area with some cyclonic turning in connection with a tropical wave over Africa on July 22. The convection gradually diminished as the system moved west-southwest into the Atlantic. On July 31, the wave passed south of Trinidad, where a low-level wind shift was detected. For the next couple of days, this system passed over Venezuela and Colombia. Then it crossed into the Pacific basin. It was not until August 6, while it was south of Guatemala, when the convection became organized. Then, the wave strengthened into a tropical depression about 230 mi (370 km/h) south-southwest of Acapulco, on August 8. The system intensified further and became Tropical Storm Hilda August 9. The storm reached its peak intensity on August 11 with estimated 55 kn km/h mph 5 out on on maximum winds and a pressure of 993 hPa inHg 5 on. The tropical storm moved on a general west-northwest track for the next couple of days and then turned toward the north on August 13 as it was under the influence of an upper level trough. Later on that day, tropical storm force winds were reported on Guadalupe Island as the center of Hilda was located about 150 nmi km mi 5 out on on from the island.Lixion Avila 1991 Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Hilda National Hurricane Center December 22, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/hilda/prenhc/prelim01.gif GIF 1 Lixion Avila October 18, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221251/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/hilda/prenhc/prelim01.gif live Hilda gradually weakened over cool waters but maintained a rather large level of circulation. This caused its dissipation to be slower than normal. Tropical Depression Hilda dissipated on August 14. It large remnant circulation continued northwards and eventually passed over California. There were no casualties or damages attributed to this tropical cyclone. Hilda's remnants caused rain as far north as San Francisco.PDF Syracuse Herald-Journal 2 August 19, 1991 Earthweek: A Diary of the Planet Steve Newman http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=28417305_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=2&currentPage=0 March 4, 2009 February 2019 InternetArchiveBot yes Tropical Depression Ten-E EPac 10E 1991-09-13 1731Z.jpg 10E 1991 track.png September 12 September 14 30 1005 A tropical disturbance southwest of Manzanillo, Colima became a tropical depression on September 12 when its convection became persistent around a newly formed center of circulation. Conditions were not favorable for development because of strong wind shear environment caused by a trough.Rappaport September 12, 1991 Tropical Depression Ten-E Discussion Number 1 National Hurricane Center December 23, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td10e/tropdisc/nep1091.001 March 12, 2008 https://web.archive.org/web/20080312041757/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td10e/tropdisc/nep1091.001 live The depression took a northward track and dissipated on September 13 as it was being sheared just south of the Gulf of California.http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td10e/prenhc/prelim01.gif Tropical Depression 10-E MBL September 23, 1991 National Hurricane Center GIF March 4, 2009 October 23, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121023003517/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td10e/prenhc/prelim01.gif live Tropical Depression Ten-E brought heavy showers to parts of Mexico.National Hurricane Center September 13, 1991 Tropical Depression Ten-E Discussion Number 6 December 23, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td10e/tropdisc/nep1091.006 Avila https://web.archive.org/web/20121023011235/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/td10e/tropdisc/nep1091.006 October 23, 2012 live mdy There were no reported deaths or damages. Tropical Storm Ignacio EPac File:Ignacio 1991-09-16 2230Z.png Ignacio 1991 track.png September 16 September 19 55 994 The origins of Ignacio formed from two tropical waves. The pair moved across the Atlantic during the first ten days of September. The second of the two spawned Tropical Storm Erika in the eastern Atlantic. It emerged into the eastern Pacific between the September 10 and September 12. An area of thunderstorms developed southeast of an upper level cyclone off the southern tip of Baja California Sur due to the interaction of the upper cyclone with the pair of tropical waves. It had become a broad area of convection located to the east of a quasi-stationary mid-level trough axis along 115°W. The area of disturbance became a tropical depression on September 16, located about 375 km mi on southwest of Acapulco. It quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Ignacio. The storm executed a small clockwise loop just 45 km mi on offshore, while reaching peak