1868 in science

none 1868 science 1868 The year 1868 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Biology January 30 – Publication of Charles Darwin's The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication (by John Murray in London), including his theory of heredity, which he calls pangenesis. Jules-Emile Planchon and colleagues propose Phylloxera as the cause of the Great French Wine Blight.http://www.wampumkeeper.com/wineblight.html The Great French Wine Blight Wine Tidings 96 2011-08-01 https://web.archive.org/web/20110717235415/http://www.wampumkeeper.com/wineblight.html 17 July 2011 usurped July–August 1986 Roland Trimen reads a paper to the Linnaean Society explaining Batesian mimicry in African butterflies.Published in Transactions 26(3) (1870): 497.Roland Trimen, 1840-1916 80995 Proceedings of the Royal Society B 91 641 1920 xviii–xxvii 10.1098/rspb.1920.0020 free T. H. Huxley discovers what he thinks is primordial matter and names it Bathybius haeckelii. He admits his mistake in 1871.Ley Willy Willy Ley 1959 Exotic Zoology New York Viking Press Exotic Zoology (book) The Granny Smith apple cultivar originates in Eastwood, New South Wales, Australia, from a chance seedling propagated by Maria Ann Smith (née Sherwood, 1799–1870).https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/smith-maria-ann-13199 Megan Martin Smith, Maria Ann (1799–1870) Australian Dictionary of Biography National Centre of Biography, Australian National University Canberra 2005 2012-01-27 Chemistry August 18 – The element later named as helium is first detected in the spectrum of the Sun's chromosphere by French astronomer Jules Janssen during a total eclipse in Guntur, India, but assumed to be sodium.French astronomers in India during the 17th –19th centuries Journal of the British Astronomical Association 101 2 95–100 1991JBAA..101...95K Kochhar R. K. 1991 October 20 – English astronomer Norman Lockyer observes and names the D3 Fraunhofer line in the solar spectrum and concludes that it is caused by a hitherto unidentified element which he later names helium. The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements 256–268 Clifford A. Hampel New York 0-442-15598-0 1968 Van Nostrand Reinhold Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron patents methods of color photography.Coe Brian Colour Photography: the first hundred years 1840-1940 1978 London Ash & Grant 0-904069-24-9 Medicine Jean-Martin Charcot describes and names multiple sclerosis.http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/19.html Jean-Martin Charcot Whonamedit? Enerson Ole Daniel 2011-04-11 https://web.archive.org/web/20110514000108/http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/19.html 14 May 2011 liveCharcot, J.-M. Histologie de la sclerose en plaques Gazette des Hopitaux Paris 1868 41 554–55 Adolph Kussmaul performs the first esophagogastroduodenoscopy on a living human.Killian Gustvan The history of bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy The Laryngoscope 21 891–7 1911 10.1288/00005537-191109000-00001 9 73388145 https://zenodo.org/record/1448736Modlin Irvin M. Kidd Mark Lye Kevin D. From the Lumen to the Laparoscope http://archsurg.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/139/10/1110 Archives of Surgery 139 10 1110–26 2004 15492154 10.1001/archsurg.139.10.1110 2011-10-17 subscriptionElewaut A. Cremer M. The History of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy — The European Perspective Classen Meinhard Tytgat Guido N.J. Lightdale Charles J. Gastroenterological endoscopy Thieme Stuttgart 2002 17 978-1-58890-013-5 https://books.google.com/books?id=4X5c7NVo-gkC&q=%22The%20History%20of%20Gastrointestinal%20Endoscopy%E2%80%94The%20European%20Perspective%22.&pg=PA17 2010-09-06F. Vilardell Digestive endoscopy in the second millennium: from the Lichtleiter to echoendoscopy Rigid gastroscopes Thieme Stuttgart 2006 32–5 978-3-13-139671-6 https://books.google.com/books?id=bu1l1yS156oC&dq=%22Rigid+gastroscopes%22.+Digestive+endoscopy+in+the+second+millenium:+from+the+lichtleiter+to+echoendoscopy.&pg=PT71 2010-09-06 Paleontology March – French geologist Louis Lartet discovers the first identified skeletons of Cro-Magnon, the first anatomically modern humans (early Homo sapiens sapiens), at Abri de Crô-Magnon, a rock shelter at Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France. Technology June 23 – The Sholes and Glidden typewriter is patented in the United States.79265 US79265. October 28 – American inventor Thomas Edison applies for his first patent, for a form of electronic voting machine. Ernest and Auguste Bollée first patent the Éolienne Bollée wind turbine in France.No 79985. Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell's paper on governorsMaxwell James Clerk On Governors Proceedings of the Royal Society London 16 100 1868 270–283 10.1098/rspl.1867.0055 112510 is a landmark in the mathematics of feedback and in control theory. Pendulum-and-hydrostat control for the Whitehead torpedo developed by Robert Whitehead. Awards Copley Medal: Charles WheatstoneCopley Medal British scientific award https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal Encyclopedia Britannica 23 July 2020 en Wollaston Medal for Geology: Carl Friedrich Naumann Births January 9 – S. P. L. Sørensen (died 1939), Danish chemist. January 31 – Theodore William Richards (died 1928), American chemist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Chemistry. February 7 – Aleen Cust (died 1937), Anglo-Irish veterinary surgeon. March 15 – Grace Chisholm Young (died 1944), English mathematician. March 22 – Robert Andrews Millikan (died 1953), American physicist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Physics.Robert A. Millikan - Biographical https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/millikan-bio.html www.nobelprize.org April 4 Philippa Fawcett (died 1948), English mathematician. Henrietta Swan Leavitt (died 1921), American astronomerhttps://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0705/p15s01-bogn.html Before computers, there were these humans... Christian Science Monitor Gregory M. Lamb July 5, 2005 January 1, 2020 April 5 – Percy Furnivall (died 1938), English surgeon. April 8 – Herbert Spencer Jennings (died 1947), American zoologist. April 14 – Annie S. D. Maunder, née Russell (died 1947), Irish astronomer. April 28 – Georgy Voronoy (died 1908), Ukrainian mathematician. April 30 – J. B. Christopherson (died 1955), English physician. May 2 – Robert W. Wood (died 1955), American optical physicist. June 6 – Robert Falcon Scott (died 1912), English explorer. June 7 – John Sealy Townsend (died 1957), Irish mathematical physicist. Von Engel A. 10.1098/rsbm.1957.0018 free John Sealy Edward Townsend. 1868-1957 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 3 256–272 1957 June 14 – Karl Landsteiner (died 1943), Austrian physiologist. July 4 – Henrietta Swan Leavitt (died 1921), American astronomer.Deborah Todd Joseph Angelo A to Z of Scientists in Space and Astronomy New York Facts of File 2003 200 978-0-81604-639-3 October 23 – Frederick W. Lanchester (died 1946), English automotive engineer. November 8 – Felix Hausdorff (died 1942), German mathematician. November 14 – Karl Landsteiner (died 1943), Austrian-born physiologist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Rous P. Karl Landsteiner. 1868–1943 10.1098/rsbm.1947.0002 free Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 5 15 294–324 1947 769085 161789667 November 15 – Emil Racoviță (died 1947), Romanian biologist, speleologist and explorer. November 17 – Korbinian Brodmann (died 1918), German neurologist. December 5 – Arnold Sommerfeld (died 1951), German theoretical physicist.Born, Max, Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld, 1868–1951, Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society Volume 8, Number 21, pp. 274–296 (1952) December 9 – Fritz Haber (died 1934), German chemist.Goran Morris The Story of Fritz Haber University of Oklahoma Press 1967 978-0-8061-0756-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=im24AAAAIAAJ 30 April 2021 38 Deaths February 10 – Sir David Brewster, Scottish physicist (born 1781)Gordon, Margaret Maria The home life of sir David Brewster https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_sG4BAAAAQAAJ 18 September 2011 1881 D. Douglas 231–236 February 11 – Léon Foucault (born 1819), French physicist.John Guy Porter Patrick Moore Yearbook of Astronomy https://books.google.com/books?id=kbc7AAAAMAAJ 1967 W. W. Norton 47 February 24 – John Herapath (born 1790), English physicist. May 22 – Julius Plücker (born 1801), German mathematician and physicist. June 25 – Alexander Mitchell (born 1780), Irish engineer and inventor of the screw-pile lighthouse. June 29 – Sir John Lillie, British army officer, entrepreneur and inventor (born 1790) July 15 – William T. G. Morton (born 1819), American dentist. August 29 – Christian Friedrich Schönbein, German chemist and inventor of the fuel cell (born 1799) Partington J. R. History of Chemistry Macmillan Education, Limited London 1964 9781349005543 190 September 26 – August Ferdinand Möbius (born 1790), German mathematician and astronomer Franceschetti Donald Biographical encyclopedia of mathematicians Marshall Cavendish New York 1999 9780761470717 377 December 25 – Linus Yale, Jr. (born 1821), American engineer and inventor. Day Lance Biographical dictionary of the history of technology Routledge London New York 1996 9781134650194 1345 December 31 – James David Forbes (born 1809), Scottish-born physicist, glaciologist and seismologist. References Category:1860s in science Category:19th century in science