winds of 55 kn mph km/h 5 on out on. It also attained a minimum central pressure of 994 mbar inHg on on on the evening of September 17. Ignacio was downgraded to a tropical depression on September 19 and became a remnant low later that day. The remnants of Ignacio, identified on satellite imagery as occasional flare-ups of convection, moved west-southwestwards over the next two days.Tropical Storm Ignacio - September 13-19, 1991 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/ignacio1991.html May 19, 2013Mayfield, Britt Max Rappaport, Edward N. 10.1175/1520-0493(1992)120<2697:ENPHSO>2.0.CO;2 Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1991 Monthly Weather Review American Meteorological Society 1520-0493 1992 120 2697 – 2708 11 1992MWRv..120.2697R free The storm led to tropical storm warnings across portions of southwestern Mexico.March 4, 2009 National Hurricane Center Edward Rappaport GIF 3 Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Ignacio https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991-prelim/ignacio/prelim03.gif Edward Rappaport Tropical Storm Ignacio dropped heavy rains over a large area of Mexico. The highest amount recorded was 15.43 in mm on at Pasa de San Antonio.David M. Roth http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/ignacio1991filledrainblk.gif GIF Hydrometeorological Prediction Center Tropical Storm Ignacio March 3, 2009 September 25, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20130925063310/http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/ignacio1991filledrainblk.gif live Ten people died in Guerrero due to flash flooding.Earthweek:A Diary of the Planet Tropical storms The Atlanta Journal and Constitution September 21, 1991 The storm also caused street flooding in Acapulco.Edward Rappaport 1991 Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Ignacio National Hurricane Center December 22, 2006 https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/ignacio/prenhc/prelim02.gif GIF 2 Edward Rappaport The remnants of the storm caused several dams to burst in the state of Chihuahua, leaving 10,000 people homeless and killing another 13.Weekly Climate Bulletin Climate Analysis Center 5 Overall, 40 people were injured. Hurricane Jimena EPac Jimena 1991-09-24 1601Z.jpg Jimena 1991 track.png September 20 October 2 115 945 Part of the same tropical wave that formed Tropical Storm Danny in the Atlantic crossed over the Isthmus of Panama and became a disturbance in the Intertropical Convergence Zone during mid to late September. On September 20 the cloud pattern had increased in organization and the system was designated a tropical depression.Richard Pasch 1991 Preliminary Report Hurricane Jimena National Hurricane Center December 22, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/jimena/prenhc/prelim01.gif GIF 1 October 18, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221322/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/jimena/prenhc/prelim01.gif live Continuing to strengthen, the depression became a tropical storm on September 21. The tropical storm then headed towards the northwest. Development was rapid, especially after September 22 as a banding type eye was forming. Further rapid development took place by the following day and the maximum sustained winds increased to its peak of 115 kn mph km/h on 5 out on by the afternoon of September 23. Jimena maintained itself as a powerful hurricane for three days, moving west until September 26, when it turned toward the west-northwest. Jimena began to weaken on September 27. A northwestward movement commenced on September 29 in response to a large upper-level trough which developed in its northwest. It continued to weaken and on September 30 it regained tropical storm intensity before becoming downgraded to a depression. On October 2, Jimena dissipated as a tropical cyclone. Hurricane Jimena caused no reported damage or casualties.Richard Pasch 1991 Preliminary Report Hurricane Jimena National Hurricane Center December 22, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/jimena/prenhc/prelim02.gif GIF 2 October 18, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221315/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/jimena/prenhc/prelim02.gif live Hurricane Kevin EPac Kevin 1991-10-01 0001Z.jpg Kevin 1991 track.png September 25 October 12 125 935 Kevin formed from a westward-moving tropical wave which emerged from the northwest coast of Africa on September 11. The wave crossed into the Pacific basin on September 21 with no signs of development. Cloudiness and convection became better organized on the first hours of September 24, becoming Tropical Depression Thirteen-E the next day as it was located about 405 mi km on 5 southeast of Acapulco. Then the depression moved toward the west. The banding pattern became more pronounced and the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Kevin later that day, being centered about 316 mi (509 km) south-southeast of Acapulco. The convective banding increased for the next 24 hours and Kevin strengthened to hurricane status on September 26, while 230 mi km on 5 south-southwest of Acapulco. Kevin continued to strengthen and an eye intermittently appeared on September 27 and 28. By September 29, Kevin had a well-defined eye and this feature persisted for several days. The hurricane continued to strengthen and on October 1 reached its peak intensity while centered roughly 400 mi km on 5 south-southwest of the southern tip of Baja California Sur, with estimated 125 kn mph km/h 5 on out on maximum winds and a minimum pressure of 935 mbar inHg on. Kevin was moving toward the west at this time. It turned toward the west-southwest due to a strong high pressure system located northwest of the hurricane. Then, Kevin began to weaken gradually and its eye became poorly defined on October 4. It weakened on October 6 as the hurricane began turning toward the northwest and continued this general motion for the next few days.Max Mayfield 1991 Preliminary Report Hurricane Kevin National Hurricane Center December 22, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/kevin/prenhc/prelim01.gif GIF 1 Max Mayfield October 18, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221326/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/kevin/prenhc/prelim01.gif live However, a well-defined eye reappeared on satellite imagery in the system and Kevin re-intensified to a low-end Category 3 hurricane with maximum winds of 100 kn mph km/h 5 out on on and a minimum pressure of 960 mbar inHg on on October 7. But this was short-lived and on October 8 the hurricane began to weaken again and on October 9 it had entered into the Central Pacific basin as a waning Category 1 hurricane.Max Mayfield 1991 Preliminary Report Hurricane Kevin National Hurricane Center December 22, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/kevin/prenhc/prelim02.gif GIF 2 Max Mayfield October 18, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221111/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/kevin/prenhc/prelim02.gif live After this crossing, it was subsequently downgraded to storm strength the same day and on October 11, to a depression. It dissipated as a tropical cyclone that same day. The remnant circulation did persist a while longer as it slowly drifted north to finally lose its identity late on October 14. Despite its long life, Hurricane Kevin caused no damage or casualties. Because Kevin passed north of Hawaii, its only effect on land was increased trade winds. Hurricane Linda EPac Linda 1991-10-05 1801Z.jpg Linda 1991 track.png October 2 October 13 105 957 The tropical wave that ultimately produced Hurricane Linda emerged from the northwest coast of Africa on September 16 and tracked westward across the tropical Atlantic. The convection increased markedly upon approaching the Lesser Antilles on September 21. The tropical wave's northern portion split off to the north and caused showers in Jamaica, the Bahamas and Cuba while the southern part continued and crossed Panama into the Pacific basin on September 25 as a group of disorganized cloud clusters. It took many days to organize and it was not until October 3 when organization improved and the wave became Tropical Depression Fourteen-E.Hal Gerrish 1991 Preliminary Report Hurricane Linda National Hurricane Center December 22, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/linda/prenhc/prelim01.gif GIF 1 October 18, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221330/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/linda/prenhc/prelim01.gif live The tropical depression moved toward the northwest while strengthening and became Tropical Storm Linda within 12 hours. As Linda then drifted to the north it was upgraded to a hurricane on October 5. Then, the hurricane reached its estimated peak intensity of 105 kn mph km/h on out 5 on and a minimum central pressure of 957 mbar inHg on that same day. Linda began to weaken as it was following Kevin's track and entered to colder waters. Linda turned the west-northwest and passed 50 nmi mi km on out 5 from Socorro Island, where it caused 70 kn mph km/h on out 5 on sustained winds on October 7. Later that day, Linda weakened to a tropical storm. On October 9, as Linda was following Kevin's track, the cyclone continued to weaken and was downgraded to a depression, although deep convection continued to intermittently appear. Finally, on early October 14, Linda dissipated.Hal Gerrish 1991 Preliminary Report Hurricane Linda National Hurricane Center December 22, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/linda/prenhc/prelim02.gif GIF 2 October 18, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221337/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/linda/prenhc/prelim02.gif live There were no reported casualties or damages from Linda. Hurricane Marty EPac Marty 1991-10-11 2101Z.jpg Marty 1991 track.png October 7 October 18 70 979 On October 5, a tropical wave crossed Central America and it began to organize the next day. Based on satellite classifications, the weather system was upgraded to tropical depression status about 275 mi km on 5 south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec on October 7. It became a tropical storm on October 8 and was named Marty. It reached hurricane status early on October 10 while moving parallel to the coast of Mexico. There were several occasions when an eye was becoming apparent in satellite imagery but it never fully developed. An upper trough over the Western United States forced Marty to moved toward the northwest and north for a while, bringing the hurricane to waters previously cooled by hurricanes Kevin and Linda. Then, Marty disorganized and weakened into a tropical storm. Also, the trough which forced Marty northward moved out of the area, which made that Marty turned sharply to the west, then west-southwest around a high pressure system. Marty weakened further and remained as a tropical depression. It finally dissipated on October 18.Lixion Avila 1991 Hurricane Marty Prelim 1 National Hurricane Center December 22, 2006 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/marty/prenhc/prelim01.gif GIF 1 Lixion Avila October 18, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121018221341/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/marty/prenhc/prelim01.gif live On October 8, Marty was threatening enough to prompt the Mexican government to issue a tropical storm watch from Manzanillo to Acapulco. The warning was dropped on October 9 when Marty moved away. There were no associated casualties or damages with this tropical cyclone.GIF 2 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991-prelim/marty/prelim02.gif Lixion Avila National Hurricane Center March 4, 2009 Preliminary Report Hurricane Marty Lixion Avila October 23, 2012 https://web.archive.org/web/20121023003533/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991-prelim/marty/prelim02.gif live Hurricane Nora EPac Nora 1991-11-09 2231Z.jpg Nora 1991 track.png November 7 November 12 90 970 On November 7, an area of convection associated with a tropical wave developed into a tropical depression, while located about 900 km mi flip 5 on to the southeast of Acapulco, Mexico.Lawrence, Miles B. Tropical Storm Nora 1991 November 18, 1991 National Hurricane Center April 27, 2011 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/andres/prenhc GIF Preliminary report United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service March 7, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20160307155427/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/andres/prenhc/ live During that day the depression moved towards the northwest, intensified into a tropical storm and was named Nora later that day.Hurricane Research Division 2009 Eastern North Pacific Tracks File 1949–2008 Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory June 7, 2009 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1949to2008_epa.txt July 15, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20090715133317/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1949to2008_epa.txt dead Gerrish, Harold P. Tropical Storm Nora 1991 Discussion Number 2 1991-11-07 National Hurricane Center 2012-05-27 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/nora/tropdisc/nep1691.002 GIF United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service September 21, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180921084603/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/nora/tropdisc/nep1691.002 live On the next day, the storm gradually intensified further while temporarily moving towards the west, due to the flow field around a strengthening high pressure system located to the north of Nora. After developing an eye, Nora intensified into a hurricane.Rappaport, Edward N. Tropical Storm Nora 1991 Discussion Number 8 1991-11-07 National Hurricane Center United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service 2012-05-27 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/nora/tropdisc/nep1691.008 GIF September 21, 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20180921084612/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1991/nora/tropdisc/nep1691.008 live On November 9, Nora. It peaked as a Category 2 hurricane on November 10. A large trough moved in from the west and formed a low. Shear increased and disrupted Nora's convection. The low also caused an abrupt change of course to the northeast. Nora weakened to a depression on November 11 and dissipated the next day. Nora's remnants continued to the northeast, showing brief flare-ups of convection. No deaths or damage were reported to have occurred in association with Nora, despite probable rainfall totals of around 3 in mm on within the Mexican states of Sinaloa and Nayarit. Storm names The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Pacific Ocean east of 140°W in 1991.https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/Publications/NatHurricaneOpsPlans/1991.pdf ((378)) NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research Washington, D.C. National Hurricane Operations Plan April 1991 January 13, 2024 This is essentially the same list used for the 1985 season, though the rotating lists went only to the "W" name at the time. Another difference was that the 1985 "D" name had been "Dolores", whereas "Delores" was used in 1991.https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/Publications/NatHurricaneOpsPlans/HOPs-1985.PDF 38 NOAA Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research Washington, D.C. National Hurricane Operations Plan May 1985 January 13, 2024February 3, 2024 Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Name History Atlantic Tropical Weather Center http://www.atwc.org/pachist.txt https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105925/http://www.atwc.org/pachist.txt September 29, 2007 dead Andres Blanca Carlos Delores Enrique* Fefa* Guillermo Hilda Ignacio Jimena Kevin* Linda Marty Nora Olaf Pauline Rick Sandra Terry Vivian Waldo Xina York Zelda For storms that form in the North Pacific from 140°W to the International Date Line, the names come from a series of four rotating lists. Names are used one after the other without regard to year, and when the bottom of one list is reached, the next named storm receives the name at the top of the next list.http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/names.html https://web.archive.org/web/19971210185319/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/names.html December 10, 1997 Maher Brian Beven Jack World-wide Tropical Cyclone Names August 10, 1997 National Hurricane Center March 5, 2024 No named storms formed in the central North Pacific in 1991. Named storms in the table above that crossed into the area during the year are noted (*). Retirement List of retired Pacific hurricane names Following the 1991 season, the World Meteorological Organization retired the name Fefa from future use in the Eastern Pacific.Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutnames_history.shtml National Hurricane Center Miami, Florida January 13, 2024 It was replaced with Felicia for the 1997 season. Seasonal effects This is a table of all of the tropical cyclones that formed in the 1991 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1991 USD. center1991 Pacific tropical cyclone storm Andres May 16–20 65 (100) 994 None None None storm Blanca June 14–22 65 (100) 994 None None None cat3 Carlos June 16–27 120 (195) 955 None None None cat1 Delores June 22–28 85 (140) 979 Southwestern Mexico, Revillagigedo Islands Minimal None depression Five-E June 28–30 35 (55) 1006 Southwestern Mexico, Central America Minimal 1 cat1 Enrique July 15–31 75 (120) 987 Hawaiian Islands, Aleutian Islands (before crossover) Minimal None cat3 Fefa July 29 – August 8 120 (195) 959 Big Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands None None cat1 Guillermo August 4–10 80 (130) 983 None None None storm Hilda August 8–14 65 (100) 992 Southwestern United States, California Moderate None depression Ten-E September 12–14 35 (55) 1005 Southwestern Mexico None None storm Ignacio September 16–19 65 (100) 994 Southwestern Mexico, Northwestern Mexico Minimal 23 cat4 Jimena September 20 – October 2 130 (215) 945 None None None cat4 Kevin September 25 – October 12 145 (230) 935 Revillagigedo Islands None None cat3 Linda October 2–13 120 (195) 957 None None None cat1 Marty October 7–18 80 (130) 979 Southwestern Mexico, Revillagigedo Islands, Baja California Peninsula None None cat2 Nora November 7–12 105 (165) 970 Southwestern Mexico, Revillagigedo Islands, Baja California Peninsula, Northwestern Mexico, Texas None None 16 May 16 – November 12 145 (230) 935 24 See also Tropical cyclones List of Pacific hurricanes Tropical cyclones in 1991 Pacific hurricane season 1991 Atlantic hurricane season 1991 Pacific typhoon season 1991 North Indian Ocean cyclone season South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season: 1990–91, 1991–92 Australian region cyclone season: 1990–91, 1991–92 South Pacific cyclone season: 1990–91, 1991–92 References 2 External links NHC 1991 Pacific hurricane season archive Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive 1990 Pacific hurricane 1991 Category:Pacific hurricane seasons Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines